The document discusses research on analyzing ancient human DNA to learn about past species. It describes how the first ancient DNA sequences were obtained from an Egyptian mummy in the 1990s. Researchers are now able to sequence full genomes from Neanderthals dating back 38,000-70,000 years. They hope to also obtain genomes from Homo erectus and Homo heidelbergensis. Analyzing ancient human genomes could provide insights into the evolution of disease genes and cognitive skills in modern humans. However, DNA degradation over time poses challenges, as the oldest intact DNA recovered is around 100,000 years old.
- Membahas tentang pentinnya references & citations dan fungsinya dalam scholarly communication.
- Mengenalkan beberapa referencing styles.
- Mengenalkan beberapa tools untuk mengelola referensi (reference management software)
Kelompok tugas mata kuliah matematika diskrit terdiri atas 4 mahasiswa yang membahas rekursi, contoh kasus barisan, fungsi, dan himpunan yang didefinisikan secara rekursif serta algoritmanya.
This document discusses machine learning using Bayesian belief networks. It begins by reviewing Bayesian reasoning as a probabilistic approach. It then discusses Bayesian learning as a method used in machine learning that explicitly calculates probabilities for hypotheses. Finally, it provides an example of using Bayes' theorem to calculate probabilities based on prior probabilities and observed data.
Desain dan Perancangan Aplikasi Menghitung Volume Bangun Ruang Berbasis Andr...Lalu_wijaya
Pada zaman era gobalisasi sekarang ini kemajuan dibidang teknologi yang terus berkembang salah satunya adalah operating system atau sistem operasi pada mobile device seperti handphone. Diantara sistem operasi yang ada salah satu contohnya adalah android. Android merupakan sistem operasi untuk telepon seluler yang berbasis linux dan bersifat open source, sehingga menyediakan platform terbuka bagi para pengembang untuk menciptakan aplikasi sendiri.
Matematika sebagai ilmu terapan yang juga merupakan salah satu ilmu dasar dari pengembangan sistem komputer. Bangun ruang dan bangun ruang merupakan salah satu anak pelajaran dari ilmu matematika. Bangun ruang merupakan suatu bidang 3 dimensi yang berbentuk satuan dasar luasnya sering ditulis dengan pangkat 3 (m3).
Bangun ruang atau biasa disebut juga sebagai bangunan tiga dimensi merupakan jenis bangun yang memiliki ruang serta sisi-sisi yang membatasinya. Jumlah serta bentuk dari setiap sisi yang ada menjadi cirikhas tersendiri dari sebuah bangun ruang. Karena bentuk dan jumlah rusuknya berbeda, maka setiap bangun ruang memiliki karakterisitik sendiri yang menjadi ciri-ciri ataupun sifat dari bangun ruang tersebut.
Selama ini, untuk menghitung volume pada bangun ruang, masih dilakukan secara manual. Hal tersebut tentu saja membutuhkan waktu yang tidak sedikit dan membutuhkan ketelitian. Bahkan kemungkinan terjadi human error saat melakukan penghitungan cukup besar. Selain itu, ada pula aplikasi konverter yang telah tersedia untuk komputer. Aplikasi tersebut tentu saja tidak efektif untuk di bawa kemana saja. Maka dibutuhkan suatu media yang memungkinkan aplikasi tersebut dapat digunakan kapan saja dan dimana saja.
- Membahas tentang pentinnya references & citations dan fungsinya dalam scholarly communication.
- Mengenalkan beberapa referencing styles.
- Mengenalkan beberapa tools untuk mengelola referensi (reference management software)
Kelompok tugas mata kuliah matematika diskrit terdiri atas 4 mahasiswa yang membahas rekursi, contoh kasus barisan, fungsi, dan himpunan yang didefinisikan secara rekursif serta algoritmanya.
This document discusses machine learning using Bayesian belief networks. It begins by reviewing Bayesian reasoning as a probabilistic approach. It then discusses Bayesian learning as a method used in machine learning that explicitly calculates probabilities for hypotheses. Finally, it provides an example of using Bayes' theorem to calculate probabilities based on prior probabilities and observed data.
Desain dan Perancangan Aplikasi Menghitung Volume Bangun Ruang Berbasis Andr...Lalu_wijaya
Pada zaman era gobalisasi sekarang ini kemajuan dibidang teknologi yang terus berkembang salah satunya adalah operating system atau sistem operasi pada mobile device seperti handphone. Diantara sistem operasi yang ada salah satu contohnya adalah android. Android merupakan sistem operasi untuk telepon seluler yang berbasis linux dan bersifat open source, sehingga menyediakan platform terbuka bagi para pengembang untuk menciptakan aplikasi sendiri.
