The document discusses research into analyzing ancient human DNA to learn about past species. It notes that the first ancient DNA sequences came from a 2400-year-old Egyptian mummy. A team is publishing the genome of several Neanderthals dating back 38,000-70,000 years. Analyzing DNA from other ancient hominids like Homo erectus or Homo heidelbergensis could provide insights into the evolution of humans and the relationships between different species. However, obtaining useful DNA is challenging as it degrades over time, with most intact DNA surviving only around 100,000 years.
The document discusses research into analyzing ancient human DNA to learn about past species. It notes that the first ancient DNA sequences came from a 2400-year-old Egyptian mummy. A team is publishing the genome of several Neanderthals dating back 38,000-70,000 years. If well-preserved bones of Homo erectus or Homo heidelbergensis can be found, their genomes could also be sequenced. Ancient human genomes may provide insights into disease emergence and cognitive evolution. However, DNA degrades over time, limiting analysis to remains around 100,000 years old or younger.
The document discusses research on analyzing ancient human DNA to learn about past species. It describes how the first ancient DNA sequences were obtained from an Egyptian mummy in the 1990s. Researchers are now able to sequence full genomes from Neanderthals dating back 38,000-70,000 years. They hope to also obtain genomes from Homo erectus and Homo heidelbergensis. Analyzing ancient human genomes could provide insights into the evolution of disease genes and cognitive skills in modern humans. However, DNA degradation over time poses challenges, as the oldest intact DNA recovered is around 100,000 years old.
- Dean Mobbs' research at Stanford University uncovered two points of brain activity associated with humor: the limbic system which releases dopamine for pleasure, and the ventral striatum whose activity corresponds to a joke's funniness. This ties humor to basic reward systems important for survival.
- However, humor is more complex, activating frontal/cingulate cortex regions for association, learning, and decision-making. It also activates the anterior cingulate and frontoinsular cortex found only in humans and great apes, suggesting humor is an advanced ability that evolved in early humans.
- While the core processes are understood, individual brain differences affect how humor is experienced and processed.
The document discusses techniques used to study the human genome, including:
- Using enzymes to cut, separate, and replicate DNA base by base to read sequences
- Gel electrophoresis to separate DNA fragments by size
- Automated DNA sequencing machines that can rapidly read thousands of DNA bases
It also summarizes the goals of the Human Genome Project, which were to sequence all 3 billion base pairs of human DNA and identify all human genes, pinpointing genes associated with diseases and single DNA differences between humans.
Ancient dna. would the real neandertal please stand up (cooper et al.)Kristian Pedersen
This document summarizes a study that analyzed mitochondrial DNA sequences recovered from Neandertal specimens and early modern human fossils. The study found:
1) Neandertal mtDNA sequences were not present in early modern humans or contemporary humans, suggesting a limited genetic contribution from Neandertals to modern humans.
2) However, the results depend on assumptions like the fossils actually containing ancient DNA, and more data is needed to definitively resolve the genetic relationship between Neandertals and modern humans.
3) Future studies using more specimens and nuclear DNA may provide more powerful tests of the extent of genetic exchange between Neandertals and early modern humans.
This document discusses challenges and opportunities for analyzing metagenomic sequencing data from environmental samples. It notes that next-generation sequencing has led to an exponential increase in the amount of sequencing data produced but challenges remain for data analysis and interpretation. Methods discussed to help analyze large metagenomic datasets include computational techniques like de novo assembly to compress data size and digital normalization to scale datasets for assembly. Experimental partitioning of samples into bacterial, viral and other fractions is also presented as a way to gain insights from metagenomic data. The talk emphasizes that continued method development is needed to fully leverage the massive amounts of sequencing data now possible from microbial communities.
This document discusses microfluidic devices for DNA analysis. It summarizes that:
1) Microfabricated electrophoresis devices allow for faster DNA analysis and sequencing - in under 2 minutes for short-tandem-repeat genotyping assays and under 15 minutes for single-stranded DNA sequencing.
2) The microdevice format is a natural extension of improvements to electrophoresis over 100 years, operating in an almost perfect way limited only by the sieving medium.
