Igneous rocks form from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. There are two main types - extrusive rocks which cool at the surface and intrusive rocks which cool underground. Crystal size depends on the cooling rate, with rapid surface cooling producing microscopic crystals and slow underground cooling producing larger crystals. Texture and mineral composition further classify igneous rocks into categories like rhyolite, granite, gabbro and basalt. Pyroclastic rocks form from explosive eruptions and include tuffs, agglomerates and volcanic bombs.
This document discusses classifying igneous rocks based on their texture, grain size, color, density, and chemical composition. Igneous rocks can be classified as volcanic, hypabyssal, or plutonic based on grain size, and further classified as ultramafic, mafic, intermediate, or acid based on their chemistry and mineral content, with darker, denser rocks generally being richer in ferromagnesian minerals and lighter rocks richer in quartz and feldspar.
Igneous rock textures are controlled by cooling rate, with rapid cooling resulting in smaller crystals and slower cooling allowing larger crystals to form. Textures provide information about cooling/crystallization rates and phase relations during crystallization. Textures describe grain features like size, shape, orientation, and boundaries, seen in hand samples or microscopically. Common textures include phaneritic (with evident crystals), porphyritic (with larger phenocrysts in fine-grained groundmass), and graphic (with exsolved minerals forming angular shapes). Compositionally zoned crystals also occur.
This document provides information about igneous rocks, including their classification into volcanic and plutonic rocks. It describes the composition of different types of magma and how they relate to rock type. Igneous rocks are identified based on their texture, mineral composition, and cooling history. Characteristics such as viscosity, temperature, and mineral content determine the texture of the rock. Common rock types include basalt, gabbro, granite, and ultramafic rocks like peridotite. Sheet-like igneous intrusions include dikes and sills.
This document discusses contact metamorphism. It defines contact metamorphism as changes to pre-existing rocks caused by heat alone from nearby igneous intrusions. The key effects are recrystallization and changes in grain size and texture of rocks. Argillaceous rocks like pelites undergo the most alteration, forming spotted rock, chiastolite rock, and hornfels at low, medium, and high grades respectively. Limestones recrystallize into white marbles, while sandstones become metaquartzites, with grain size increasing with metamorphic grade in both cases.
This document provides an overview of the classification of igneous rocks. It discusses several key criteria used for classification, including texture, mode of occurrence (intrusive vs extrusive), and chemical composition based on silica and alumina content. Texture types include phaneritic, aphanitic, porphyritic, glassy, and pyroclastic. Mode of occurrence divides rocks into plutonic (intrusive) and volcanic (extrusive) types. Chemical classification schemes analyze silica content to categorize rocks as felsic, intermediate, or mafic, and also consider silica and alumina saturation states. Diagrams are provided illustrating these classification approaches. Examples of different rock types are also briefly described,
igneous rocks formation and their classificationMazhar Ali
This document provides an introduction and overview of igneous rocks. It defines igneous rocks as those formed by the solidification of magma or lava. Igneous rocks are classified based on whether they solidified below ground as intrusive rocks or above ground as extrusive rocks. Some common igneous rocks are described, including granite, gabbro, basalt, dolerite, and diorite. Their typical compositions and properties are outlined.
Igneous rocks form from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. They can be intrusive or extrusive, depending on where the magma cools. Intrusive igneous rocks cool slowly underground, resulting in large mineral grains, while extrusive rocks cool rapidly at the surface, resulting in small mineral grains or a glassy texture. The mineral assemblage and texture of an igneous rock provides clues about its composition and conditions of formation. Bowen's reaction series describes the order in which minerals crystallize as magma cools.
This document discusses classifying igneous rocks based on their texture, grain size, color, density, and chemical composition. Igneous rocks can be classified as volcanic, hypabyssal, or plutonic based on grain size, and further classified as ultramafic, mafic, intermediate, or acid based on their chemistry and mineral content, with darker, denser rocks generally being richer in ferromagnesian minerals and lighter rocks richer in quartz and feldspar.
Igneous rock textures are controlled by cooling rate, with rapid cooling resulting in smaller crystals and slower cooling allowing larger crystals to form. Textures provide information about cooling/crystallization rates and phase relations during crystallization. Textures describe grain features like size, shape, orientation, and boundaries, seen in hand samples or microscopically. Common textures include phaneritic (with evident crystals), porphyritic (with larger phenocrysts in fine-grained groundmass), and graphic (with exsolved minerals forming angular shapes). Compositionally zoned crystals also occur.
This document provides information about igneous rocks, including their classification into volcanic and plutonic rocks. It describes the composition of different types of magma and how they relate to rock type. Igneous rocks are identified based on their texture, mineral composition, and cooling history. Characteristics such as viscosity, temperature, and mineral content determine the texture of the rock. Common rock types include basalt, gabbro, granite, and ultramafic rocks like peridotite. Sheet-like igneous intrusions include dikes and sills.
This document discusses contact metamorphism. It defines contact metamorphism as changes to pre-existing rocks caused by heat alone from nearby igneous intrusions. The key effects are recrystallization and changes in grain size and texture of rocks. Argillaceous rocks like pelites undergo the most alteration, forming spotted rock, chiastolite rock, and hornfels at low, medium, and high grades respectively. Limestones recrystallize into white marbles, while sandstones become metaquartzites, with grain size increasing with metamorphic grade in both cases.
This document provides an overview of the classification of igneous rocks. It discusses several key criteria used for classification, including texture, mode of occurrence (intrusive vs extrusive), and chemical composition based on silica and alumina content. Texture types include phaneritic, aphanitic, porphyritic, glassy, and pyroclastic. Mode of occurrence divides rocks into plutonic (intrusive) and volcanic (extrusive) types. Chemical classification schemes analyze silica content to categorize rocks as felsic, intermediate, or mafic, and also consider silica and alumina saturation states. Diagrams are provided illustrating these classification approaches. Examples of different rock types are also briefly described,
igneous rocks formation and their classificationMazhar Ali
This document provides an introduction and overview of igneous rocks. It defines igneous rocks as those formed by the solidification of magma or lava. Igneous rocks are classified based on whether they solidified below ground as intrusive rocks or above ground as extrusive rocks. Some common igneous rocks are described, including granite, gabbro, basalt, dolerite, and diorite. Their typical compositions and properties are outlined.
Igneous rocks form from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. They can be intrusive or extrusive, depending on where the magma cools. Intrusive igneous rocks cool slowly underground, resulting in large mineral grains, while extrusive rocks cool rapidly at the surface, resulting in small mineral grains or a glassy texture. The mineral assemblage and texture of an igneous rock provides clues about its composition and conditions of formation. Bowen's reaction series describes the order in which minerals crystallize as magma cools.
This document discusses mineralogy and provides details on several key minerals. It begins by defining minerals and explaining how they are formed through crystallization from magma or precipitation from solution. Mineralogy is then described as the study of mineral physical and chemical properties, divided into studying properties, crystallography, and formation modes. Several physical properties of minerals are outlined including color, streak, luster, hardness, cleavage, fracture, tenacity, form, and specific gravity. Examples of the silicate and non-silicate mineral groups are given along with properties and occurrence details of specific minerals like orthoclase, augite, hornblende, pyroxenes, and muscovite.
