Landslides
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The document defines landslides as the sudden flow of rock, mud, and debris down the side of a slope. Landslides are natural hazards caused by factors like earthquakes, heavy rainfall, temperature changes, deforestation, mining, and steep slopes. There are different types of landslides classified by their movement and materials, including slides, topples, falls, and flows like debris flows and mudflows. Landslides can be deadly and cause damage by blocking roads, rivers, and damaging buildings and vegetation. Areas at high risk of landslides in India include the Himalayan region, Northeast states, and Western Ghats.
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The document summarizes various river, wind, and glacier processes. It discusses the three main types of processes that occur in rivers - erosion, transportation, and deposition. Erosion involves wearing away material from the river bed and banks. Transportation moves eroded material downstream, gradually reducing its size. Deposition occurs when energy levels drop and material is dropped from the river. Similar processes of erosion, transportation, and deposition occur for wind and glaciers.
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Erosion is the process by which soil and rock are removed from the Earth's surface by natural forces like wind and water. While erosion is natural, human activities have increased erosion rates globally by 10-40 times, causing problems like land degradation. The main types of erosion are water erosion from rainfall, rivers, coastal areas, glaciers and floods; wind erosion; and gravitational erosion.
Endogenous disasters landslides
A landslide, also known as a landslip or Mudslide, is a form of mass wasting that includes a wide range of ground movements, such as rockfalls, deep failure of slopes, and shallow debris flows. Landslides can occur underwater, called a submarine landslide, coastal and onshore environments.
Exogenic Process
This document discusses various earth processes including weathering, mass wasting, and soil erosion. It defines weathering as the breakdown of rocks near the earth's surface due to elements like temperature, rainfall, and frost. Weathering occurs through physical processes like exfoliation or chemical processes like oxidation. Mass wasting is the downward movement of rock and soil under gravity, and includes different types of movement like falls, slides, and flows. Soil erosion is the removal of soil faster than its replacement, and can occur through various agents like wind, water, or human activities.
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Advantages of herbal medicine.
Herbal medicines have several advantages over pharmaceutical medicines. They typically have fewer side effects and may be safer to use over long periods. Herbal medicines also tend to be more effective for chronic health issues that do not respond well to pharmaceutical treatments. Additionally, herbal medicines are cheaper than pharmaceutical options and are more environmentally friendly. The document then provides examples of several common herbs and the diseases or medical conditions they can potentially treat, organized by their mode of action and plant part used.
National research laboratories in medicinal plant research (autosaved).edited
The document summarizes information about three national research laboratories in India involved in herbal cultivation and medicinal plant research:
1) CDRI in Lucknow focuses on drug research and development, has 17 divisions and has developed 12 new drugs.
2) CIMAP in Lucknow and with four centers studies medicinal and aromatic plants, maintains gene banks, and expands herbal cultivation.
3) NBRI in Lucknow studies taxonomy, biodiversity, biotechnology, and maintains the country's second largest herbarium and a botanical garden.
History of herbal medicine.
Archaeological evidence shows that herbal medicine dates back 60,000 years to the Paleolithic age. Some of the earliest written records of herbal medicine include a 5000-year-old Sumerian clay slab mentioning 250 plants and Egypt's Ebers Papyrus from 1550 BC describing over 700 plant-based compounds. Ancient Greek, Chinese, Indian, and Arab cultures also documented medicinal plants in early herbals and texts, with the Sushruta Samhita from 6th century BC India describing 700 medicinal plants. Throughout history, monasteries, physicians, and civilizations identified healing properties of plants and passed this knowledge between societies, upgrading old uses and discovering new ones to develop herbal medicine
Cultivation of Asparagus racemosus.
Cultivation of Asparagus racemosus - Plant Profile, Habit, Soil, Fertilizer, Harvesting period, medicinal uses, important products
Pickling
This document provides information on the process of pickling foods. It begins with a brief history and definition of pickling, noting it is an ancient food preservation method involving soaking foods in brine or vinegar. It then discusses the key materials used - salt, vinegar, spices and water. The document outlines different pickling methods including dry salting, fermentation in brine, and using salt. It provides details on the pickling process and packaging methods. Finally, it gives some popular pickle brands and an example recipe for lime pickle.
Canning
Canning is a food preservation method that involves heating and sealing foods in airtight containers to increase shelf life. The canning process involves several steps: selection and preparation of raw materials through washing, peeling, cutting; filling cans and adding syrup or brine; exhausting air from cans; sealing; processing to inactivate bacteria; cooling; testing for defects; and labeling and storage. Common foods canned include fruits like mangoes and tomatoes, which are selected, prepared by cutting or peeling, packed in cans with syrup or salt, processed, cooled, and stored. Canning preserves foods for long-term storage through high heat processing that kills microorganisms.