3) Procedures for making the microfluidic devices are simple using current semiconductor fabrication technology, requiring one or two lithography steps at low resolution.
The document discusses research into analyzing ancient human DNA to learn about past species. It notes that the first ancient DNA sequences came from a 2400-year-old Egyptian mummy. A team is publishing the genome of several Neanderthals dating back 38,000-70,000 years. If well-preserved bones of Homo erectus or Homo heidelbergensis can be found, their genomes could also be sequenced. Ancient human genomes may provide insights into disease emergence and cognitive evolution. However, DNA degrades over time, limiting analysis to remains around 100,000 years old or younger.
The document discusses research on analyzing ancient human DNA to learn about past species. It describes how the first ancient DNA sequences were obtained from an Egyptian mummy in the 1990s. Researchers are now able to sequence full genomes from Neanderthals dating back 38,000-70,000 years. They hope to also obtain genomes from Homo erectus and Homo heidelbergensis. Analyzing ancient human genomes could provide insights into the evolution of disease genes and cognitive skills in modern humans. However, DNA degradation over time poses challenges, as the oldest intact DNA recovered is around 100,000 years old.
- Dean Mobbs' research at Stanford University uncovered two points of brain activity associated with humor: the limbic system which releases dopamine for pleasure, and the ventral striatum whose activity corresponds to a joke's funniness. This ties humor to basic reward systems important for survival.
- However, humor is more complex, activating frontal/cingulate cortex regions for association, learning, and decision-making. It also activates the anterior cingulate and frontoinsular cortex found only in humans and great apes, suggesting humor is an advanced ability that evolved in early humans.
- While the core processes are understood, individual brain differences affect how humor is experienced and processed.
The document discusses techniques used to study the human genome, including:
- Using enzymes to cut, separate, and replicate DNA base by base to read sequences
- Gel electrophoresis to separate DNA fragments by size
- Automated DNA sequencing machines that can rapidly read thousands of DNA bases
It also summarizes the goals of the Human Genome Project, which were to sequence all 3 billion base pairs of human DNA and identify all human genes, pinpointing genes associated with diseases and single DNA differences between humans.
Ancient dna. would the real neandertal please stand up (cooper et al.)Kristian Pedersen
This document summarizes a study that analyzed mitochondrial DNA sequences recovered from Neandertal specimens and early modern human fossils. The study found:
1) Neandertal mtDNA sequences were not present in early modern humans or contemporary humans, suggesting a limited genetic contribution from Neandertals to modern humans.
2) However, the results depend on assumptions like the fossils actually containing ancient DNA, and more data is needed to definitively resolve the genetic relationship between Neandertals and modern humans.
3) Future studies using more specimens and nuclear DNA may provide more powerful tests of the extent of genetic exchange between Neandertals and early modern humans.
This document discusses challenges and opportunities for analyzing metagenomic sequencing data from environmental samples. It notes that next-generation sequencing has led to an exponential increase in the amount of sequencing data produced but challenges remain for data analysis and interpretation. Methods discussed to help analyze large metagenomic datasets include computational techniques like de novo assembly to compress data size and digital normalization to scale datasets for assembly. Experimental partitioning of samples into bacterial, viral and other fractions is also presented as a way to gain insights from metagenomic data. The talk emphasizes that continued method development is needed to fully leverage the massive amounts of sequencing data now possible from microbial communities.
This document discusses microfluidic devices for DNA analysis. It summarizes that:
1) Microfabricated electrophoresis devices allow for faster DNA analysis and sequencing - in under 2 minutes for short-tandem-repeat genotyping assays and under 15 minutes for single-stranded DNA sequencing.
2) The microdevice format is a natural extension of improvements to electrophoresis over 100 years, operating in an almost perfect way limited only by the sieving medium.
3) Procedures for making the microfluidic devices are simple using current semiconductor fabrication technology, requiring one or two lithography steps at low resolution.