This document provides an overview of minerals, rocks, and the rock cycle presented by a student from Suez University. It discusses the main topics of minerals, igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks, and metamorphic rocks. Specifically, it describes the composition and properties of minerals, how the three main rock types are formed through igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic processes, and provides examples of common rock types for each category. The document aims to educate the reader on basic concepts in petrology and the classification of earth materials.
This document discusses igneous rock textures. It explains that texture refers to the size, shape, and arrangement of mineral grains in a rock. Cooling rate controls igneous rock texture, with rapid cooling resulting in fine-grained textures and slow cooling producing coarse-grained rocks. Extrusive igneous rocks like lava have fine-grained textures due to rapid surface cooling, while intrusive plutonic rocks exhibit a variety of coarse-grained textures due to slower cooling underground. Examples of different igneous rock textures are described, including aphanitic, porphyritic, vesicular, glassy, phaneritic, and pegmatitic.
Igneous rock, Engineering Geology, Semester IV GTUketgold
This document provides information on igneous rocks, including their classification. It discusses igneous rocks being divided into plutonic (coarse-grained intrusive), volcanic (extrusive), and hypabyssal rocks based on cooling conditions. Classification is also based on mineralogy and chemistry, notably the silica content, which divides rocks into felsic, intermediate, mafic, and ultramafic compositions. Textural properties like grain size, mineral proportions, and cooling structures are also used to identify and categorize different igneous rock types. Common examples of each rock class are provided.
Rocks are divided into three major groups: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from the cooling and solidification of magma either underground to form intrusive rocks or on the surface to form extrusive rocks. The texture and structure of igneous rocks depends on factors like the cooling rate, mineral composition, and gas content of the magma. Common igneous rock features include phenocrysts, vesicles, xenoliths, columnar joints, and sills/dikes.
Rocks have different chemical and physical properties that make them useful in our everyday lives. We use rocks for construction, fuel, art, and other purposes. Rocks are classified into three main groups based on their method of formation: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from the cooling and hardening of molten material from within the Earth. Their texture, mineral composition, and other features provide clues to how quickly or slowly they cooled.
This document defines and compares different types of rocks, including their formation processes and compositions. Intrusive rocks form deep underground and have large crystals, while extrusive rocks form on the surface and have small crystals. Felsic rocks are lighter in color with high aluminum, while mafic rocks are darker with more iron and magnesium. The document also discusses sedimentary rocks like conglomerate, sandstone, and shale formed from clastic deposits, as well as chemical/evaporite rocks and organic rocks like coal. Finally, it defines metamorphic rocks as those changed by heat and pressure, distinguishing between foliated rocks with layered minerals and non-foliated rocks with massive, unlayered structures.
The document discusses the three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. It provides details on how each type forms, including that igneous rocks form from cooling magma either underground resulting in large crystals or above ground resulting in small crystals. Sedimentary rocks form from compression or precipitation of minerals at the Earth's surface. Metamorphic rocks form from changes to existing rocks via heat, pressure, and fluids.
The document discusses igneous rocks, which form when magma cools and crystallizes. There are three main types - intrusive rocks that cool slowly underground and have large crystals, extrusive rocks that cool quickly above ground and have small crystals, and volcanic glass that cools instantly. The rate of cooling affects crystal size and rock texture. Igneous rocks contain minerals that crystallize in a specific order as the magma cools, and can be classified as mafic or felsic based on their mineral composition. Common igneous rocks include granite, basalt, and obsidian.
Sedimentary rocks are formed by the lithification of sediments and include clastic sedimentary rocks such as sandstone and shale that are formed from fragments of pre-existing rocks transported by water, wind or ice. They also include chemical sedimentary rocks such as limestone that are formed via precipitation from solution. Sedimentary structures within these rocks provide clues about the depositional environment, and sedimentary rocks are classified based on their mineral composition, grain size, sorting and rounding. Common sedimentary rocks used in construction include sandstone, limestone and shale.
There are three main types of rocks classified by how they are formed. Igneous rocks form from melted rock and can be either extrusive or intrusive. Extrusive igneous rocks cool quickly on the surface to form fine crystals like basalt and obsidian, while intrusive igneous rocks cool slowly inside the Earth to form larger crystals such as granite and gabbro. The size of crystals in igneous rocks depends on whether they cool quickly on the surface or slowly underground.
It is all about igneous rock. Its description, classification, texture and others are included which is very important for studying Geology and Petrology. It is the overall concept of Igneous Rock.
This document provides information about igneous rocks, including their formation, classification, texture, and examples. Igneous rocks form when magma or lava cools and solidifies. They are classified based on their mineral composition, silica content, and mode of occurrence (intrusive or extrusive). Texture refers to crystal size and shape, which depends on the cooling rate. Examples discussed include granite, gabbro, and basalt. Intrusive igneous bodies can form various structures within existing rocks, such as sills, laccoliths, and batholiths, depending on how the magma interacts with the surrounding rock layers.
This document summarizes how rocks are classified based on their formation. There are three main classes of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Within each class, rocks can be further classified based on their composition, texture, and grain size. Igneous rocks form from cooled lava or magma, and can be intrusive or extrusive based on where they solidify underground or above ground, affecting their grain size. Sedimentary rocks form from cemented sediments like grains, shells, and fossils. Metamorphic rocks have foliated or non-foliated textures indicating the process that altered the original rock.
Igneous rocks form when magma or lava cools and hardens. They can form inside Earth as intrusive igneous rocks or outside Earth as extrusive igneous rocks. The texture of igneous rocks depends on the rate of cooling - slow cooling inside Earth produces large crystal grains while fast cooling outside Earth produces small or no crystal grains. Igneous rocks also vary based on their composition, which influences properties like color and viscosity.
This document provides an overview of igneous rocks and their formation. It discusses that igneous rocks form from the cooling of molten magma or lava. The cooling rate affects crystal size - slower cooling produces larger crystals and faster cooling produces smaller crystals. Intrusive igneous rocks cool slowly underground and have coarse grains, while extrusive rocks cool quickly at the surface and have fine grains. Texture is determined by crystal size and arrangements. Examples of textures discussed are phaneritic, aphanitic, porphyritic, glassy and pyroclastic.
This document provides information about igneous rocks, including their classification, textures, and mineral compositions. It discusses how igneous rocks are formed by the cooling of magma and can be classified as intrusive or extrusive depending on where they solidify. Intrusive igneous rocks cool slowly below the Earth's surface, resulting in large crystal sizes, while extrusive rocks cool rapidly after erupting, producing small crystals. The document also examines different igneous rock textures that provide information about cooling rates, and explains how mineral compositions are determined by Bowen's Reaction Series during crystallization.
This document discusses igneous rocks and their formation. It explains that igneous rocks form as magma cools and crystallizes. There are different textures of igneous rocks depending on factors like cooling rate and mineral grain size. Igneous rocks are also classified based on their composition as felsic, intermediate, or mafic. Common igneous rocks are described like granite, rhyolite, basalt, and gabbro.