Matematika sebagai ilmu terapan yang juga merupakan salah satu ilmu dasar dari pengembangan sistem komputer. Bangun ruang dan bangun ruang merupakan salah satu anak pelajaran dari ilmu matematika. Bangun ruang merupakan suatu bidang 3 dimensi yang berbentuk satuan dasar luasnya sering ditulis dengan pangkat 3 (m3).
Bangun ruang atau biasa disebut juga sebagai bangunan tiga dimensi merupakan jenis bangun yang memiliki ruang serta sisi-sisi yang membatasinya. Jumlah serta bentuk dari setiap sisi yang ada menjadi cirikhas tersendiri dari sebuah bangun ruang. Karena bentuk dan jumlah rusuknya berbeda, maka setiap bangun ruang memiliki karakterisitik sendiri yang menjadi ciri-ciri ataupun sifat dari bangun ruang tersebut.
Selama ini, untuk menghitung volume pada bangun ruang, masih dilakukan secara manual. Hal tersebut tentu saja membutuhkan waktu yang tidak sedikit dan membutuhkan ketelitian. Bahkan kemungkinan terjadi human error saat melakukan penghitungan cukup besar. Selain itu, ada pula aplikasi konverter yang telah tersedia untuk komputer. Aplikasi tersebut tentu saja tidak efektif untuk di bawa kemana saja. Maka dibutuhkan suatu media yang memungkinkan aplikasi tersebut dapat digunakan kapan saja dan dimana saja.
Transformasi Linear ( Aljabar Linear Elementer )Kelinci Coklat
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang silabus mata kuliah Aljabar Linear yang mencakup bab-bab seperti matriks, determinan, sistem persamaan linear, vektor, ruang vektor, ruang hasil kali dalam, dan transformasi linear beserta contoh soalnya.
Video ini membahas gagasan DISASVR, yaitu sistem pendidikan bencana berbasis virtual reality untuk meningkatkan kesiapan masyarakat Indonesia menghadapi bencana. Video ini menjelaskan latar belakang tingginya potensi bencana di Indonesia namun rendahnya kesiapan masyarakat, serta bagaimana DISASVR dapat menjadi solusi dengan cara menyimulasikan bencana secara aman, murah, dan massal melalui teknologi virtual reality.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang konsep-konsep statistika dasar seperti peubah acak, distribusi peluang diskret dan kontinyu, serta distribusi peluang gabungan. Termasuk contoh soal untuk memahami penerapannya.
Dokumen tersebut membahas pengenalan konsep-konsep dasar aljabar linear meliputi kontrak perkuliahan, tujuan belajar aljabar linear, definisi vektor, aljabar vektor seperti penjumlahan dan pengurangan vektor, serta latihan-latihan soal.
Makalah ini membahas implementasi struktur data stack dan non-binary tree pada aplikasi file explorer untuk mengelola navigasi maju mundur dan pencarian file. Aplikasi dibuat menggunakan bahasa pemrograman Java dengan framework JavaFX.
Kriptografi kunci publik merupakan kriptografi yang memecahkan masalah pengiriman kunci rahasia karena kuncinya bersifat publik di http://kuliahkita.com/kelas/kriptografi/
Materi kuliah tentang rancangan acak lengkap. Lihat lebih banyak di: http://muhammadhabibielecture.blogspot.co.id/2015/12/materi-kuliah-semester-5.html
Dokumen ini membahas distribusi eksponesenial, yaitu distribusi yang digunakan untuk memodelkan waktu antara dua kejadian acak. Distribusi ini memiliki kurva dengan ekor di sebelah kanan, rata-rata yang sama dengan variansinya, dan digunakan untuk memodelkan waktu tunggu antara kejadian-kejadian seperti kedatangan truk di dermaga.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang pembandingan ortogonal, khususnya pembandingan ortogonal kontrast dan ortogonal polinomial. Pembandingan ortogonal kontrast bersifat kualitatif dan digunakan untuk menganalisis hasil penelitian yang melibatkan beberapa perlakuan kualitatif. Sedangkan pembandingan ortogonal polinomial bersifat kuantitatif dan digunakan untuk menganalisis hasil penelitian yang melibatkan beberapa tingkatan suatu faktor.
Dasar dasar sistem inferensia Fuzzy. Sistem Inferensi Fuzzy adalah sistem aturan berdasarkan logika fuzzy dimana digunakan sebagai alat untuk mewakili pengetahuan yang berbeda tentang suatu masalah, serta untuk memodelkan interaksi dan hubungan yang ada antara variabel tersebut.