The document discusses research on analyzing ancient human DNA to learn about past species. It describes how the first ancient DNA sequences were obtained from an Egyptian mummy in the 1990s. Researchers are now able to sequence full genomes from Neanderthals dating back 38,000-70,000 years. Obtaining DNA from other ancient hominids like Homo erectus or Homo heidelbergensis may also be possible if well-preserved bones can be found. Analyzing ancient genomes could provide insights into the evolution of disease genes and cognitive skills in modern humans. However, DNA degradation over time poses challenges, as the oldest intact DNA survives is around 100,000 years.
Detecting ancient admixture in humans using sequence polymorphism data (wall)Kristian Pedersen
This document summarizes a study that examines how much genetic data would be needed to determine if archaic human populations like Neanderthals interbred with and contributed to the modern human gene pool. The study introduces a model of ancient population structure involving mixing between groups. It then determines how many unlinked nuclear loci from sequencing data would be required to distinguish between scenarios of single origin vs. multiregional origin of modern humans. The study finds that 50-100 loci would be needed if plausible parameter estimates are used, and that the amount of available data is not yet sufficient to support one model over the other. However, with more sequencing in coming years, the required data should become available to help resolve the debate.
Dna sequence of the mitochondrial hypervariable region ii (krings et al.)Kristian Pedersen
1) The authors determined the DNA sequence of the second hypervariable region (HVRII) of mitochondrial DNA from the Neandertal type specimen.
2) When combined with the previously published HVR1 sequence, phylogenetic analysis found the Neandertal mtDNA to fall outside the variation of contemporary human mtDNA sequences.
3) The estimated date of divergence between Neandertal and modern human mtDNA sequences was 465,000 years before present, with a confidence interval of 317,000 to 741,000 years. This supports the Neandertals having a separate evolutionary history from modern humans.
The document summarizes 10 common myths about evolution and provides responses to each one.
1) Humans did not evolve from apes but rather share a common ancestor. Many transitional fossils have been found.
2) The fossil record does contain many intermediate fossils showing gradual change, such as Archaeopteryx between reptiles and birds.
3) Gradual change is seen in the fossil record through periods of stasis interrupted by occasional rapid speciation events, known as punctuated equilibrium.
I developed this powerpoint when I taught River Out of Eden by Richard Dawkins. Most of the students found Dawkins to be fascinating, but they weren't so hot on the actual book.
Evolution, Humanity and Religion Where is the evidence for God?William Hall
This hypertextual presentation derives from a nearly completed hypertext book on the co-evolution of and revolutions in tools humans use and human cognition (see below), and was tailored for an atheists and freethinkers group interested in what paleontology, archeology and human genomics have to say about the human origins of religion. Comprehensively detailed scientific evidence for the evolution of modern humans from our primate ancestry leaves no gaps in our long evolution that need any kind of mystical explanation to account for our existence. The presentation begins with a consideration of the biophysical nature of life and the philosopher Karl Popper’s construction of an evolutionary theory of knowledge. These foundation stones explain how natural selection works. The recent development of genomic technology, has enabled detailed genomes to be constructed for many humans, all of the great apes, and two extinct human species, the Neanderthals and Denisovans. The genomes plot the detailed sequences for some 3 billion DNA nucleotides for each species. Humans are 99% identical and chimpanzees / bonobos down to the nucleotide level, 98.4% identical to gorillas, and 97.4% identical to orangutans. Given the vast number of data-points it is easy to unambiguously reconstruct details of the relationships and relative times of speciation in the ancestry. Although scrappy fossils are notoriously difficult to reconstruct they do establish the presence of certain lineages in particular geographic areas. Various forms of radioactive decay allow their ages to be determined with some considerable accuracy. It is clear that we share a “last” common ancestor with chimpanzees and bonobos some 5-7 million years ago. Paleoarcheological evidence traces the initially gradual development of tool use over that period of time. Several videos in the presentation demonstrate that the great apes are also surprisingly accomplished tool users. This evidence is then used to construct in detail the evolution of small-brained tool-using ape men into spear and fire equipped top carnivores into today’s big-brained modern men that are dominating the entire planet. Human speech probably emerged only in the last 100,000 – 200,000 years ago. With the emergence of speech, people could begin to speculate about their origins – positing earth mothers and angry sky gods. Only in the last few decades has the evidence become strong enough to show there is no need for mystical gods and creators to explain human origins. When the writing and editorial work on the book “Application Holy Wars or a New Reformation – A Fugue on the Theory of Knowledge” is finished, it will be published via Kororoit Institute (http://kororoit.org). Crowd funding will be sought to complete the editorial and publishing work. The argument of that book is structured as a fugue, crossing many disciplinary paradigms.
