These slides cover all the necessary points regarding to fossilization as well as all the types of fossilization which will be beneficial for someone. Regards
Fossils
What are the fossil types?
What Things Become Fossils?
How are Fossils Made?
What are the modes of fossil preservation for body fossils?
Turning to Stone
When Did They Live?
Fossilization
Taphonomy
What are some factors that can affect fossilization
How fossilization dependent upon the environment
Fossils
What are the fossil types?
What Things Become Fossils?
How are Fossils Made?
What are the modes of fossil preservation for body fossils?
Turning to Stone
When Did They Live?
Fossilization
Taphonomy
What are some factors that can affect fossilization
How fossilization dependent upon the environment
Paleobotany definition for fossils , ten different types of fossils like amber mold and casts chemical fossils compression impression petrification microfossils macrofossils pseudofossils index fossils coal and fossilization were explained with different photos and explanation
The geologic time scale (GTS) is a system of chronological dating that relates geological strata (stratigraphy) to time. Geologists have divided Earth's history into a series of time intervals. These time intervals are not equal in length like the hours in a day. Instead the time intervals are variable in length. This is because geologic time is divided using significant events in the history of the Earth.
Evolution is a developmental process from simple to complex form of life. Evolution of elephant started 60mya, from size of a pig. It spread all over world especially Africa and Asia. Today only two species Loxodonta and Elephas exist.
Paleobotany definition for fossils , ten different types of fossils like amber mold and casts chemical fossils compression impression petrification microfossils macrofossils pseudofossils index fossils coal and fossilization were explained with different photos and explanation
The geologic time scale (GTS) is a system of chronological dating that relates geological strata (stratigraphy) to time. Geologists have divided Earth's history into a series of time intervals. These time intervals are not equal in length like the hours in a day. Instead the time intervals are variable in length. This is because geologic time is divided using significant events in the history of the Earth.
Evolution is a developmental process from simple to complex form of life. Evolution of elephant started 60mya, from size of a pig. It spread all over world especially Africa and Asia. Today only two species Loxodonta and Elephas exist.
Inter-language- some basic concepts. "Interlanguage. What is ‘Interlanguage’ ? In term ‘interlanguage’ was coined by the American linguist, Larry Slinker, in recognition of the fact that L2.
Phases of interlanguage development from the perspectives of utterance organization, function-to-form mapping, processability, developmental L2 errors, and L1 transference.
Types of errors
Among the most frequent sources of errors Brown counts
(1) interlingual transfer,
(2) intralingual transfer,
(3) context of learning,
and (4) various communication strategies the learners use
A fossil is the preserved remains of a once-living organism.
Fossils give clues about organisms that lived long ago. They help to show that evolution has occurred.
They also provide evidence about how Earth’s surface has changed over time.
Fossils help scientists understand what past environments may have been like.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
2. Definition
preserved remains or traces of animals,
plants, and other organisms from the remote
past.
A Pectinatites amm
onite,
mould of a bivalve
shell
http://www.discoveringfossils.co.uk/kimmeridge_
fossisl.htm
3. Fossil record
The totality of fossils
their placement in fossiliferous,
Rock formations
sedimentary layers (strata)
fossil record
important functions of the science of paleontology
vary in size
A fossil normally preserves only a portion of the
deceased organism
bones and teeth of vertebrates,
the chitinous or calcareous exoskeletons of
invertebrates.
4. Trace fossils (or ichnofossils)
The type of fossil which consist of the marks left
behind by the organism while it was alive
Chirotherium footprints in a Triassicsandstone.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace_fossil
5. Chemo fossils or biomarkers
Past life leaves some markers that
cannot be seen but can be detected
in the form of biochemical signals;
these are known as chemo fossils or
biomarkers
7. Taphonomy
• The process of fossilization is called taphonomy
1. First, there is the death of the organism
2. There are certain processes that can happen to the
organism before it is buried.
• processes can include body decay
3. different categories of fossils
8. What are some factors that can
affect fossilization
1. Body
construction
2. Environment
3. Predators
9. How is fossilization dependent
upon the environment
The environment plays a crucial role
The best scenario
Area with high rate of sediment deposition
The environment can also affect where the fossil is found
Drier environments, lead to erosion
10. How do fossils form
1. Original soft part of organism
2. Original hard part of organism
3. Altered hard part of organism
4. Traces of organism
11. Original soft part of organism
organisms are fossilized but under exceptionally
favorable conditions
Even soft part of organisms
Org. preserved in a medium that protect them
from bacterial decay
13. i. Ice
The best known example of fossil preserved in ice
wooly Mammoth of Siberia and Alaska.
huge elephant like animals died due to glaciation
about 23,000 years ago
The first such find was reported in 1779
The ice preservation is so perfect
15. ii. Amber
Amber is a natural tree resin
that had hardened through various chemical changes
Sometimes this sap surrounds an insect, preserve it with perfect
details & look like stone
The formation of Amber
Amber may trap foreign objects, which are called inclusions
16. a. An ant inside
the amber
b. wood resin,
source of amber
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amber
18. iii. Volcanic Ash
In AD 79 an eruption of Mount Vesuvius
Volcanic ash and pumice rained down on the town for
about 18 hours
many roofs collapsed under the weight
followed by explosive superheated pyroclastic clouds of
toxic gas and debris
and remained hidden for over 1600 years.