Minerals are naturally occurring solid substances with specific chemical compositions and atomic structures, while rocks are aggregates of one or more minerals. There are three main types of rocks: sedimentary rocks, which form from the accumulation of sediment; igneous rocks, which form from the cooling of magma; and metamorphic rocks, which form from the alteration of existing rocks by heat and pressure in the earth's crust. Common examples of each rock type are listed.
This document classifies igneous rocks based on their visible crystal size, composition, and mineralogy. It divides rocks into phaneritic, aphanitic, porphyritic, fragmental, pegmatitic, and glassy categories based on crystal size. It further classifies rocks as felsic, intermediate, mafic, or ultramafic based on their silica and iron/magnesium content. Diagrams show classifications of specific rock types like plutonic rocks, volcanic rocks, gabbroic rocks, and ultramafic rocks based on their mineralogy and compositions.
Metamorphism is the process by which pre-existing rocks recrystallize under high pressures and temperatures, forming new minerals while maintaining the original chemical composition. There are three main types of metamorphism driven by heat, pressure, and fluids. Contact metamorphism occurs near igneous intrusions where heat and hydrothermal fluids cause rocks to recrystallize into hornfels, marble, or quartzite depending on the original rock type.
This document discusses mineralogy and provides details on several key minerals. It begins by defining minerals and explaining how they are formed through crystallization from magma or precipitation from solution. Mineralogy is then described as the study of mineral physical and chemical properties, divided into studying properties, crystallography, and formation modes. Several physical properties of minerals are outlined including color, streak, luster, hardness, cleavage, fracture, tenacity, form, and specific gravity. Examples of the silicate and non-silicate mineral groups are given along with properties and occurrence details of specific minerals like orthoclase, augite, hornblende, pyroxenes, and muscovite.
This document provides an overview of minerals, rocks, and the rock cycle presented by a student from Suez University. It discusses the main topics of minerals, igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks, and metamorphic rocks. Specifically, it describes the composition and properties of minerals, how the three main rock types are formed through igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic processes, and provides examples of common rock types for each category. The document aims to educate the reader on basic concepts in petrology and the classification of earth materials.
This document discusses igneous rock textures. It explains that texture refers to the size, shape, and arrangement of mineral grains in a rock. Cooling rate controls igneous rock texture, with rapid cooling resulting in fine-grained textures and slow cooling producing coarse-grained rocks. Extrusive igneous rocks like lava have fine-grained textures due to rapid surface cooling, while intrusive plutonic rocks exhibit a variety of coarse-grained textures due to slower cooling underground. Examples of different igneous rock textures are described, including aphanitic, porphyritic, vesicular, glassy, phaneritic, and pegmatitic.
Igneous rock, Engineering Geology, Semester IV GTUketgold
This document provides information on igneous rocks, including their classification. It discusses igneous rocks being divided into plutonic (coarse-grained intrusive), volcanic (extrusive), and hypabyssal rocks based on cooling conditions. Classification is also based on mineralogy and chemistry, notably the silica content, which divides rocks into felsic, intermediate, mafic, and ultramafic compositions. Textural properties like grain size, mineral proportions, and cooling structures are also used to identify and categorize different igneous rock types. Common examples of each rock class are provided.
Rocks are divided into three major groups: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from the cooling and solidification of magma either underground to form intrusive rocks or on the surface to form extrusive rocks. The texture and structure of igneous rocks depends on factors like the cooling rate, mineral composition, and gas content of the magma. Common igneous rock features include phenocrysts, vesicles, xenoliths, columnar joints, and sills/dikes.
Rocks have different chemical and physical properties that make them useful in our everyday lives. We use rocks for construction, fuel, art, and other purposes. Rocks are classified into three main groups based on their method of formation: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from the cooling and hardening of molten material from within the Earth. Their texture, mineral composition, and other features provide clues to how quickly or slowly they cooled.
This document defines and compares different types of rocks, including their formation processes and compositions. Intrusive rocks form deep underground and have large crystals, while extrusive rocks form on the surface and have small crystals. Felsic rocks are lighter in color with high aluminum, while mafic rocks are darker with more iron and magnesium. The document also discusses sedimentary rocks like conglomerate, sandstone, and shale formed from clastic deposits, as well as chemical/evaporite rocks and organic rocks like coal. Finally, it defines metamorphic rocks as those changed by heat and pressure, distinguishing between foliated rocks with layered minerals and non-foliated rocks with massive, unlayered structures.
The document discusses the three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. It provides details on how each type forms, including that igneous rocks form from cooling magma either underground resulting in large crystals or above ground resulting in small crystals. Sedimentary rocks form from compression or precipitation of minerals at the Earth's surface. Metamorphic rocks form from changes to existing rocks via heat, pressure, and fluids.
The document discusses igneous rocks, which form when magma cools and crystallizes. There are three main types - intrusive rocks that cool slowly underground and have large crystals, extrusive rocks that cool quickly above ground and have small crystals, and volcanic glass that cools instantly. The rate of cooling affects crystal size and rock texture. Igneous rocks contain minerals that crystallize in a specific order as the magma cools, and can be classified as mafic or felsic based on their mineral composition. Common igneous rocks include granite, basalt, and obsidian.
Sedimentary rocks are formed by the lithification of sediments and include clastic sedimentary rocks such as sandstone and shale that are formed from fragments of pre-existing rocks transported by water, wind or ice. They also include chemical sedimentary rocks such as limestone that are formed via precipitation from solution. Sedimentary structures within these rocks provide clues about the depositional environment, and sedimentary rocks are classified based on their mineral composition, grain size, sorting and rounding. Common sedimentary rocks used in construction include sandstone, limestone and shale.
There are three main types of rocks classified by how they are formed. Igneous rocks form from melted rock and can be either extrusive or intrusive. Extrusive igneous rocks cool quickly on the surface to form fine crystals like basalt and obsidian, while intrusive igneous rocks cool slowly inside the Earth to form larger crystals such as granite and gabbro. The size of crystals in igneous rocks depends on whether they cool quickly on the surface or slowly underground.
It is all about igneous rock. Its description, classification, texture and others are included which is very important for studying Geology and Petrology. It is the overall concept of Igneous Rock.
This document provides information about igneous rocks, including their formation, classification, texture, and examples. Igneous rocks form when magma or lava cools and solidifies. They are classified based on their mineral composition, silica content, and mode of occurrence (intrusive or extrusive). Texture refers to crystal size and shape, which depends on the cooling rate. Examples discussed include granite, gabbro, and basalt. Intrusive igneous bodies can form various structures within existing rocks, such as sills, laccoliths, and batholiths, depending on how the magma interacts with the surrounding rock layers.
This document summarizes how rocks are classified based on their formation. There are three main classes of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Within each class, rocks can be further classified based on their composition, texture, and grain size. Igneous rocks form from cooled lava or magma, and can be intrusive or extrusive based on where they solidify underground or above ground, affecting their grain size. Sedimentary rocks form from cemented sediments like grains, shells, and fossils. Metamorphic rocks have foliated or non-foliated textures indicating the process that altered the original rock.