innovative thinking assignment , regarding recombinant Dna technology. it is about how to bring back extinct life back from the dead in this 21st century using new technologies at our disposal!
The document discusses two projects: 1) Paleontologist James Horner's attempt to retro-engineer a bird to have dinosaur-like traits through genetic engineering to understand dinosaur evolution. 2) Plans by scientists like George Church to clone Neanderthals by inserting a modified human genome matching the Neanderthal genome into a chimpanzee cell in order to bring back the extinct species. However, some debate the ethics of manipulating human genes and whether Neanderthals should be seen as equal humans or animals.
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Versio
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version.pdf
The document discusses DNA and its role in storing genetic information. It begins by noting that DNA contains an immense amount of information, equivalent to 1 million encyclopedia pages, that is used to control all functions of the human body. It describes DNA as a "data bank of life" and the "secret world" that contains all the instructions needed to construct the human body. The document argues that the complex information storage capabilities of DNA provide clear evidence of intelligent design by an all-powerful Creator, as the idea that such a system could arise by chance through evolutionary processes is unreasonable.
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...robinsonayot
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...robinsonayot
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version (2).pdf
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version (2).pdf
Basic concepts & scope of recombinant DNA technologyRavi Kant Agrawal
Recombinant DNA technology involves combining DNA molecules from different sources and introducing them into host cells. Key developments include the discovery that DNA carries genetic information (Avery, 1944), determining DNA's structure (Watson and Crick, 1953), developing techniques to cut and join DNA (restriction enzymes and ligase, 1970s), and creating the first recombinant DNA molecules by combining bacterial plasmid and phage DNA (Cohen and Boyer, 1973). These advances laid the foundation for genetic engineering.
O portal TED faz a seguinte menção: “O que fazer ciência e brincar têm em comum? O neurocientista Beau Lotto acha que todas as pessoas (inclusive as crianças) deveriam participar da ciência e, através do processo de descoberta, mudar suas percepções. Ele está acompanhado por Amy O'Toole, de 12 anos, que, com 25 de seus colegas de sala, publicou o primeiro artigo científico escrito por crianças e revisado por cientistas, sobre o Projeto Abelhas de Blackawton, que começa assim: ‘Era uma vez ...’".
Physical anthropology involves studying human physical variation and evolution through metrics like osteology, anthropometry, and primatology. Cultural anthropology examines human cultures and customs. Together, these fields seek to understand humans and human ancestors through skeletal remains, comparative studies of living primates, and observations of cultural practices.
The document discusses research on analyzing ancient human DNA to learn about past species. It describes how the first ancient DNA sequences were obtained from an Egyptian mummy in the 1990s. Researchers are now able to sequence full genomes from Neanderthals dating back 38,000-70,000 years. Obtaining DNA from other ancient hominids like Homo erectus or Homo heidelbergensis may also be possible if well-preserved bones can be found. Analyzing ancient genomes could provide insights into the evolution of disease genes and cognitive skills in modern humans. However, DNA degradation over time poses challenges, as the oldest intact DNA survives is around 100,000 years.
Detecting ancient admixture in humans using sequence polymorphism data (wall)Kristian Pedersen
This document summarizes a study that examines how much genetic data would be needed to determine if archaic human populations like Neanderthals interbred with and contributed to the modern human gene pool. The study introduces a model of ancient population structure involving mixing between groups. It then determines how many unlinked nuclear loci from sequencing data would be required to distinguish between scenarios of single origin vs. multiregional origin of modern humans. The study finds that 50-100 loci would be needed if plausible parameter estimates are used, and that the amount of available data is not yet sufficient to support one model over the other. However, with more sequencing in coming years, the required data should become available to help resolve the debate.