Chromatography
TLC is a type of planar chromatography that separates compounds based on their affinity for a stationary and mobile phase. It is used to identify components in mixtures like alkaloids, phospholipids, and amino acids. The sample mixture is applied to a plate coated with a stationary phase and developed in a mobile phase, separating the compounds into distinct spots. TLC is a simple, fast, and inexpensive technique for qualitative analysis of sample purity and compound identification.
Climate change causes, effects and prevention
This document discusses climate change, its causes, effects, and prevention. It states that climate change is caused by both natural factors like volcanic eruptions, solar activity, and ocean currents, as well as human-induced factors like deforestation, burning fossil fuels, industrialization, and greenhouse gas emissions. Some effects of climate change mentioned are shifts in rainfall patterns in India, increased temperatures damaging agriculture, and forced migration. Prevention methods discussed include using plants to reduce indoor air pollution and transitioning to more energy-efficient appliances and renewable energy sources.
Radio immuno assay (priya)
Radioimmunoassay is a technique developed in 1959 by Berson and Yallow to measure hormone concentrations like insulin using radiolabeled antibodies. It involves incubating a radiolabeled antigen with a sample containing an unlabeled antigen and antibody, then using a secondary antibody to precipitate the antibody-bound antigens. By measuring the amount of radiolabeled antigen bound versus unbound, and generating a standard curve, the concentration of the unlabeled antigen in the sample can be determined, allowing detection of minute hormone levels. It has advantages like high sensitivity but disadvantages like use of radioisotopes and lengthy procedures.
Structural databases
Structural databases like PDB, CSD, and CATH contain 3D structural information of proteins, small molecules, and macromolecules determined through techniques like X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy. These databases provide bibliographic data, atomic coordinates, and other details for each entry. PDB contains protein structures, CSD contains organic and metal-organic structures, and CATH classifies protein domains hierarchically. Structural databases have wide applications in structure prediction, analysis, mining, comparison, classification, structure refinement, and database annotation.
Vaccines
This document discusses different types of vaccines and their production. There are several types of vaccines including live attenuated vaccines containing live microorganisms that cause limited infection, killed/inactivated vaccines containing dead microorganisms, recombinant vaccines produced using DNA technology, DNA vaccines where DNA is injected directly, and cocktail vaccines containing multiple vaccines. Vaccines are produced by growing and attenuating microorganisms, purifying antigens, adding adjuvants, stabilizers and preservatives, and formulating the final vaccine preparation. Some risks associated with vaccines include the vaccine itself causing illness, overstimulating the immune system, and allergic reactions to vaccine components.
Anorexia
Anorexia is an eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight. It mainly affects women, girls, and teenagers. Physical symptoms include being thin, fatigue, and dry skin. Emotional symptoms include avoiding social functions and restricting food intake. Causes include genetic and neurobiological factors as well as psychological pressures to be thin. Treatment involves psychotherapy, herbal appetite stimulants like ginger and garlic, and increasing calorie intake gradually.
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National research laboratories in medicinal plant research (autosaved).edited
National research laboratories in medicinal plant research (autosaved).edited
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Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Peatland Management in Indonesia, Science to Policy and Knowledge Education
Peatland Management in Indonesia, Science to Policy and Knowledge EducationGlobal Landscapes Forum (GLF)
Presented by Feri Johana at GLF Peatlands 2024 - 360 Degree Approach to Improving Capacity of Multiple Stakeholders to Manage Peatland SustainablyEnhanced action and stakeholder engagement for sustainable peatland management
Enhanced action and stakeholder engagement for sustainable peatland managementGlobal Landscapes Forum (GLF)
Presented by Jan Peters at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action在线办理(lboro毕业证书)拉夫堡大学毕业证学历证书一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(lboro毕业证书)拉夫堡大学毕业证学历证书》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
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留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
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Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Overview of the Global Peatlands Assessment
Presented by Patrick Scheel at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
How about Huawei mobile phone-www.cfye-commerce.shop
How about Huawei mobile phone-www.cfye-commerce.shop
Peatlands of Latin America and the Caribbean
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Climate Change All over the World .pptx
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
一比一原版(UMTC毕业证书)明尼苏达大学双城分校毕业证如何办理
原件一模一样【微信：6496090】【(UMTC毕业证书)明尼苏达大学双城分校毕业证成绩单学位证】【微信：6496090】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
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二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
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如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【微信：6496090】
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◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
学历顾问：微信：6496090
Global Peatlands Map and Hotspot Explanation Atlas
Presented by Alexandra Barthelmes at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
原版制作(Newcastle毕业证书)纽卡斯尔大学毕业证在读证明一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(Newcastle毕业证书)纽卡斯尔大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Improving the Management of Peatlands and the Capacities of Stakeholders in I...