Igneous rocks form when magma or lava cools and hardens. They can form inside Earth as intrusive igneous rocks or outside Earth as extrusive igneous rocks. The texture of igneous rocks depends on the rate of cooling - slow cooling inside Earth produces large crystal grains while fast cooling outside Earth produces small or no crystal grains. Igneous rocks also vary based on their composition, which influences properties like color and viscosity.
This document provides an overview of igneous rocks and their formation. It discusses that igneous rocks form from the cooling of molten magma or lava. The cooling rate affects crystal size - slower cooling produces larger crystals and faster cooling produces smaller crystals. Intrusive igneous rocks cool slowly underground and have coarse grains, while extrusive rocks cool quickly at the surface and have fine grains. Texture is determined by crystal size and arrangements. Examples of textures discussed are phaneritic, aphanitic, porphyritic, glassy and pyroclastic.
This document provides information about igneous rocks, including their classification, textures, and mineral compositions. It discusses how igneous rocks are formed by the cooling of magma and can be classified as intrusive or extrusive depending on where they solidify. Intrusive igneous rocks cool slowly below the Earth's surface, resulting in large crystal sizes, while extrusive rocks cool rapidly after erupting, producing small crystals. The document also examines different igneous rock textures that provide information about cooling rates, and explains how mineral compositions are determined by Bowen's Reaction Series during crystallization.
This document discusses igneous rocks and their formation. It explains that igneous rocks form as magma cools and crystallizes. There are different textures of igneous rocks depending on factors like cooling rate and mineral grain size. Igneous rocks are also classified based on their composition as felsic, intermediate, or mafic. Common igneous rocks are described like granite, rhyolite, basalt, and gabbro.
Minerals are naturally occurring solid substances with specific chemical compositions and atomic structures, while rocks are aggregates of one or more minerals. There are three main types of rocks: sedimentary rocks, which form from the accumulation of sediment; igneous rocks, which form from the cooling of magma; and metamorphic rocks, which form from the alteration of existing rocks by heat and pressure in the earth's crust. Common examples of each rock type are listed.
This document classifies igneous rocks based on their visible crystal size, composition, and mineralogy. It divides rocks into phaneritic, aphanitic, porphyritic, fragmental, pegmatitic, and glassy categories based on crystal size. It further classifies rocks as felsic, intermediate, mafic, or ultramafic based on their silica and iron/magnesium content. Diagrams show classifications of specific rock types like plutonic rocks, volcanic rocks, gabbroic rocks, and ultramafic rocks based on their mineralogy and compositions.
Metamorphism is the process by which pre-existing rocks recrystallize under high pressures and temperatures, forming new minerals while maintaining the original chemical composition. There are three main types of metamorphism driven by heat, pressure, and fluids. Contact metamorphism occurs near igneous intrusions where heat and hydrothermal fluids cause rocks to recrystallize into hornfels, marble, or quartzite depending on the original rock type.
Igneous rocks are formed by the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. They are classified based on their composition and texture, ranging from glassy to coarse-grained. Intrusive igneous rocks form when magma cools slowly underground, resulting in large crystals, while extrusive rocks form above ground where lava cools rapidly, having small or no crystals. Common examples are granite as an intrusive rock and basalt as an extrusive rock.
This document discusses different types of igneous rocks. It begins by explaining that igneous rocks form from lava or magma and can be extrusive or intrusive. Extrusive rocks form from lava at the surface, while intrusive rocks form from magma underground. Intrusive rocks can take various forms depending on factors like the viscosity of the magma and the structure of the surrounding rock layers. Common intrusive rock forms include dykes, sills, laccoliths, lopoliths, and batholiths. Extrusive rocks include lava flows. The document provides detailed descriptions of these different igneous rock types and their characteristic features.
Michel foucault - As Palavras e as CoisasWesley Guedes
The document discusses the history and development of chocolate over centuries. It details how cocoa beans were first used as currency by the Maya and Aztecs before being transformed into a drink by the Mesoamericans. The Spanish later added sugar and introduced chocolate to Europe in the 16th century, where it became a popular drink among the elite classes. Over time, chocolate gradually transformed from a drink to solid bars and confections as methods for processing cocoa beans and manufacturing chocolate improved.
Organic chemical sedimentary_rockssmallangelabentley
This document provides information on different types of sedimentary rocks formed through organic, chemical, and evaporative processes. Organic rocks like chalk are composed of microscopic shells and form limestones. Chemical rocks like oolitic limestone form through precipitation and contain spherical grains. Evaporite rocks like halite form through evaporation in arid climates and include common minerals like gypsum and rock salt. Each rock type is described in terms of its composition, texture, and environmental conditions of formation.
The document provides information about various volcanic and intrusive igneous features including plateaus, shield volcanoes, composite volcanoes, batholiths, sills, dykes, and seismic features such as normal faults and reverse faults. Specific examples discussed include the Deccan Plateau formed by lava flows in India, Mauna Loa volcano in Hawaii demonstrating characteristics of a shield volcano, and Mount St. Helens exhibiting traits of a composite volcano.
This document provides an introduction to metamorphism, including definitions, causes, limits, types, effects, and characteristics. Metamorphism is the change in form of pre-existing rocks due to increases in temperature, pressure, or both. The main types of metamorphism are contact/thermal, dynamic, and regional. Metamorphism results in recrystallization and realignment of minerals without melting, changing the rock's appearance, properties, and grade of alteration. Argillaceous sediments are most susceptible to metamorphic changes.
This document describes various landforms created by glacial erosion and deposition. It defines cirques, corries, and cwms as hollows on mountainsides deepened and widened by corrie glaciers. Arêtes are knife-edged ridges between corries, while pyramidal peaks form when multiple corries erode a central horn-shaped area. Glacial troughs or U-shaped valleys have hanging valleys, truncated spurs, and misfit streams. Features of glacial deposition include till, moraines, drumlins, eskers, kames, kettles, and outwash plains.
08 volcanism intrusive and extrusive featureskerrie95
This document discusses different types of volcanic features, both intrusive and extrusive. It defines intrusive features like dykes, sills, laccoliths and batholiths, which form underground from magma cooling and solidifying below the surface. Extrusive features like lava flows, cinder cones and composite volcanoes form above ground from magma erupting as lava. The document also categorizes different types of lava based on their viscosity and chemical composition, and classifies volcanoes based on the violence of their eruptions. It aims to help students understand the major forms of volcanic landforms and the geological processes that create them.
This document discusses different types of intrusive igneous rocks based on their form and texture. It describes various forms such as dykes, sills, laccoliths, batholiths etc. based on their geometry and relationship to surrounding rocks. It also explains textures of igneous rocks based on grain size, crystallinity and crystal shape. Phaneric and aphanitic textures related to slow and fast cooling of magma respectively are discussed along with porphyritic texture showing mixture of large and small grains.