Perancangan SI dengan Pendekatan Terstruktur - Rizki Altino, Khawarizmi Al fajarMuhammad Rizki Altino
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang pemodelan proses dan pendekatan terstruktur dalam merancang sistem informasi dengan menggunakan diagram alir data (DFD). Dokumen tersebut menjelaskan konsep dasar pemodelan sistem dan proses, fungsi pemodelan proses, pengantar pemodelan sistem, model logika, diagram konteks, simbol-simbol yang digunakan pada DFD, tingkatan diagram DFD, dan keseimbangan dalam pemodelan proses menggunakan DFD.
Bab ini membahas sistem bilangan dan sistem kode yang digunakan dalam sistem digital, yaitu bilangan desimal, biner, oktal, heksadesimal, dan BCD. Juga dibahas cara mengkonversi antar sistem bilangan tersebut.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang mata kuliah Rangkaian Digital yang mencakup pengertian rangkaian digital, sistem bilangan digital, konversi antar sistem bilangan, dan kode biner.
Skripsi ini membahas analisis data indeks kepuasan pelanggan menggunakan structural equation modeling dengan kasus perhitungan indeks kepuasan mahasiswa FMIPA UNY terhadap operator IM3. Metode pengumpulan data menggunakan angket kepuasan yang diisi oleh mahasiswa tersebut. Analisis data menggunakan software AMOS untuk menentukan model terbaik dalam mengukur indeks kepuasan pelanggan.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang etika profesi teknologi informasi dan komunikasi. Isinya meliputi pengertian cybercrime, jenis-jenis cybercrime seperti unauthorized access dan infringement of privacy, penyebab terjadinya infringement of privacy seperti kurangnya kesadaran masyarakat, contoh kasus pelanggaran privasi, dan acuan hukum seperti Undang-Undang ITE serta kesimpulan dan saran terkait perlindungan privasi di dunia maya.
- Dean Mobbs' research at Stanford University uncovered two points of brain activity associated with humor: the limbic system which releases dopamine for pleasure, and the ventral striatum whose activity corresponds to a joke's funniness. This ties humor to basic reward systems important for survival.
- However, humor is more complex, activating frontal/cingulate cortex regions for association, learning, and decision-making. It also activates the anterior cingulate and frontoinsular cortex found only in humans and great apes, suggesting humor is an advanced ability that evolved in early humans.
- While the core processes are understood, individual brain differences affect how humor is experienced and processed.
The document discusses research into analyzing ancient human DNA to learn about past species. It notes that the first ancient DNA sequences came from a 2400-year-old Egyptian mummy. A team is publishing the genome of several Neanderthals dating back 38,000-70,000 years. If well-preserved bones of Homo erectus or Homo heidelbergensis can be found, their genomes could also be sequenced. Ancient human genomes may provide insights into disease emergence and cognitive evolution. However, DNA degrades over time, limiting analysis to remains around 100,000 years old or younger.
Transformasi Linear ( Aljabar Linear Elementer )Kelinci Coklat
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang silabus mata kuliah Aljabar Linear yang mencakup bab-bab seperti matriks, determinan, sistem persamaan linear, vektor, ruang vektor, ruang hasil kali dalam, dan transformasi linear beserta contoh soalnya.
Video ini membahas gagasan DISASVR, yaitu sistem pendidikan bencana berbasis virtual reality untuk meningkatkan kesiapan masyarakat Indonesia menghadapi bencana. Video ini menjelaskan latar belakang tingginya potensi bencana di Indonesia namun rendahnya kesiapan masyarakat, serta bagaimana DISASVR dapat menjadi solusi dengan cara menyimulasikan bencana secara aman, murah, dan massal melalui teknologi virtual reality.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang konsep-konsep statistika dasar seperti peubah acak, distribusi peluang diskret dan kontinyu, serta distribusi peluang gabungan. Termasuk contoh soal untuk memahami penerapannya.
Dokumen tersebut membahas pengenalan konsep-konsep dasar aljabar linear meliputi kontrak perkuliahan, tujuan belajar aljabar linear, definisi vektor, aljabar vektor seperti penjumlahan dan pengurangan vektor, serta latihan-latihan soal.
Makalah ini membahas implementasi struktur data stack dan non-binary tree pada aplikasi file explorer untuk mengelola navigasi maju mundur dan pencarian file. Aplikasi dibuat menggunakan bahasa pemrograman Java dengan framework JavaFX.