Improving the Management of Peatlands and the Capacities of Stakeholders in I...Global Landscapes Forum (GLF)
Presented by Sonya Dewi at GLF Peatlands 2024 - 360 Degree Approach to Improving Capacity of Multiple Stakeholders to Manage Peatland SustainablyEvolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Recently uploaded (20)
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.
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Peatland Management in Indonesia, Science to Policy and Knowledge Education
Peatland Management in Indonesia, Science to Policy and Knowledge Education
Enhanced action and stakeholder engagement for sustainable peatland management
Enhanced action and stakeholder engagement for sustainable peatland management
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...
How about Huawei mobile phone-www.cfye-commerce.shop
How about Huawei mobile phone-www.cfye-commerce.shop
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...
world-environment-day-2024-240601103559-14f4c0b4.pptx
world-environment-day-2024-240601103559-14f4c0b4.pptx
Global Peatlands Map and Hotspot Explanation Atlas
Global Peatlands Map and Hotspot Explanation Atlas
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.
Improving the Management of Peatlands and the Capacities of Stakeholders in I...
Improving the Management of Peatlands and the Capacities of Stakeholders in I...
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...
Landslides
- 1. LANDSLIDES BY: M.Priya dharshana,Researc h Scholar (Botany) V.O.Chidambaram college,Thoothukudi.
- 2. DEFINITION A landslide is a sudden flow down of a large massof rock, mud and debrisalong theside of theslope It is a naturalhazard. It is also known as land slips orslope failure slumps.
- 3. CAUSES OF LANDSLIDES The landslide is caused by the followingfactors. Theyare o Earthquake o Excessiverainfall o Snow melt o Rapid change intemperature o Deforestation o Forest fires o Mining of Earth
- 4. CAUSES OF LANDSLIDES Rapid snow melt Erosion byrivers Ocean waves andtides Saturation of rock andsoil Floods Steepslopes Absence of adequate surfacedraina ge
- 5. Formation of land slides Whenever there is a natural disturbance or instability in the land on hill, slopeand mountains there isa potential of a landslide. Earth material is held in a place by natural bonding and gravity When the earth material loses its bonding due to weathering, erosion there may bea chanceof land slde. The land slides usuallydepend on the following conditions such as slope, water and earth movements.
- 6. How to recognize landslides? Land slides are recognized by the followingclues: Abnormal terrainconfigurations Unususal wetted surface Bulging of down slopes Cracks in buildings Break in hill sides Leaks in dams andresorvoirs.
- 7. TYPES OF LANDSLIDES: The land slidesare differentiated by thenature of its movement and earth material involved. Theyare Slide Topple Fall Flows-Debris flow, debris avalanche,mudflow,creep and earthflow Torrent
- 8. 1.SLIDES Slides may be rotational ortranslational. In translational slide theearth mass is largely in place after it slides down hill on a plane surface.
- 10. 1.SLIDES In a rotational slide the movement of theearth material is rotational in nature. It is also known asslumps.
- 12. 2.topple In a topple theearth mass rotates forward. It is caused bycracksor fracture in the bed rocks.
- 14. 3.FALLS Thedetachmentof soil, rock from a steep slope along the surface is calledfalls
- 16. 4.flows Flows are of manytypes DEBRIS FLOW It involves the downhill movement ofearth material mixed with organic matter andwater.
- 18. DEBRIS AVALANCHE It is similar todebris flow but its flow is rapid when compared to debrisflow
- 20. Earth flow Earth flow is a stream of soil, rockmaterial saturated with water It flows down slope under the pull of gravity It is an intermediatestage between creep and mud flow.
- 22. Mud flow It is a flow of waterthatcontains largeamount of suspended particles such as organic materials, debris andsilt It has higherviscosityand density than stream flow It mostlyoccurson steep slopes They may rush down ata speed of 100 kmper hour and cause great damage to life and property
- 24. creep It is a slow downward movement of particles that occurs on each slope covered with loose weathered soil It is indicated by tilting if trees , poles andgrave stones and otherobjects in the hill. Other process occursduring creep slides are wedging action of roots growth and wettingand drying of soil layers
- 26. Torrent It is a violent flowof water It involves the break upand down hill flow of rock, mud water and anything caught in the path.
- 29. PREVENTION OF LANDSLIDES: Drainage facility Construction of retaining walls Rearing vegetation Removing unstableslopes Slopes should not beoverloaded Useof bio netsorgeo mats tocontrol erosion
- 33. Impacts of landslides Drowning and death of humanbeings Blockage of roads, rails andtransports. Blocking of rivers Flood occurrence Damage tovegetation Damage tobuildings
- 38. RISKY LAND SLIDE AREAS IN INDIA Himalayas- Uttarpradesh, Himachal pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, West Bengal, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh. Arakkan mountain Belt- Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tiripura. Western Ghats-Nilgiris, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka and Kerala