Sedimentary structures provide important information about depositional environments and allow the orientation of sedimentary beds to be determined. Key structures discussed include beds and bedding planes, laminations, graded bedding indicating changes in grain size over time, cross-bedding showing current direction, sole structures like flute casts formed by erosion on sediment surfaces, and trace fossils providing evidence of organism behavior and helping determine the correct vertical orientation of strata. Together, an understanding of these sedimentary structures is essential for interpreting the depositional history preserved in sedimentary rocks.
This document provides guidance on mapping geological structures and features from maps. It includes explanations of key map elements like the map key, scale, and north arrow. It also defines and provides examples of important geological structures like folds, faults, intrusions, and unconformities. The document seeks to help readers interpret maps by describing these features, explaining how to identify and describe them, and posing questions about the geological history that can be answered from the map evidence.
Sedimentary structures provide important information about the depositional environment and post-depositional changes to sedimentary rocks. Key structures discussed include beds and bedding planes, laminations, graded bedding indicating changes in grain size over time, cross-bedding reflecting currents, load casts and flame structures from density differences, sole structures on bed bases indicating erosion, and trace fossils providing evidence of organism behavior and helping determine correct bed orientations. Together, an understanding of these sedimentary structures allows reconstruction of the depositional environment and testing of the law of superposition.
The document provides information about rock formation and classification. It defines igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma, either below the surface (intrusive) or above (extrusive). Sedimentary rocks form through compaction and cementation of sediments. Metamorphic rocks form from changes to existing rocks through heat, pressure and fluids. Rocks are classified based on texture, composition and formation processes. The rock cycle illustrates how rocks continuously change between the three main types through various natural processes.
Nature of Igneous Rocks, Magma, Lava, Textures, Types classification,compositions,Bowen’s Reaction Series, characteristics of magma, Origin of Magmas, Evolution of Magma, Magma Differentiation,Partial Melting,Fractional Crystallization, Plate Tectonic Setting of Igneous Rocks
This document discusses metamorphism and metamorphic rocks. Metamorphic rocks form from existing igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rocks through heat, pressure, and chemically reactive fluids. Metamorphism progresses incrementally and involves the growth of new minerals and deformation of existing ones. Metamorphism occurs in various settings like contact, regional, and burial metamorphism. Factors like heat, pressure, and fluids drive changes in mineralogy and texture. Metamorphic grade is indicated by index minerals and results in foliated and non-foliated rock types.
This document outlines intrusive igneous landforms created by underground magma movements and formations. Intrusive igneous activity occurs when magma moves into spaces between rock layers and hardens. Common intrusive landforms include batholiths formed by large masses of cooled magma, sills which are horizontal sheets parallel to bedding planes, and dykes which cut vertically across bedding planes. The Isle of Arran case study examines these intrusive features.
Tectonic activity shapes landscapes through various volcanic and non-volcanic processes. Volcanic landforms include extrusive features like volcanic cones and lava plateaus formed by eruptions, and intrusive features such as batholiths, stocks, and dikes formed by underground magma intrusions. Non-volcanic landforms are shaped by earthquakes, faulting, and folding which produce structures like rift valleys, faults, and fold belts that influence topography and coastal geography. The interplay between tectonic forces and erosion over time exposes and modifies these landforms at and below the Earth's surface.
The document discusses the three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from cooling lava and can have large or small crystals depending on the cooling rate. Sedimentary rocks form from compressed sediments and contain fossils. Metamorphic rocks form from existing rocks undergoing heat and pressure, and can have banded or non-banded textures.
Notes/ppt/information on texture of igneous rock geology .
For more information and source of knowledge:- ·
https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/66685/1/Unit-2.pdf
This document provides information on clastic/detrital sedimentary rocks, including their characteristics, classification, particle sizes, rock groups, terminology, and examples. It describes the key properties of sedimentary rocks formed from eroded fragments such as conglomerate, breccia, sandstone, siltstone, mudstone, shale, and discusses the environments in which they form.
The document discusses different types of igneous rocks and their characteristics. It describes how igneous rocks form from the cooling of magma and lava and are classified as intrusive or extrusive. Intrusive igneous rocks cool slowly below the Earth's surface, forming textures like phaneritic, while extrusive rocks cool rapidly above ground, resulting in aphanitic or glassy textures. The document outlines various igneous rock textures and features like vesicles, phenocrysts and pyroclastic materials.
This document provides information on igneous rocks, including their classification, textures, and mineralogy. It discusses:
1. The classification of igneous rocks based on texture (phaneritic, aphanitic, porphyritic, etc.) and composition (felsic, mafic, ultramafic).
2. The main igneous minerals like quartz, feldspars, olivines, and pyroxenes.
3. How mineral assemblages in igneous rocks are determined by melt composition and cooling rate. Texture is influenced by the rate of nucleation and crystal growth.
4. Different types of igneous textures including glassy, vesicular
Igneous Rock Textures plutonic rocks.pptAnwarQadir
The document discusses various textures found in igneous rocks that provide clues about how the rocks formed. Extrusive igneous rocks like lava have fine-grained textures from rapid cooling, while intrusive rocks like granite have larger crystals from slower cooling. Textures include aphanitic (too fine to see crystals), porphyritic (large and small crystals), vesicular (with gas bubbles), and phaneritic (large visible crystals). These textures reflect differences in cooling rates and mineral compositions that help identify the rocks.
Core Subject: Earth and Life Science
II. Earth Materials and Processes
A. Minerals and Rocks
The learners
demonstrate an
understanding of:
1. the three main categories of rocks
2. the origin and environment of formation of common minerals and rocks
The learners:
1. identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties
2. classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
This document discusses different types of rocks classified based on their formation processes and mineral/chemical composition. It summarizes key rock types as follows:
1) Igneous rocks such as granite, syenite, diorite, gabbro and dolerite are formed by cooling of magma and are divided into plutonic and volcanic types.
2) Sedimentary rocks like sandstone form at the Earth's surface through compaction/cementation of sediments and include varieties based on grain size and cementing material.
3) Metamorphic rocks form from existing rocks subjected to high temperature and pressure, altering their mineral composition from the original rock type. Rock types transform through the geological rock cycle
This document discusses igneous rocks, including their formation from cooling magma, textures determined by cooling rate, and compositions. Igneous rocks can be classified based on their mineral makeup, which indicates their magma source and tectonic setting. Texture provides information about the cooling history, with fine-grained aphanitic rocks indicating rapid cooling and coarse-grained phaneritic rocks showing slow cooling. Composition depends on silica content, with granitic rocks having over 25% quartz and basaltic rocks mainly composed of pyroxene and plagioclase feldspar.
This document provides information about a petrology course for the 2008-2009 semester. The course includes 2 credits of theory and 1 credit of practical work. It is taught by Hill Gendoet Hartono on Mondays from 9:50-10:40 and 10:45-11:35. The document then provides detailed information about sedimentary rocks, including descriptions of different types of clastic rocks like breccias, conglomerates, sandstones and shales. It also discusses carbonate sedimentary rocks, chemical sedimentary rocks, and the environments and processes involved in forming different sedimentary rocks.