Dna sequence of the mitochondrial hypervariable region ii (krings et al.)Kristian Pedersen
1) The authors determined the DNA sequence of the second hypervariable region (HVRII) of mitochondrial DNA from the Neandertal type specimen.
2) When combined with the previously published HVR1 sequence, phylogenetic analysis found the Neandertal mtDNA to fall outside the variation of contemporary human mtDNA sequences.
3) The estimated date of divergence between Neandertal and modern human mtDNA sequences was 465,000 years before present, with a confidence interval of 317,000 to 741,000 years. This supports the Neandertals having a separate evolutionary history from modern humans.
The document summarizes 10 common myths about evolution and provides responses to each one.
1) Humans did not evolve from apes but rather share a common ancestor. Many transitional fossils have been found.
2) The fossil record does contain many intermediate fossils showing gradual change, such as Archaeopteryx between reptiles and birds.
3) Gradual change is seen in the fossil record through periods of stasis interrupted by occasional rapid speciation events, known as punctuated equilibrium.
I developed this powerpoint when I taught River Out of Eden by Richard Dawkins. Most of the students found Dawkins to be fascinating, but they weren't so hot on the actual book.
Evolution, Humanity and Religion Where is the evidence for God?William Hall
This hypertextual presentation derives from a nearly completed hypertext book on the co-evolution of and revolutions in tools humans use and human cognition (see below), and was tailored for an atheists and freethinkers group interested in what paleontology, archeology and human genomics have to say about the human origins of religion. Comprehensively detailed scientific evidence for the evolution of modern humans from our primate ancestry leaves no gaps in our long evolution that need any kind of mystical explanation to account for our existence. The presentation begins with a consideration of the biophysical nature of life and the philosopher Karl Popper’s construction of an evolutionary theory of knowledge. These foundation stones explain how natural selection works. The recent development of genomic technology, has enabled detailed genomes to be constructed for many humans, all of the great apes, and two extinct human species, the Neanderthals and Denisovans. The genomes plot the detailed sequences for some 3 billion DNA nucleotides for each species. Humans are 99% identical and chimpanzees / bonobos down to the nucleotide level, 98.4% identical to gorillas, and 97.4% identical to orangutans. Given the vast number of data-points it is easy to unambiguously reconstruct details of the relationships and relative times of speciation in the ancestry. Although scrappy fossils are notoriously difficult to reconstruct they do establish the presence of certain lineages in particular geographic areas. Various forms of radioactive decay allow their ages to be determined with some considerable accuracy. It is clear that we share a “last” common ancestor with chimpanzees and bonobos some 5-7 million years ago. Paleoarcheological evidence traces the initially gradual development of tool use over that period of time. Several videos in the presentation demonstrate that the great apes are also surprisingly accomplished tool users. This evidence is then used to construct in detail the evolution of small-brained tool-using ape men into spear and fire equipped top carnivores into today’s big-brained modern men that are dominating the entire planet. Human speech probably emerged only in the last 100,000 – 200,000 years ago. With the emergence of speech, people could begin to speculate about their origins – positing earth mothers and angry sky gods. Only in the last few decades has the evidence become strong enough to show there is no need for mystical gods and creators to explain human origins. When the writing and editorial work on the book “Application Holy Wars or a New Reformation – A Fugue on the Theory of Knowledge” is finished, it will be published via Kororoit Institute (http://kororoit.org). Crowd funding will be sought to complete the editorial and publishing work. The argument of that book is structured as a fugue, crossing many disciplinary paradigms.
innovative thinking assignment , regarding recombinant Dna technology. it is about how to bring back extinct life back from the dead in this 21st century using new technologies at our disposal!
The document discusses two projects: 1) Paleontologist James Horner's attempt to retro-engineer a bird to have dinosaur-like traits through genetic engineering to understand dinosaur evolution. 2) Plans by scientists like George Church to clone Neanderthals by inserting a modified human genome matching the Neanderthal genome into a chimpanzee cell in order to bring back the extinct species. However, some debate the ethics of manipulating human genes and whether Neanderthals should be seen as equal humans or animals.
