This document provides information about the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in forest management. It discusses how GIS tools can be used to capture, store, analyze and present geospatial data. GIS allows forest managers to model and map forests, predict future conditions under different management scenarios, plan harvests and fires, and incorporate other spatial data like infrastructure, boundaries and terrain. The document concludes that as environmental issues grow in complexity, GIS will continue playing a key role in botanical science and sustainable forest management by facilitating the analysis of highly variable spatial and temporal data.
Remote Sensing: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)Kamlesh Kumar
The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is a numerical indicator that uses the visible and near-infrared (NIR) bands of the electromagnetic spectrum to analyze whether the target (image) being observed contains green vegetation or not. Healthy vegetation (chlorophyll) reflects more near-infrared (NIR) and green light compared to other wavelengths. But it absorbs more red and blue light. This is why our eyes see vegetation as the colour green. If we could see near-infrared, then it would be strong for vegetation too.
It is basically measured through the use of Intensity, Hue and saturation of an image and through pixels as well.
The density of vegetation (NDVI) at a certain point on the image is equal to the difference in the intensities of reflected light in the red and infrared range divided by the sum of these intensities.
푁퐷푉퐼=((푁퐼푅−푅퐸퐷))/((푁퐼푅+푅퐸퐷))
The result of this formula generates a value between -1 and +1. If you have low reflectance (low values) in the red band and high reflectance in the NIR, this will yield a high NDVI value. And vice versa.
Remote Sensing: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)Kamlesh Kumar
The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is a numerical indicator that uses the visible and near-infrared (NIR) bands of the electromagnetic spectrum to analyze whether the target (image) being observed contains green vegetation or not. Healthy vegetation (chlorophyll) reflects more near-infrared (NIR) and green light compared to other wavelengths. But it absorbs more red and blue light. This is why our eyes see vegetation as the colour green. If we could see near-infrared, then it would be strong for vegetation too.
It is basically measured through the use of Intensity, Hue and saturation of an image and through pixels as well.
The density of vegetation (NDVI) at a certain point on the image is equal to the difference in the intensities of reflected light in the red and infrared range divided by the sum of these intensities.
푁퐷푉퐼=((푁퐼푅−푅퐸퐷))/((푁퐼푅+푅퐸퐷))
The result of this formula generates a value between -1 and +1. If you have low reflectance (low values) in the red band and high reflectance in the NIR, this will yield a high NDVI value. And vice versa.
This presentation is about the raster and vector data in GIS which is important and costly as well, through the presentation we will learn about both type of data.
Iirs overview -Remote sensing and GIS application in Water Resources ManagementTushar Dholakia
Remote sensing and GIS application in Water Resources Management- By S.P. Aggarval spa@iirs.gov.in Indian Institute of Remote sensing ISRO, Department of space, Dehradun
Application of remote sensing in forest ecosystemaliya nasir
Established remote sensing systems provide opportunities to develop and apply new measurements of ecosystem function across landscapes, regions and continents.
New efforts to predict the consequences of ecosystem function change, both natural and human- induced, on the regional and global distributions and abundances of species should be a high research priority
A geographic information system (GIS) is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of geographical data. The acronym GIS is sometimes used for geographical information science or geospatial information studies to refer to the academic discipline or career of working with geographic information systems and is a large domain within the broader academic discipline of Geoinformatics. In the simplest terms, GIS is the merging of cartography, statistical analysis, and computer science technology.
This presentation is about the raster and vector data in GIS which is important and costly as well, through the presentation we will learn about both type of data.
Iirs overview -Remote sensing and GIS application in Water Resources ManagementTushar Dholakia
Remote sensing and GIS application in Water Resources Management- By S.P. Aggarval spa@iirs.gov.in Indian Institute of Remote sensing ISRO, Department of space, Dehradun
Application of remote sensing in forest ecosystemaliya nasir
Established remote sensing systems provide opportunities to develop and apply new measurements of ecosystem function across landscapes, regions and continents.