Metamorphism is the change in form of pre-existing rocks due to heat, pressure, or both. Contact metamorphism involves changes from heat alone near igneous intrusions, forming rocks like marble, quartzite, and hornfels. Regional metamorphism over large areas is caused by heat and pressure, producing foliated rocks like slate, schist, and gneiss from sediments. Dynamic metamorphism involves crushing along fault planes to form breccias and mylonites. Grade of metamorphism depends on conditions and mineral growth.
This document discusses different textures in igneous rocks that are determined by cooling rates. Rapid cooling of lava at the surface results in fine-grained extrusive rocks like obsidian, while slower cooling of magma underground forms larger crystals in intrusive rocks like granites. Specific textures include aphanitic, porphyritic, vesicular, glassy, and phaneritic. Pegmatites have exceptionally large crystals due to late-stage concentration of volatiles in the magma.
In this PPT you will know about the what is the texture of igneous rock and what is the Structure of Igneous Rock and their Types.
In this PPT you will know about the what is the texture of igneous rock and what is the Structure of Igneous Rock and their Types.
In this PPT you will know about the what is the texture of igneous rock and what is the Structure of Igneous Rock and their Types.
The rock cycle shows how the three main rock types - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - are interrelated and constantly transforming into one another over geological time through various natural processes. Igneous rocks form from the cooling of magma, sedimentary rocks form through the lithification of sediments, and metamorphic rocks form under high heat and pressure which causes changes to pre-existing rocks. Rocks are constantly being recycled and transformed as they move through the rock cycle.
1) Igneous rocks are formed by the cooling and solidification of magma underground or on the Earth's surface. They are divided into extrusive and intrusive rocks.
2) Extrusive igneous rocks cool quickly above ground after volcanic eruptions, forming textures like vesicular or amygdaloidal structures. Intrusive igneous rocks cool slowly below ground, resulting in larger crystal sizes like pegmatite structures.
3) Intrusive igneous bodies come in different shapes depending on their orientation to surrounding rock layers, including discordant dikes and sills, and concordant laccoliths and batholiths. Sills are parallel sheets that form between existing
The document summarizes key information about rocks and the rock cycle. It describes three main types of rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma, and there are two types: intrusive rocks like granite that cool slowly underground, and extrusive rocks like obsidian that cool rapidly above ground. Sedimentary rocks form from compression of sediments, and examples include sandstone, limestone, and shale. Metamorphic rocks form from changes to existing rocks through heat, pressure, and chemical processes, changing the rock type, and examples include slate, schist, and marble. The rock cycle diagram illustrates how rocks continuously change between these three types through geological
Rocks are divided into three major groups: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form when magma cools and solidifies. Magma comes from deep below the Earth's surface and is composed mainly of oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, sodium, magnesium, calcium, and potassium. When magma reaches the surface it is called lava. Igneous rocks can be extrusive or intrusive, with extrusive rocks like lava flows cooling at the surface and intrusive rocks like dikes and sills cooling below the surface. Texture and structures like vesicles and phenocrysts provide clues to how quickly igneous rocks solidified.
The document summarizes the three main rock types - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks - and their characteristics and formation processes. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma, either underground as intrusive rocks like batholiths and dikes or above ground as extrusive rocks like lava flows. Sedimentary rocks form through the compaction and cementation of sediments like sand, silt, and clay. Metamorphic rocks form from existing rocks undergoing changes due to heat and pressure in processes like contact metamorphism or regional metamorphism.
This document discusses different types of rocks and how they form. It describes the three major rock types as igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma, metamorphic rocks form from heat and pressure changing other rocks, and sedimentary rocks form from sediments. The document then discusses the rock cycle, how rocks are transformed between types through geological processes. It provides details on the formation of different igneous rock textures based on cooling rates and crystal sizes. Various igneous rock classifications including their mineralogy and chemistry are also summarized.
The document provides information on measuring dinosaur footprints and trackways to determine characteristics of dinosaurs such as speed and size. It discusses measuring footprint length and stride length to calculate hip height, total length, and whether the dinosaur was walking, trotting, or running. Examples are given for various dinosaurs such as Velociraptor, Ultrasaurus, and Gallimimus. Formulas are presented for calculating hip height, relative stride length, dimensionless speed, and actual speed based on footprint and stride length measurements.
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This document discusses the construction and analysis of hydrographs. Hydrographs show changes in river discharge over time, especially during storm events. They are constructed by plotting river discharge levels against time to analyze flooding patterns. Key aspects of hydrographs include the rising limb as flood waters increase, the peak flow, recession limb as waters recede, and basin lag time between peak rainfall and peak river flow. Analyzing hydrographs can help predict flooding and inform flood prevention. Many factors influence hydrograph shape, such as area, slope, soil, land use, and precipitation patterns.
The document provides information about the hydrological cycle including key definitions and processes. It explains that precipitation is an input into the cycle, while evaporation and transpiration are outputs. It also describes several transfer processes by which water moves through the cycle, such as surface runoff, infiltration, percolation, groundwater flow, and river discharge.
This document lists several types of extinct marine organisms: bivalves, brachiopods, graptolites, and ammonites. Bivalves and brachiopods are shelled organisms, while graptolites and ammonites are shelled cephalopods that were important members of Paleozoic and Mesozoic seas.
Peter Knight photographed various glaciers around the world including niche glaciers in Wyoming that are sensitive to climate change, the ice cap on Cotopaxi volcano in Ecuador which extends further on the windward side due to higher snowfall, and valley, mountain, and ice sheet glaciers in locations such as Alaska, Greenland, and New Zealand. The photos show glacial landforms and features including moraines, crevasses, ice caves, supraglacial streams, ice cliffs, striations, and erratics.
The document discusses different types of glacial ice formations including glaciers, ice caps, ice sheets, and niche ice. It provides examples of each type through photographs of glaciers in locations like Wyoming, Ecuador, Alaska, and New Zealand. The text also examines glacial landforms created by erosion and deposition as glaciers advance and retreat, such as moraines, eskers, drumlins, and outwash plains.
Lava cools and solidifies in different ways depending on factors like thickness, rate of cooling, and whether it erupts on land or underwater. This results in a variety of igneous rock textures like pillow lava formed under water, glassy texture from instant cooling, rope-like pahoehoe or jagged aa textures on land, and vesicles or mineral deposits within the rock. Thick lava flows exhibit columnar jointing as they slowly cool from the outside in, forming hexagonal or pentagonal columns.
Graphic logs are a method used by geologists to record sedimentary rock layers and structures to scale using symbols. The vertical scale shows bed thickness proportionally, while the horizontal scale maps particle sizes. A variety of symbols indicate features like graded bedding, cross-bedding, ripples, and erosion surfaces. Example graphic logs depict typical sequences in glacial, river, desert, and delta depositional environments. Questions on exams may involve interpreting sedimentary histories from graphic logs.