19. In 1748, Pompeii was rediscovered
not only its houses, but (eventually) some of its citizens
only fragmentary skeletal remains
Suffocated by volcanic gasses and covered in ash and debris
their bodies eventually decayed inside the hardening matter.
This air space essentially formed a mold
ash that had surrounded the person retained an imprint of the
body
20. air pockets filled
with plaster
The resulting
"plaster mummies”
capture the human
tragedy of Pompeii
http://jasonstravels.com/2012/09/17/t
raveling-to-pompeii-with-the-
denver-museum-of-nature-and-
science/
23. Original hard Part of organisms
Most of the animals have some hard parts
i. Calcite (CaCO3 )is the most abundant original skeletal
material found in fossils
ii. Aragonite (CaCO3) is preserved in the shells of some
corals and molluscs
iii. Tricalcium Phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2) is a chemically
resistant mineral found unaltered in vertebrate bones, some
arthropods and brachiopods
iv. Opal (SiO2H2O) is amorphous hydrated silica preserved
in latter geologic time in some Protozoans and sponges
v. Chitin is an organic compound that is resistant to bacterial
action and is not readily altered
26. 3- Altered Hard Part
o The original hard structure of many organisms
o The preservation of altered hard part of organisms can
be classified as:
i. Carbonization or Distillations
ii. Permineralization or petrification
iii. Replacement
27. Carbonization or Distillations
o The type of fossil in which only the carbon remains
in the specimen
o volatile elements in organic matter distill away,
o thin carbon film as the only fossil record
o especially carbon copies of leaves, the flesh of fish
o organisms become trapped and squeezed, then
form compression
28. o fossils of leaves and insects are often formed by
compression
o The organic matter may be altered during decay
and rock formation
o distillation of volatile compounds and the
polymerization
o The thin, dark, film is made of stable, polymerized
carbon molecules
o impression
30. Permineralization or petrification
• Permineralization is a process of fossilization in which
mineral deposits from internal casts of organisms
• Permineralization is a process of fossilization that occurs
when an organism is buried
• empty spaces filled with mineral-rich groundwater
• Minerals precipitate from the groundwater
• occupying the empty spaces
• This process can occur in very small spaces
• For permineralization organism must become covered by
sediment
• The permineralization process is very slow
• water seeps through the sediment that covers an organism;
• petrification may result in incredibly detailed preservation
31. •petrified fossils contain primarily silica
•undergone silicification
•When sulfur is involved, the process is called
pyritization
•Pyritization happens most commonly to marine
organisms
33. Replacement
Replacement takes place when water dissolves the original
hard parts and replaces them with mineral matter
Bone, shells and wood are often well preserved in this
manner
The most common replacement minerals are
i. calcite
ii. silica
iii. pyrite
iv. hematite
v. Aragonite
34. This occurs when skeletal material is replaced, molecule
by molecule, by some new alien material
process occurs gradually
(1) Silicification - where calcium carbonate is replaced
by silica, and
(2) Pyritization - where pyrite replaces calcium carbonate
Minerals can replace bone, shell, wood, and even soft body
parts
due to the action of water and decay
The replacement of soft
Replacement occur when minerals precipitate out of
solution due
37. Mold & Cast
Skeletons are frequently found completely
dissolved
Formation of CAST
cast is a positive image
I. natural mold
II. external mold
III. internal mold
38. Animals with shells or hard exoskeletons buried in
sediments are often acted upon by acid-rich ground water
which may dissolve away shells or other organic structures.
42. Tracks & trails
particular form of trace fossil
range from the worm trails to dinosaur
even the footprints of Stone Age people
great variety of invertebrate’s tracks
Reptile’s tracks
http://www.t-rat.com/Pages/
FossilPreservation.html
43. Burrows
o evidence of bottom-living creatures
o labyrinth of hollow tunnels
o filled by silt & preserved
o labyrinth of hollow tunnels
o rarely show much detail
http://www.t-rat.com/Pages
/FossilPreservation.html
44. Conclusion
fossil record does not represent all of the living
things
The reason
Some organisms may have decayed
Organisms that live on land or have soft body
parts
fossils provide a piece of Earth's history
45. References
Cleal C.J. & Thomas, B.A. (2009). Introduction to Plant
Fossils. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
Grimaldi, D. & Engel, M.S., (2005). Evolution of the
Insects. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Meyer, H.W., (2003). The Fossils of Florissant. Washington:
Smithsonian Books.
Thompson, I. (1982). National Audubon Society Field Guide
to Fossils. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Schopf, J.M. (1975). Modes of Fossil Preservation. Review
of Palaeobotany and Palynology, vol 20: pp. 27-53.