New efforts to predict the consequences of ecosystem function change, both natural and human- induced, on the regional and global distributions and abundances of species should be a high research priority
A geographic information system (GIS) is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of geographical data. The acronym GIS is sometimes used for geographical information science or geospatial information studies to refer to the academic discipline or career of working with geographic information systems and is a large domain within the broader academic discipline of Geoinformatics. In the simplest terms, GIS is the merging of cartography, statistical analysis, and computer science technology.
TYBSC IT PGIS Unit I Chapter I- Introduction to Geographic Information SystemsArti Parab Academics
A Gentle Introduction to GIS The nature of GIS: Some fundamental observations, Defining GIS, GISystems, GIScience and GIApplications, Spatial data and Geoinformation. The real world and representations of it: Models and modelling, Maps, Databases, Spatial databases and spatial analysis
Geographical Information System and Karnataka Forest cover digitizationKamlesh Kumar
This work is an effort to share GIS awareness, Digitization and map making of the forest cover of Karnataka between 2001 and 2011.
GIS
Introduction
Component
Application
About the state: Karnataka
Introduction
History
Geography
Economy
Administrative Division
Demography
Education
Transport
Tourism
Geo-referencing and Digitization
Data Joining & Map Making
Software used: QGIS 2.0.1
Introduction to Geographic Information system and Remote Sensing (RS)chala hailu
A geographic information system (GIS) is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of geographical data
Remote Sensing is Art, science and technology of observing an object, scene or phenomenon by instrument-based techniques without physical contact
GIS is a computer-based tool used and managed by people to efficiently capture, store, integrate, analyze and display spatial (geographically referenced) data & associated attribute data
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Body fluids_tonicity_dehydration_hypovolemia_hypervolemia.pptx
Application of gis for forest study
1. BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF SCIENCE
DEPARTEMENT OF BIOLOGY
POST GRADUATE PROGRAM
BOTANICAL SCIENCE STREAM
ADVANCED PLANT ECOLOGY PRESENTATION ONE
BY
ABEBAW TSEGAAND MEENGISTU ADANE
3. Contents
Introduction to GIS
GIS tools
Principles of GIS
Data capture
Data preparation
Data storage and maintenance
Data analysis
Data presentation
GIS data sources
The need for GIS
Application of GIS
What makes application of GIS different?
How GIS is useful for forest study?
GIS application in forest management
Conclusion
4. Introduction to GIS
Geographic
it implies that locations of the Data items are known or can be
calculated in terms of geographic coordinates /latitude, longitude
Information
it implies that Data in a GIS are organized to yield useful knowledge,
often as colored maps and image, but also statistical graphs, tables etc
System
it implies that a GIS is made up from several inter related and linked
components with different functions, Thus GIS have functional
capability for data capture, input, manipulation, transformation,
visualization, combinations, analysis, modeling and output.
5. CONT’D
GIS is a computerized system that facilitates
the phases of data entry, data management,
data analysis and data presentation specifically
for dealing with Georeferenced data.
Also GIS is a computer based information
system used to digitally represent and analyze
the geographic features present on the earth's
surface and the events that taking place on it.
7. A GIS is a computer-based system that provides the
following four sets of capabilities to handle georeferenced
data:
Data capture
Data management, including storage and
maintenance
Data manipulation (operation) and analysis
Data presentation
8. Data capture refers to the collection of any
information from any where at any time by
using GIS tools.
Vegetation cover, temperature, wind speed,
humidity, etc
For every type of information we have use
and apply different GIS tools at different
places
Data capture
11. Refers to the acquired data from GIS
tools/satellite communication has been
put in digital forms, that is, it has been
converted in to computer readable
format.
Then it is possible to going to analysis of
data.
Data Storage and Maintenance
13. Once the data has been collected
and organized in a computer
system, we can start analyzing it.
Different data's have different way
of analysis.