Graphic logs are a method used by geologists to record sedimentary rock layers and structures to scale using symbols. The vertical scale shows bed thickness proportionally, while the horizontal scale maps particle sizes. A variety of symbols indicate features like graded bedding, cross-bedding, ripples, and erosion surfaces. Example graphic logs depict typical sequences in glacial, river, desert, and delta depositional environments. Questions on exams may involve interpreting sedimentary histories from graphic logs.
This document provides information on 20 different minerals. For each mineral, it gives the mineral name, key physical properties such as hardness, crystal structure, cleavage, color, and identifying characteristics. Pictures or diagrams are also provided to illustrate some mineral characteristics. The minerals discussed include common rock-forming silicates as well as oxides, sulfides, carbonates, halides, and sulfates. Key identification tests involving hardness tests, streak tests, cleavage, crystal habit, and other properties are summarized for each mineral.
The document discusses whether dinosaurs were warm-blooded or cold-blooded. While there is no conclusive evidence, dinosaurs likely evolved endothermy or warm-bloodedness at some point in their history, as modern birds are their descendants. Evidence presented includes bone structure and histology, dinosaur behavior like fast running, predator to prey ratios, and the existence of Arctic dinosaurs, but the available evidence remains speculative overall.
The document discusses whether dinosaurs were warm-blooded or cold-blooded. It explains that warm-blooded animals, or endotherms, generate their own body heat through internal processes, while cold-blooded animals, or ectotherms, rely on external heat sources. Evidence for warm-blooded dinosaurs includes bone structure, fast running speeds inferred from long legs, high predator to prey ratios requiring activity, and survival in Arctic climates. Evidence for cold-blooded dinosaurs includes large sizes, warm climates during the Mesozoic era, scaled skin like reptiles, and lack of respiratory structures in dinosaurs.
There were two main groups of dinosaurs, the saurischians which had reptile-like hips and included two-legged meat-eaters like tyrannosaurs and large four-legged plant-eaters with long necks. The ornithischians had bird-like hips and included two or four-legged plant-eaters like ornithopods, ceratopsians, ankylosaurs and stegosaurs. During this time pterosaurs flew in the skies, marine reptiles like ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs swam in the seas, and small mammals also inhabited the land.
The document discusses the origins and evolution of dinosaurs. It explains that dinosaurs stood erect unlike most reptiles, had ball-and-socket hip joints and straight limb bones. The first dinosaurs were small bipeds that ate insects and small vertebrates. After a mass extinction 225 million years ago, dinosaurs radiated and diversified, occupying multiple ecological niches for over 150 million years until another mass extinction wiped them out.
This document describes different types of geological faults, including dip-slip faults (normal and reverse), strike-slip faults (tear and transform), and thrust faults. It provides examples of each type and diagrams to illustrate normal faults, reverse faults, and strike-slip faults. Key points covered include the East African Rift Valley as an example of a normal fault, thrust faults being associated with mountain building, and the San Andreas Fault as an example of a transform fault.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
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2. Definition of Igneous
Derived from the latin
‘ignis’ meaning fire
Formed by the cooling
and solidification of molten
lava or magma
Comprise an interlocking
mosaic of crystals
4. Intrusive Igneous rocks
Molten rock (magma) that solidifies at
depth within the lithosphere is intrusive
Intrusive rocks may eventually be
exposed at the earth’s surface following
a long period of uplift and erosion
5. Crystal Size and Cooling Rates
Crystal size is determined
by the rate of cooling of
the magma or lava
Instantaneous cooling of lava
erupted under water as pillow
lavas results in a glassy texture,
devoid of any crystalline form
6. Crystal Size and Cooling Rates
Rapid cooling in lava flows at the
earth’s surface over a few months
results in crystals of <0.5mm in
diameter forming (Volcanic)
7. Crystal Size and Cooling Rates
Slower cooling in dykes
and sills over hundreds to
thousands of years results in
crystals 0.5mm to 2mm in
diameter (Hypabyssal)
8. Crystal Size and Cooling Rates
Slow cooling in magma chambers
deep underground over millions of
years results in larger crystals
>2mm in diameter (Plutonic)
9. Crystal Shape 1- Euhedral
Well formed crystals with a
regular and recognisable shape.
They form when a crystals can
grow freely in a melt and are not
impeded by the presence of any
surrounding pre-existing crystals
10. Euhedral Olivine
Six-sided shape
3mm
Olivine basalt from Ubekendt Ejland, West Greenland
11. Crystal Shape 2 - Subhedral
Partially formed crystals with
some recognisable shape. They
have been partially impeded as
they grew by the surrounding
pre-existing crystals
12. Subhedral Olivine
Some faces flat and planar
1mm
Some faces curved
and embayed
Picritic basalt, Ubekendt Ejland, West Greenland
13. Crystal Shape 3 - Anhedral
Anhedral – no regular
crystalline shape visible.
The shape of the growing
crystal is controlled by the
arrangement and orientation
of the surrounding pre-
existing crystals
15. Phenocrysts
Large well formed (euhedral)
crystals in an igneous rock
In Shap granite the flesh
coloured orthoclase phenocrysts
are up to 3cm in diameter
16. Groundmass
The remainder of the igneous
rock made up of smaller crystals
In the case of Shap granite, the
groundmass is mainly crystals
of biotite mica and quartz
17. Phenocrysts and Groundmass
Orthoclase phenocrysts
up to 6cm in diameter
Phenocrysts are euhedral
and rectangular
Implies 2 stage
cooling history
1cm
Finer groundmass
0.5-1.0 mm in
diameter
18. Equigranular Texture
All the crystals in the rock
are roughly the same size
Produced by a steady or
constant cooling rate
21. Porphyritic Texture-Giant Feldspar Porphyry
Phenocrysts up
to 5cm long
Long axes of phenocrysts
aligned parallel implies
flow of magma
Groundmass 0.5-1.0mm
22. Vesicular Texture
Small spherical or ellipsoidal
cavities found in lavas
Formed by gas bubbles being
trapped during solidification
of the rock. Eg Pumice
23. Vesicular Texture
Vesicles represent trapped gas bubbles within a lava flow
Vesicles range from 2mm
to 1.5cm in diameter
Vesicles are stretched and
curved indicating flow of the lava
Car key for scale
24. Glassy Texture
No crystals visible, rocks are
often dark green or black in
colour and show conchoidal
fracture (like glass)
Eg Obsidian formed by the
instantaneous cooling of acid lava
26. Amygdaloidal Texture
The vesicles in a lava are later
infilled by secondary minerals
precipitated from solution
Commonly quartz and calcite
Amygdale means ‘almond-shaped’
27. Amygdaloidal Texture
Former vesicles Basalt, volcanic,
infilled by quartz crystals <0.5mm
Euro coin
for scale
28. Mineral Content
Igneous rocks are classified
chemically as Acidic or Basic
according to the main
constituent minerals present
29. Felsic Igneous Rocks
Quartz, Orthoclase Feldspar,
Plagioclase Feldspar, Biotite
Mica and Muscovite Mica.