Kriptografi kunci publik merupakan kriptografi yang memecahkan masalah pengiriman kunci rahasia karena kuncinya bersifat publik di http://kuliahkita.com/kelas/kriptografi/
Materi kuliah tentang rancangan acak lengkap. Lihat lebih banyak di: http://muhammadhabibielecture.blogspot.co.id/2015/12/materi-kuliah-semester-5.html
Dokumen ini membahas distribusi eksponesenial, yaitu distribusi yang digunakan untuk memodelkan waktu antara dua kejadian acak. Distribusi ini memiliki kurva dengan ekor di sebelah kanan, rata-rata yang sama dengan variansinya, dan digunakan untuk memodelkan waktu tunggu antara kejadian-kejadian seperti kedatangan truk di dermaga.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang pembandingan ortogonal, khususnya pembandingan ortogonal kontrast dan ortogonal polinomial. Pembandingan ortogonal kontrast bersifat kualitatif dan digunakan untuk menganalisis hasil penelitian yang melibatkan beberapa perlakuan kualitatif. Sedangkan pembandingan ortogonal polinomial bersifat kuantitatif dan digunakan untuk menganalisis hasil penelitian yang melibatkan beberapa tingkatan suatu faktor.
Dasar dasar sistem inferensia Fuzzy. Sistem Inferensi Fuzzy adalah sistem aturan berdasarkan logika fuzzy dimana digunakan sebagai alat untuk mewakili pengetahuan yang berbeda tentang suatu masalah, serta untuk memodelkan interaksi dan hubungan yang ada antara variabel tersebut.
Perancangan SI dengan Pendekatan Terstruktur - Rizki Altino, Khawarizmi Al fajarMuhammad Rizki Altino
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang pemodelan proses dan pendekatan terstruktur dalam merancang sistem informasi dengan menggunakan diagram alir data (DFD). Dokumen tersebut menjelaskan konsep dasar pemodelan sistem dan proses, fungsi pemodelan proses, pengantar pemodelan sistem, model logika, diagram konteks, simbol-simbol yang digunakan pada DFD, tingkatan diagram DFD, dan keseimbangan dalam pemodelan proses menggunakan DFD.
Bab ini membahas sistem bilangan dan sistem kode yang digunakan dalam sistem digital, yaitu bilangan desimal, biner, oktal, heksadesimal, dan BCD. Juga dibahas cara mengkonversi antar sistem bilangan tersebut.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang mata kuliah Rangkaian Digital yang mencakup pengertian rangkaian digital, sistem bilangan digital, konversi antar sistem bilangan, dan kode biner.
Skripsi ini membahas analisis data indeks kepuasan pelanggan menggunakan structural equation modeling dengan kasus perhitungan indeks kepuasan mahasiswa FMIPA UNY terhadap operator IM3. Metode pengumpulan data menggunakan angket kepuasan yang diisi oleh mahasiswa tersebut. Analisis data menggunakan software AMOS untuk menentukan model terbaik dalam mengukur indeks kepuasan pelanggan.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang etika profesi teknologi informasi dan komunikasi. Isinya meliputi pengertian cybercrime, jenis-jenis cybercrime seperti unauthorized access dan infringement of privacy, penyebab terjadinya infringement of privacy seperti kurangnya kesadaran masyarakat, contoh kasus pelanggaran privasi, dan acuan hukum seperti Undang-Undang ITE serta kesimpulan dan saran terkait perlindungan privasi di dunia maya.
- Dean Mobbs' research at Stanford University uncovered two points of brain activity associated with humor: the limbic system which releases dopamine for pleasure, and the ventral striatum whose activity corresponds to a joke's funniness. This ties humor to basic reward systems important for survival.
- However, humor is more complex, activating frontal/cingulate cortex regions for association, learning, and decision-making. It also activates the anterior cingulate and frontoinsular cortex found only in humans and great apes, suggesting humor is an advanced ability that evolved in early humans.
- While the core processes are understood, individual brain differences affect how humor is experienced and processed.
The document discusses research into analyzing ancient human DNA to learn about past species. It notes that the first ancient DNA sequences came from a 2400-year-old Egyptian mummy. A team is publishing the genome of several Neanderthals dating back 38,000-70,000 years. If well-preserved bones of Homo erectus or Homo heidelbergensis can be found, their genomes could also be sequenced. Ancient human genomes may provide insights into disease emergence and cognitive evolution. However, DNA degrades over time, limiting analysis to remains around 100,000 years old or younger.
The document discusses research into analyzing ancient human DNA to learn about past species. It notes that the first ancient DNA sequences came from a 2400-year-old Egyptian mummy. A team is publishing the genome of several Neanderthals dating back 38,000-70,000 years. Analyzing DNA from other ancient hominids like Homo erectus or Homo heidelbergensis could provide insights into the evolution of humans and the relationships between different species. However, obtaining useful DNA is challenging as it degrades over time, with most intact DNA surviving only around 100,000 years.
Ancient dna. would the real neandertal please stand up (cooper et al.)Kristian Pedersen
This document summarizes a study that analyzed mitochondrial DNA sequences recovered from Neandertal specimens and early modern human fossils. The study found:
1) Neandertal mtDNA sequences were not present in early modern humans or contemporary humans, suggesting a limited genetic contribution from Neandertals to modern humans.