Data Analysis
16. Data manipulation, analysis modeling
can be effective and efficiently carried
out with a GIS
Rational decisions on space utilization
Fast and quality information in decision
making
The need for GIS
19. The natural environment is…
–extremely complex
–highly variable (space and time)
–complicated further by human action
Understanding of natural systems
–very basic
–multiple approaches to natural science
What makes applications of GIS different?
21. Informal City
Demolition in
Harare, Zimbabwe
in 2005
World View 2 launched September 18, 2015
Change Detection and Historical Documentation
World View 1 launched September 18,
2007
22. Monitoring Illicit Drug Production and Eradication
Herbicide or Pesticide application
Coca leaves
23. Desert
• Super-dry air
• High daytime temperatures
• Lots of wind
Obtaining Geospatial Information in Denied or Dangerous Areas:
25. Tundra
• Long, cold, dark winters (6 to 10 months)
• Low Precipitation
• Snow provides isolation
26. • Warm, hot climates
• Major vegetation is grass
• Dry
• Seasonal fires
Savanna
27. X-ray Backscatter Remote Sensing Systems
To
locate
people
X-ray
sensor
mounted in
a van.
Illicit
drugs
Explosives:
Ammonium
nitrate
28. How GIS is useful for Forest study?
Forest management becoming increasingly complex
greater environmental stress
social involvement
pressures
GIS is likely to play an increasingly central role
GIS Developments
greater band width,
web based technology
wireless communication will provide much greater opportunities for
information access even in more remote areas
29. GIS ability to show the vegetation between the FOUR approaches
30. How GIS is useful for Forest study? Cont’d
GIS is a good tool for forest management
It answers the following question
Location: What is at?
a place name, post or zip code, or geographic references such as latitude and longitude
Condition: Where is it?
Location of some where distance from some where
Trends: What has changed since?
It helps to find out what has changed within study forest or land use an area over time
Patterns: What spatial patterns exist?
Determine geographic pattern of forest area
o Modeling: What if?
o Determine what happens, if a road network is added in a forest
31. GIS application in forest management
Forest management planning involves making predictions about
what the future forest will look like relative to alternative
management activities.
This ability is crucial to nearly all aspects of management
forecasting, particularly long term wood and wildlife supply.
GIS stores both the geographic and numerical structure of the forest
It allows the manager to effectively add both the important temporal
and spatial dimensions to the management planning process. Within
the limits of the inventory and model, the manager can then map what
the forest will look like in 5,10, 25, or 100 years in the future.
32. GIS application in forest management cont’d
Map production
Forest managers require a wide variety of maps to assist with
their daily activities
Plantation maps are most commonly used for location
purposes and may contain additional useful information such
as roads, rivers, compartment boundaries, planted species, and
compartment size.
Other features such as topographic features (contours),
infrastructure, water points, fire breaks, neighbors and
conservation areas may be also included in the map
33. GIS application in forest management cont’d
Fire management
The effect of fire on forest resources is another important
management concern. Management activities include fire
prevention, wildlife control, prescribed burning, and post fire
recovery actions.
The modelling capabilities of GIS have been quite effective
in this context.
Forest fire managers have used GIS for fuel mapping,
weather condition mapping, and fire danger rating
34. GIS application in forest management cont’d
Harvest planning
Good forest management practice requires detailed
planning of harvesting activities.
Harvest planning activities include the identification of
cut down directions, extraction routes, depots and
sensitive zones such as wetlands
Maps constitute a basic planning tool for these
activities
35. GIS application in forest management cont’d
Resource management
Yet, a GIS can build on these activities by incorporating
models to guide, for example, timber harvesting, silviculture
and fire management activities, or predict fuel wood and
other resource supplies.
Other priorities, such as providing for wildlife habitat,
ensuring recreation opportunities and minimizing visual
impacts of harvesting, are also growing in importance
36. Conclusions
The physical world is complex and our
understanding simple
Environmental data is highly variable
Implications for GIS applications
GIS has important role to play in botanical science
and management
Handling and analyzing spatial data
Handling problems with temporal data