Rich in silica >66%
31. Igneous Rock Classification
Felsic Mafic
Quartz, feldspar Plagioclase feldspar,
and mica augite and olivine
Volcanic
Crystal size
<0.5mm in diameter
Rhyolite Basalt
Hypabyssal
Crystal size
0.5-2mm in diameter
Microgranite Dolerite
Plutonic
Crystal size
>2mm in diameter
Granite Gabbro
32. Cornish Granite
All crystals over 2mm
Glassy,
in diameter-Plutonic
colourless quartz
1cm
Black biotite mica
with pearly lustre
Subhedral
crystal form
White/creamy
plagioclase feldspar
33. Shap Granite (Ademallite)
Porphyritic texture, large
phenocrysts and finer groundmass
Finer groundmass of
quartz and biotite mica Feldspar phenocrysts
2-3mm in diameter are euhedral
1cm
Flesh-coloured orthoclase feldspar
phenocrysts up to 3cm long
34. Kaolinised Granite
Iron oxide staining due to release
of Fe ions from biotite mica
Biotite mica
breaking down
Orthoclase feldspar to form chlorite
altered to kaolinite
by hydrolysis
Unaltered grey, glassy quartz
Granite is very crumbly and
is described as Growan
35. Micro-Granite
Formed within the crust
Mineralogy: quartz,
in a sill or dyke
feldspar and mica
Subhedral
crystals
Equigranular texture,
all crystals 0.5 – 1.5mm
in diameter
Formed by an even
cooling rate over 2 cm
thousands of years
36. Vesicular Rhyolite
1 cm
Formed by rapid cooling
at the earth’s surface
Spherical vesicles up
to 3mm in diameter
Fine grained < 1mm, no
crystals visible, volcanic
Mineralogy: quartz,
Vesicles represent trapped feldspar and mica
gas bubbles in a lava flow
37. Gabbro
Greenish-black augite
Equigranular texture, all
crystals roughly similar in size
Formed deep
underground by very
slow cooling over
millions of years
2cm
Coarse grained, crystals
over 2mm in diameter,
suggesting slow cooling Grey/creamy plagioclase
feldspar, variety calcium
rich anorthite
38. Porphyritic Dolerite (Micro-gabbro)
Hypabyssal, crystal Mineralogy: plagioclase
size mainly 1-2mm feldspar, augite and olivine
Subhedral phenocrysts
of plagioclase feldspar
up to 3mm in diameter
Groundmass
constitutes over
75% of the rock
1 cm
Two-stage cooling, finally
forming an intrusive dyke or sill
39. Basalt
1 cm
Chilled margin,
very fine grained
almost glassy
Formed by rapid
cooling at the earth’s Mineralogy: plagioclase
surface over a few feldspar, augite and olivine
weeks or months
Crystal size well under
0.25mm, volcanic
40. Pyroclastic Rocks
Consist of fragmental volcanic
material blown into the atmosphere
by explosive activity
Mainly associated with andesitic
and acidic volcanoes
41. Pyroclastic Rocks – 2 Main Groups
Material ejected from the volcano as
liquid globules which solidifies in the
air and is deposited as solid particles
Material ejected from the volcano
as solid fragments, this solid
material has been fractured
by the explosive activity
43. Pelées Hair
A fine mass of
hair-like glass
Formed by lava being
exuded through a small
orifice and blown
about by the wind
Resembles candy
floss in 1cm
appearance
44. Volcanic Bombs
Larger masses of liquid
lava thrown into the air
They rotate and take on
characteristic shapes
Spindle-bombs and breadcrust bombs
are most common-usually vesicular
Vary in size from small droplets to
several cubic metres
45. Volcanic Bombs
Some bombs have a Volcanic bombs are large
characteristic breadcrust fragments of molten lava up
surface, others resemble to 1m in diameter expelled
cauliflowers or cowpats during an eruption.
depending on the way
they land and solidify.
Bombs develop a rounded or almond
shape as they are twirled through the air.
46. Section through a Volcanic Bomb
Highly vesicular interior
Breadcrust exterior, finer
5cm grained and less vesicular
due to more rapid cooling
47. Pumice
Highly vesicular material
derived from acid lavas
Very high porosity
and low density
So light that it may
float on water
48. Pumice
Specimen from
Mt. Teide,
Tenerife Mineralogy: quartz,
feldspar and mica
Volcanic,
felsic igneous
rock
Low density, high Vesicles up to
porosity, floats on water 3cm in diameter
Microscopic grain size, very rapid
cooling at the earth’s surface 2cm
49. Scoriae
Associated with basic lavas
Vesicular but denser than pumice
Globules of lava are ejected and
the exterior chills and solidifies
Interior is still hot and molten
Upon landing they are still soft and
are flattened into pancake shapes
50. Section through Strombolian Scoriae Cone
Bedding dips 32°SE
The cone has been half excavated for
use in the construction industry
Some layers rich in
volcanic bombs
2m Strombolian refers to the style of
pyroclastic eruption in which
fragments of incandescent,
vesiculating basaltic magma are
ejected to a moderate height, landing
as solid scoria to form a cone
51. Strombolian Scoriae Cone
Volcanic bombs occur
up to 50cm in diameter
The structure is very friable
and has an unstable surface
Scoriae clasts range
in size from 3 to 15cm
52. Material Ejected in a Solid State
Agglomerate-fragments >64mm in diameter
Lapilli – fragments 64mm - 2mm in diameter
Ash, Tuff & Dust – fragments <2mm in diameter
53. Agglomerate – Volcanic Breccia
Derived from agglomero
meaning ‘gather into a heap’
Formed of volcanic or country rock
in the vent or as part of the cone
Produced by explosive activity which
often shatters the top of the cone
Coarse material is ejected a relatively short
distance before settling back to earth
Comprises angular fragments >32mm
surrounded by finer tuff and lapilli
54. Agglomerate – Volcanic Breccia
Large angular fragments
up to 10cm in diameter
5cm
Vent
Agglomerate
Large fragments surrounded
by material of ash and lapilli size
56. Lapilli – Particles 2 – 64mm
Derived from lapillus
meaning ‘a little stone’
Most commonly small
pea to walnut sized
57. Tuff – Particles <2mm
The lithified equivalent of volcanic ash
Classified according to the nature
of the pyroclastic fragments
Crystal Tuffs – composed of mainly crystals
Lithic Tuffs – composed of fragments of rock
Vitric Tuffs – composed of glassy fragments
Welded Tuffs (Ignimbrites) – hot fragments
welded together in Nuées Ardentes eruptions
58. The Formation of Ignimbrites
Associated with Pyroclastic Flows
Nueés Ardentes style eruptions
Glowing fireclouds 300-1000°C
Particles weld together on settling
Activity on Augustine, Alaska, photograph by M.Krafft
59. The Chimiche Ignimbrite, Arico, Tenerife
It is unwelded as the
particles were cool by the
15m
time they had fallen 10-15km
through the atmosphere
back to earth
This deposit covers more than 150 km2 of the Chimiche-
Arico part of the island. It is thought to represent the
collapse of a 10-15 km high plinian eruptive column
60. Volcanic Ash – Unconsolidated
material <2mm in diameter
Road cutting in the Guimar Valley, Tenerife