2) However, the results depend on assumptions like the fossils actually containing ancient DNA, and more data is needed to definitively resolve the genetic relationship between Neandertals and modern humans.
3) Future studies using more specimens and nuclear DNA may provide more powerful tests of the extent of genetic exchange between Neandertals and early modern humans.
innovative thinking assignment , regarding recombinant Dna technology. it is about how to bring back extinct life back from the dead in this 21st century using new technologies at our disposal!
This document discusses using ancient DNA analysis to study archaeological remains. It notes that ancient DNA is typically fragmented into small pieces 100-500 base pairs long. Contamination from other sources is also a major issue. However, ancient DNA analysis can be used to study species phylogenies, hominin evolution, past diets and behaviors, origins of domestication, and population histories. As a case study, the document discusses analyzing ancient DNA from pygmy hippopotamus remains on Cyprus to learn about population dynamics and what caused their extinction 12,000 years ago alongside human arrival and climate change. Stable isotope analysis of bones and teeth can also provide clues about past diets.
This document discusses human evolution and molecular archaeology. It begins by outlining key events in human evolution such as diverging from apes 5-7 million years ago in Africa. Early hominid fossils like Lucy provided evidence that upright walking evolved 3.2 million years ago. DNA and fossil evidence support humans and apes sharing a common ancestor. The document then discusses how molecular archaeology uses proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids preserved in ancient remains to study prehistoric peoples. Molecular archaeology helped prove Darwin's theory of humans evolving in Africa. It provides insights into ancestry, disease, and past human migrations.
Detecting ancient admixture in humans using sequence polymorphism data (wall)Kristian Pedersen
This document summarizes a study that examines how much genetic data would be needed to determine if archaic human populations like Neanderthals interbred with and contributed to the modern human gene pool. The study introduces a model of ancient population structure involving mixing between groups. It then determines how many unlinked nuclear loci from sequencing data would be required to distinguish between scenarios of single origin vs. multiregional origin of modern humans. The study finds that 50-100 loci would be needed if plausible parameter estimates are used, and that the amount of available data is not yet sufficient to support one model over the other. However, with more sequencing in coming years, the required data should become available to help resolve the debate.
DNA is made up of a double helix structure with a sugar-phosphate backbone and nitrogen bases that form base pairs between strands. It functions to store genetic information through its DNA code for proteins. The DNA code uses a four-letter alphabet of nucleotide bases to form genes which provide instructions for building proteins. DNA replicates itself through a semiconservative process where the strands separate and each acts as a template for a new complementary strand. Mutations can occasionally occur during this replication when mistakes are made in copying the genetic code.
Evolution, Humanity and Religion Where is the evidence for God?William Hall
This hypertextual presentation derives from a nearly completed hypertext book on the co-evolution of and revolutions in tools humans use and human cognition (see below), and was tailored for an atheists and freethinkers group interested in what paleontology, archeology and human genomics have to say about the human origins of religion. Comprehensively detailed scientific evidence for the evolution of modern humans from our primate ancestry leaves no gaps in our long evolution that need any kind of mystical explanation to account for our existence. The presentation begins with a consideration of the biophysical nature of life and the philosopher Karl Popper’s construction of an evolutionary theory of knowledge. These foundation stones explain how natural selection works. The recent development of genomic technology, has enabled detailed genomes to be constructed for many humans, all of the great apes, and two extinct human species, the Neanderthals and Denisovans. The genomes plot the detailed sequences for some 3 billion DNA nucleotides for each species. Humans are 99% identical and chimpanzees / bonobos down to the nucleotide level, 98.4% identical to gorillas, and 97.4% identical to orangutans. Given the vast number of data-points it is easy to unambiguously reconstruct details of the relationships and relative times of speciation in the ancestry. Although scrappy fossils are notoriously difficult to reconstruct they do establish the presence of certain lineages in particular geographic areas. Various forms of radioactive decay allow their ages to be determined with some considerable accuracy. It is clear that we share a “last” common ancestor with chimpanzees and bonobos some 5-7 million years ago. Paleoarcheological evidence traces the initially gradual development of tool use over that period of time. Several videos in the presentation demonstrate that the great apes are also surprisingly accomplished tool users. This evidence is then used to construct in detail the evolution of small-brained tool-using ape men into spear and fire equipped top carnivores into today’s big-brained modern men that are dominating the entire planet. Human speech probably emerged only in the last 100,000 – 200,000 years ago. With the emergence of speech, people could begin to speculate about their origins – positing earth mothers and angry sky gods. Only in the last few decades has the evidence become strong enough to show there is no need for mystical gods and creators to explain human origins. When the writing and editorial work on the book “Application Holy Wars or a New Reformation – A Fugue on the Theory of Knowledge” is finished, it will be published via Kororoit Institute (http://kororoit.org). Crowd funding will be sought to complete the editorial and publishing work. The argument of that book is structured as a fugue, crossing many disciplinary paradigms.