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Versio
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version.pdf
The document discusses DNA and its role in storing genetic information. It begins by noting that DNA contains an immense amount of information, equivalent to 1 million encyclopedia pages, that is used to control all functions of the human body. It describes DNA as a "data bank of life" and the "secret world" that contains all the instructions needed to construct the human body. The document argues that the complex information storage capabilities of DNA provide clear evidence of intelligent design by an all-powerful Creator, as the idea that such a system could arise by chance through evolutionary processes is unreasonable.
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...robinsonayot
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...robinsonayot
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version (2).pdf
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version (2).pdf
Basic concepts & scope of recombinant DNA technologyRavi Kant Agrawal
Recombinant DNA technology involves combining DNA molecules from different sources and introducing them into host cells. Key developments include the discovery that DNA carries genetic information (Avery, 1944), determining DNA's structure (Watson and Crick, 1953), developing techniques to cut and join DNA (restriction enzymes and ligase, 1970s), and creating the first recombinant DNA molecules by combining bacterial plasmid and phage DNA (Cohen and Boyer, 1973). These advances laid the foundation for genetic engineering.
O portal TED faz a seguinte menção: “O que fazer ciência e brincar têm em comum? O neurocientista Beau Lotto acha que todas as pessoas (inclusive as crianças) deveriam participar da ciência e, através do processo de descoberta, mudar suas percepções. Ele está acompanhado por Amy O'Toole, de 12 anos, que, com 25 de seus colegas de sala, publicou o primeiro artigo científico escrito por crianças e revisado por cientistas, sobre o Projeto Abelhas de Blackawton, que começa assim: ‘Era uma vez ...’".
Physical anthropology involves studying human physical variation and evolution through metrics like osteology, anthropometry, and primatology. Cultural anthropology examines human cultures and customs. Together, these fields seek to understand humans and human ancestors through skeletal remains, comparative studies of living primates, and observations of cultural practices.
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1. www.onlinelesson.org 734
Simulasi Soal Snmptn 2011
Mata Pelajaran : Bahasa Inggris
Kode Soal : 734
Gunakan PETUNJUK A untuk menjawab soal nomor 31 sampai dengan nomor 45!
Text 1
The first ancient DNA sequences to be gathered ‐ 3400 base pairs from a 2400‐year‐old Egyptian mummy −
were a proof of principle. A full genome sequence would be far more informative − perhaps explaining what
killed King Tut, for instance. At present, Inuk's is the only published ancient human genome. However,
a team led by Svante Paabo and Ed Green at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in
5 Leipzig, Germany, will soon publish the complete genome sequence combined together from several
Neanderthals, from between 38,000 and 70,000 years ago.
Neanderthals are not the only hominids whose genomes could be sequenced, says Willerslev. Homo
erectus, a species that emerged in Africa about 2 million years ago, survived in east Asia until less than
100,000 years ago. If well‐preserved bones can be found, a genome might be possible, Willerslev says.
10 Willerslev's laboratory has just received bones from Spain belonging to Homo heidelbergensis, the
predecessor to Neanderthals. "We are basically starting on it right now," he says. If these genomes ever
materialize ‐ and that's a big if ‐ they could lead to a better understanding of how different hominid species
are related, and when and where they branched off. If the genetic information is good enough, it may tell us
something about the nature of past peoples − possibly even what they looked like. Ancient human genomes
15 could give us insights into the evolution of our own species, explaining when genes involved in disease and
higher cognitive skills emerged.
But DNA is not forever. As it ages, its long strands shred into ever smaller pieces. Eventually they
become too small to reassemble, and all information is lost. "There seems to be a time horizon of 100,000
years or so under most preservation conditions during which intact DNA survives," Green says. Stephan
20 Schuster at Pennsylvania State University, who led the woolly mammoth genome project, thinks ancient
genomics is already plateauing. Large chunks of Inuk's genome couldn't be filled in because his DNA had
crumbled into small pieces. "We will face an uphill battle in trying to apply this to a large number of human
remains," he says.
31. With reference to the whole text, the writer (E) requiring a longer chain of complete
mainly deals with the topic on … DNA sequences.
(A) the use of ancient DNA in anthropology.
(B) the past life of the Neanderthals. 33. The physical look of hominid species can even
(C) the role of DNA in fossil studies. be reconstructed using the DNA technology
(D) DNA research on the Neanderthals. under the condition that …
(E) DNA engineering in the Max Planck (A) the DNA forms a solid fossil in a good
Institute. shape.
(B) the genetic information in the DNA is
32. The writer is mainly of the opinion that high‐quality.
tracing ancient humans’ life using their DNA … (C) the DNA had not been smaller in chunks.
(A) is technologically possible through it has (D) the sequence of the DNA pieces is
natural challenges. systematic.
(B) promises a new horizon of (E) the DNA sequences can be easily
understanding past illnesses. reassembled.
(C) is a new breakthrough in modern
anthropological studies. 34. Based on the text, the following would be the
(D) provides a better picture of old peoples’ kind of information that could be revealed
DNA structures.
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about ancient people through modern empirically validated, if contemporary DNA
genome analyses, EXCEPT … analyses are supported by the following
(A) typical illnesses. factors, EXCEPT …
(B) thinking potentials. (A) more discovery of early human remains.
(C) evolutionary phases. (B) modern genomic laboratories.
(D) migratory directions. (C) expertise associated with ancient DNA.
(E) nutritional patterns. (D) better management in fossil excavation.
(E) availability of complete ancient human
genomes.
35. Based on the text, soon Darwin’s human
evolution theory will be most likely
Text 2
Further research, conducted by Dean Mobbs, then at Stanford University in California, uncovered a second
point of activity in the brain's limbic system ‐ associated with dopamine release and reward processing ‐
which may explain the pleasure felt once you "get" the joke. Examining one particular part of the limbic
system‐the ventral striatum‐was especially revealing, as its level of activity corresponded with the perceived
funniness of a joke. "It's the same region that is involved in many different types of reward, from drugs, to
sex and our favourite music," says Mobbs, now at the MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit in Cambridge,
UK. "Humour thus taps into basic rewards systems that are important to our survival."
Yet humour is a far more multifaceted process than primeval pleasures like food. In addition to the two
core processes of getting the joke and feeling good about it, jokes also activate regions of the frontal and
cingulate cortex, which are linked with association formation, learning and decision‐making. The team also
found heightened activity in the anterior cingulate cortex and the frontoinsular cortex ‐ regions that are only
present in humans and, in a less developed form, great apes. Indeed, the fact that these regions are involved
suggests that humour is an advanced ability which may have only evolved in early humans, says Watson,
who conducted the research.
No two brains are the same, however, and how these differences are reflected in our sense of humour
is the subject of much research. Men and women, for example, seem to process jokes slightly differently.
Although both sexes laugh at roughly the same number of jokes, women show greater activity in the left
prefrontal cortex than men. "This suggests a greater degree of executive processing and language‐based
decoding," says Mobbs. As a result, women take significantly much longer than men to decide whether they
find something funny, though that does not seem to spoil their enjoyment of the joke. Indeed, women show
a greater response in the limbic system than men, suggesting they feel a greater sense of reward.
36. Which of the following statements in the text 37. The part that comes before the text would
above contains an opinion? most likely describe …
(A) Basic rewards systems associated with (A) Mobbs’ same study conducted on
humor are vital to human continued humans’ brain limbic system
existence. sensitiveness.
(B) The anterior cingulate cortex and the (B) another activity found in the brain’s
frontoinsular cortex regions belong to limbic system of Mobbs’ different study.
humans. (C) a researcher’s study other than Mobbs’
(C) Women’s limbic system reacts more on another activity found in the brain
responsively than men’s does to a limbic system.
humor stimulus. (D) the importance of conducting a study on
(D) Different types of reward like drugs and responses by humans’ brain limbic
our favorite music are linked to the system.
ventral striatum. (E) the timely reaction of humans’ brain
(E) Joke funiness relates with the amount of limbic system to perception on humor.
dopamine release and reward
processing.