The document discusses evidence that supports evolution being real, including fossil records, embryology, comparative anatomy, molecular biology, and direct observation. Fossil records show remains of ancestral species and how creatures have changed over time. Embryology and comparative anatomy demonstrate homologous and analogous structures between species. Molecular biology reveals DNA comparisons between past and present species. Direct observation allows seeing how species adapt in their environments. Taken together, this evidence substantiates evolution as occurring through genetic changes in populations over generations in response to their environments.
The document discusses DNA and its role in storing genetic information. It begins by noting that DNA contains an immense amount of information, equivalent to 1 million encyclopedia pages, that is used to control all functions of the human body. It describes DNA as a "data bank of life" and the "secret world" that contains all the instructions needed to construct the human body. The document argues that the complex information storage capabilities of DNA provide clear evidence of intelligent design by an all-powerful Creator, as the idea that such a system could arise by chance through evolutionary processes is unreasonable.
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High-Throughput Sequencing of the Human Microbiome, Rob Knight Research Group...Copenhagenomics
The document discusses high-throughput sequencing techniques for analyzing human microbiome samples. It provides examples of studies that used these techniques to analyze microbiome samples from various body sites and populations. These studies characterized differences in microbial communities between body sites, tracked changes over time, identified correlations with disease markers, and compared communities across geographic locations and diets. Advanced analysis tools like QIIME and UniFrac were highlighted for interpreting vast amounts of sequencing data from hundreds of microbiome samples.
The document summarizes 10 common myths about evolution and provides responses to each one.
1) Humans did not evolve from apes but rather share a common ancestor. Many transitional fossils have been found.
2) The fossil record does contain many intermediate fossils showing gradual change, such as Archaeopteryx between reptiles and birds.
3) Gradual change is seen in the fossil record through periods of stasis interrupted by occasional rapid speciation events, known as punctuated equilibrium.
This ppt clarifies the differences and similarities of DNA of human and ape. Gives a conclusion that how the minimum differences gives major differences among human and ape.
Similar to Latihan soal snmptn 2011 b. inggris 336 (20)
Dokumen tersebut berisi soal-soal ujian nasional dan olimpiade matematika mengenai turunan dan persamaan garis singgung. Soal-soal tersebut mencakup penentuan nilai turunan pertama suatu fungsi, turunan fungsi trigonometri, dan persamaan garis singgung pada kurva-kurva tertentu.
This document provides a list of standard image adjustment options including black and white, hue/saturation, opacity, desaturation, and various blending modes like dissolve, darken, multiply, color burn, lighten, screen and others. It also includes options for adjusting image properties such as hue, saturation, color, and luminosity.
Berikut adalah ringkasan dari dokumen trigonometri IPA tahun 2005-2008 dalam 3 kalimat:
Dokumen tersebut berisi soal-soal latihan tentang konsep dasar trigonometri seperti penggunaan sisi-sisi, sudut dan hubungan trigonometri dalam segitiga untuk menyelesaikan masalah jarak, arah dan sudut. Beberapa soal melibatkan penggunaan rumus-rumus trigonometri seperti cosinus, sinus dan tangen serta hubun
Teks tersebut merupakan soal latihan tes potensi akademik (TPA) yang berisi soal-soal verbal, logika, dan aritmatika. Soal-soal tersebut mencakup berbagai aspek seperti sinonim, antonim, hubungan kata, deret bilangan, dan penyelesaian masalah.
Dokumen tersebut merupakan soal tes potensi akademik (TPA) atau tes bakat skolastik (TBS) tahun 2010 yang terdiri dari 45 soal untuk persiapan ujian masuk perguruan tinggi negeri. Soal meliputi sub tes persamaan kata, lawan kata, padanan hubungan kata, arti kata, deret angka, numerik, logika analisis, dan tes visual.
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This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
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Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
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تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
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واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
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In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
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Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
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Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
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Simulasi Soal Snmptn 2011
Mata Pelajaran : Bahasa Inggris
Kode Soal : 336
Gunakan PETUNJUK A untuk menjawab soal nomor 31 sampai dengan nomor 45!
Text 1
The first ancient DNA sequences to be gathered ‐ 3400 base pairs from a 2400‐year‐old Egyptian mummy −
were a proof of principle. A full genome sequence would be far more informative − perhaps explaining what
killed King Tut, for instance. At present, Inuk's is the only published ancient human genome. However,
a team led by Svante Paabo and Ed Green at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in
5 Leipzig, Germany, will soon publish the complete genome sequence combined together from several
Neanderthals, from between 38,000 and 70,000 years ago.