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38. The scientists see that the internal (B)
mechanisms in a human’s brain related with
enjoyment in having good meals are …
(A) more explainable than those in
perceiving a joke.
(B) less observable than pleasures in getting
a prize.
(C) as quick as those in seeing funniness of a
joke.
(D) more complex than those in perceiving a (C)
joke.
(E) less clear than those of enjoyment in
winning a prize.
39. Humor is worth in these four facets, EXCEPT …
(A) experiencing the sense of the humor
itself.
(B) having good feelings about the humor. (D)
(C) activating parts of the frontal and
cungulate cortex.
(D) enhancing activities in two humans’
cortex areas.
(E) triggering more dynamic responses in all
cells.
40. Which chart below most likely indicates the (E)
response time needed by women and men to
laugh on a joke?
(A)
Text 3
John Apollos is losing weight the old‐fashioned way − by eating less. A whole lot less. As a volunteer in the two‐
year Comprehensive Assessment of Long‐Term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy (CALERIE) study at Tufts
University in Boston, Apollos has lowered his daily calorie intake 25% over the past eight months. The fat, not
surprisingly, has melted away; the 52‐year‐old physical trainer has lost more than 11 kg since the study began
5 and is down to his high school weight.
Yet, that's not the real reason Apollos and the other participants in the program are eating only three‐
quarters of what they used to. The researchers running the multicenter CALERIE study are trying to determine
whether restricting food intake can slow the aging process and extend our life span. "I feel better and lighter and
healthier," says Apollos. "But if it could help you live longer, that would be pretty amazing." The idea is
10 counterintuitive: If we eat to live, how can starving ourselves add years to our lives? Yet. decades of calorie‐
restriction studies involving organisms ranging from microscopic yeast to rats have shown just that, extending
the life spans of the semi starved as much as 50%. Last July a long‐term study led by researchers at the
University of Wisconsin nudged the implications of this a bit closer to our species, finding that calorie restriction
seemed to extend the lives of humanlike rhesus monkeys as well. The hungry primates fell victim to diabetes,
15 heart and brain disease and cancer much less frequently than their well‐fed counterparts did.
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However, there may be more than just the absence of disease operating here. Anytime you go on a diet,
after all, you stand a good chance of lowering your blood pressure, cholesterol level and risk of diabetes and
other health woes. All that can translate into extra years. With calorie restriction, usually defined as a diet with
25% to 30% fewer calories than normal but still containing essential nutrients, something else appears to be at
20 work to extend longevity.
41. Which of the following ideas from the text 45. As mentioned in the text, the study held at
above contains an opinion? the multicenter CALERIE, Tufts University in
(A) Restricting calorie consumption for Boston has employed a research method that
longevity. seems to be …
(B) Absence of disease due to controlling (A) complicated.
calorie intake. (B) temporary.
(C) Apollo’s feeling better and lighter and (C) ultramodern.
healthier. (D) conventional.
(D) The melting of body fat by having less (E) methodological.
foods.
(E) Apollos’ restricting his daily calorie
consumption.
42. The study aims at evaluating the impact of
calorie restriction on …
(A) minimizing the risks of getting serious
illnesses.
(B) enhancing the feeling of happiness and
health.
(C) reducing the amount of extreme fat
accumulation.
(D) controlling blood pressure and
cholesterol levels.
(E) aging‐process slowing and life span
extension.
43. If the information in the text is true, the risks
that someone whose calorie consumption is
controlled up to the portion suggested in the
study suffers from bone cancer are …
(A) substantial.
(B) negligible.
(C) unpredictable.
(D) serious.
(E) indefinite.
44. The following is among other things the
empirical impacts of the study mentioned in
the text, EXCEPT …
(A) slender body shape.
(B) long life expectancy.
(C) good healthiness.
(D) emotion stability.
(E) good feelings.
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