Neanderthals are not the only hominids whose genomes could be sequenced, says Willerslev. Homo
erectus, a species that emerged in Africa about 2 million years ago, survived in east Asia until less than
100,000 years ago. If well‐preserved bones can be found, a genome might be possible, Willerslev says.
10 Willerslev's laboratory has just received bones from Spain belonging to Homo heidelbergensis, the
predecessor to Neanderthals. "We are basically starting on it right now," he says. If these genomes ever
materialize ‐ and that's a big if ‐ they could lead to a better understanding of how different hominid species
are related, and when and where they branched off. If the genetic information is good enough, it may tell us
something about the nature of past peoples − possibly even what they looked like. Ancient human genomes
15 could give us insights into the evolution of our own species, explaining when genes involved in disease and
higher cognitive skills emerged.
But DNA is not forever. As it ages, its long strands shred into ever smaller pieces. Eventually they
become too small to reassemble, and all information is lost. "There seems to be a time horizon of 100,000
years or so under most preservation conditions during which intact DNA survives," Green says. Stephan
20 Schuster at Pennsylvania State University, who led the woolly mammoth genome project, thinks ancient
genomics is already plateauing. Large chunks of Inuk's genome couldn't be filled in because his DNA had
crumbled into small pieces. "We will face an uphill battle in trying to apply this to a large number of human
remains," he says.
31. With reference to the whole text, the writer (E) requiring a longer chain of complete
mainly deals with the topic on … DNA sequences.
(A) DNA research on the Neanderthals.
(B) the past life of the Neanderthals. 33. The physical look of hominid species can even
(C) the use of ancient DNA in anthropology. be reconstructed using the DNA technology
(D) the role of DNA in fossil studies. under the condition that …
(E) DNA engineering in the Max Planck (A) the DNA forms a solid fossil in a good
Institute. shape.
(B) the genetic information in the DNA is
32. The writer is mainly of the opinion that high‐quality.
tracing ancient humans’ life using their DNA … (C) the DNA had not been smaller in chunks.
(A) is technologically possible through it has (D) the sequence of the DNA pieces is
natural challenges. systematic.
(B) promises a new horizon of (E) the DNA sequences can be easily
understanding past illnesses. reassembled.
(C) is a new breakthrough in modern
anthropological studies. 34. Based on the text, the following would be the
(D) provides a better picture of old peoples’ kind of information that could be revealed
DNA structures.
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about ancient people through modern empirically validated, if contemporary DNA
genome analyses, EXCEPT … analyses are supported by the following
(A) typical illnesses. factors, EXCEPT …
(B) thinking potentials. (A) more discovery of early human remains.
(C) evolutionary phases. (B) modern genomic laboratories.
(D) migratory directions. (C) expertise associated with ancient DNA.
(E) nutritional patterns. (D) better management in fossil
excavation.
(E) availability of complete ancient human
genomes.
35. Based on the text, soon Darwin’s human
evolution theory will be most likely
Text 2
John Apollos is losing weight the old‐fashioned way − by eating less. A whole lot less. As a volunteer in the two‐
year Comprehensive Assessment of Long‐Term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy (CALERIE) study at Tufts
University in Boston, Apollos has lowered his daily calorie intake 25% over the past eight months. The fat, not
surprisingly, has melted away; the 52‐year‐old physical trainer has lost more than 11 kg since the study began
5 and is down to his high school weight.
Yet, that's not the real reason Apollos and the other participants in the program are eating only three‐
quarters of what they used to. The researchers running the multicenter CALERIE study are trying to determine
whether restricting food intake can slow the aging process and extend our life span. "I feel better and lighter and
healthier," says Apollos. "But if it could help you live longer, that would be pretty amazing." The idea is
10 counterintuitive: If we eat to live, how can starving ourselves add years to our lives? Yet. decades of calorie‐
restriction studies involving organisms ranging from microscopic yeast to rats have shown just that, extending
the life spans of the semi starved as much as 50%. Last July a long‐term study led by researchers at the
University of Wisconsin nudged the implications of this a bit closer to our species, finding that calorie restriction
seemed to extend the lives of humanlike rhesus monkeys as well. The hungry primates fell victim to diabetes,
15 heart and brain disease and cancer much less frequently than their well‐fed counterparts did.
However, there may be more than just the absence of disease operating here. Anytime you go on a diet,
after all, you stand a good chance of lowering your blood pressure, cholesterol level and risk of diabetes and
other health woes. All that can translate into extra years. With calorie restriction, usually defined as a diet with
25% to 30% fewer calories than normal but still containing essential nutrients, something else appears to be at
20 work to extend longevity.
36. Which of the following ideas from the text (C) reducing the amount of extreme fat
above contains an opinion? accumulation.
(A) Restricting calorie consumption for (D) controlling blood pressure and
longevity. cholesterol levels.
(B) Absence of disease due to controlling (E) aging‐process slowing and life span
calorie intake. extension.
(C) Apollo’s feeling better and lighter and
healthier. 38. If the information in the text is true, the risks
(D) The melting of body fat by having less that someone whose calorie consumption is
foods. controlled up to the portion suggested in the
(E) Apollos’ restricting his daily calorie study suffers from bone cancer are …
consumption. (A) substantial.
(B) negligible.
37. The study aims at evaluating the impact of (C) unpredictable.
calorie restriction on … (D) serious.
(A) minimizing the risks of getting serious (E) indefinite.
illnesses.
(B) enhancing the feeling of happiness and
health.
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39. The following is among other things the 40. As mentioned in the text, the study held at
empirical impacts of the study mentioned in the multicenter CALERIE, Tufts University in
the text, EXCEPT … Boston has employed a research method that
(A) slender body shape. seems to be …
(B) long life expectancy. (A) conventional.
(C) good healthiness. (B) complicated.
(D) emotion stability. (C) temporary.
(E) good feelings. (D) ultramodern.
(E) methodological.
Text 3
Further research, conducted by Dean Mobbs, then at Stanford University in California, uncovered a second
point of activity in the brain's limbic system ‐ associated with dopamine release and reward processing ‐
which may explain the pleasure felt once you "get" the joke. Examining one particular part of the limbic
system‐the ventral striatum‐was especially revealing, as its level of activity corresponded with the perceived
funniness of a joke. "It's the same region that is involved in many different types of reward, from drugs, to
sex and our favourite music," says Mobbs, now at the MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit in Cambridge,
UK. "Humour thus taps into basic rewards systems that are important to our survival."
Yet humour is a far more multifaceted process than primeval pleasures like food. In addition to the two
core processes of getting the joke and feeling good about it, jokes also activate regions of the frontal and
cingulate cortex, which are linked with association formation, learning and decision‐making. The team also
found heightened activity in the anterior cingulate cortex and the frontoinsular cortex ‐ regions that are only
present in humans and, in a less developed form, great apes. Indeed, the fact that these regions are involved
suggests that humour is an advanced ability which may have only evolved in early humans, says Watson,
who conducted the research.
No two brains are the same, however, and how these differences are reflected in our sense of humour
is the subject of much research. Men and women, for example, seem to process jokes slightly differently.
Although both sexes laugh at roughly the same number of jokes, women show greater activity in the left
prefrontal cortex than men. "This suggests a greater degree of executive processing and language‐based
decoding," says Mobbs. As a result, women take significantly much longer than men to decide whether they
find something funny, though that does not seem to spoil their enjoyment of the joke. Indeed, women show
a greater response in the limbic system than men, suggesting they feel a greater sense of reward.
41. Which of the following statements in the text 42. The part that comes before the text would
above contains an opinion? most likely describe …
(A) Basic rewards systems associated with (A) Mobbs’ same study conducted on
humor are vital to human continued humans’ brain limbic system
existence. sensitiveness.
(B) The anterior cingulate cortex and the (B) another activity found in the brain’s
frontoinsular cortex regions belong to limbic system of Mobbs’ different study.
humans. (C) a researcher’s study other than Mobbs’
(C) Women’s limbic system reacts more on another activity found in the brain
responsively than men’s does to a limbic system.
humor stimulus. (D) the importance of conducting a study on
(D) Different types of reward like drugs and responses by humans’ brain limbic
our favorite music are linked to the system.
ventral striatum. (E) the timely reaction of humans’ brain
(E) Joke funiness relates with the amount of limbic system to perception on humor.
dopamine release and reward
processing.
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43. The scientists see that the internal (D)
mechanisms in a human’s brain related with
enjoyment in having good meals are …
(A) more explainable than those in
perceiving a joke.
(B) less observable than pleasures in getting
a prize.
(C) as quick as those in seeing funniness of a
joke. (E)
(D) more complex than those in perceiving a
joke.
(E) less clear than those of enjoyment in
winning a prize.
44. Humor is worth in these four facets, EXCEPT …
(A) experiencing the sense of the humor
itself.
(B) having good feelings about the humor.
(C) activating parts of the frontal and
cungulate cortex.
(D) enhancing activities in two humans’
cortex areas.
(E) triggering more dynamic responses in all
cells.
45. Which chart below most likely indicates the
response time needed by women and men to
laugh on a joke?
(A)
(B)
(C)
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