The document discusses landmine detection using ground penetrating radar (GPR). It begins with background on the landmine problem and existing detection technologies. It then provides a block diagram of the impulse GPR system, describing the impulse generator, antenna system, pulse extender, A/D converter, processor, and visual display. The document discusses implementation of the impulse GPR system and its applications in fields like engineering and military demining. It notes advantages like accurate measurements and ability to detect non-metallic mines, as well as limitations like false alarms. Future work aims to improve detection probabilities and scan rates.

1. A SEMINAR TOPIC ON
LANDMINE DETECTION USING
IMPULSE GROUND PENETRATING RADAR

2. Contents
> Introduction
> Block diagram
> Implementation
> Applications
> Advantages
> Limitations
> Future scope
> Conclusion

3. Introduction
> Around every 22 minutes one person some where in the world is killed or injured
by a land mine.
> Nearly 50 million unexploded land mines in 60 countries around the world.
> Large portions of land go unused due to fear of mines.
> Modern mines can be constructed with plastics and composites.

4. Land mine

5. These are the Physical characteristics of Land Mine

6. Technology used to Detect the land mines:
> Metal detectors
> Nuclear magnetic resonance
> Thermal imaging and electro optical sensors
> Biological sensors
> Chemical sensors

7. Biological sensor Metal detectors
METHODS OF TECHNOLOGY

8. Block Diagram

9. Hardware description
> Impulse generator(GPR)
> Antenna system
> Pulse extender
> A/D converter
> Processor
> Visual display

10. Ground Penetrating Radar:
> The impulse GPR system has been developed in the International Research
Centre for Telecommunications Transmission and Radar(IRCTR).
> This ultra wide band radar provide centimetere resolution to locate even small
targets.
> Two distinct types of GPR Time domain , Frequency domain.
> Time domain or Impulse GPR transmits discrete pulses of nano sec duration and
digitize the return at GHZ sample rate.
> Frequency domain GPR system transmit single frequency & amplitude &phase of
the return signal is measured.

11. Antenna System:
> The GPR system performance strongly depends on the antenna system.
> The antenna system consist of transmitter and receiver
> The transmit antenna should :
> Radiate Ultra-Wideband
> Radiate Electro-magnetic energy

12. Pulse extender:
> It will amplify the ground reflection signal upto the maximum level acquired A/D
converter.
> It amplify the samples of digital signals which are converted from analog signal.

13. A/D Converter:
> The transmitter sends out a series of EM pulses then listens with the receiver
connected to high speed samples which in-turn feeds to A/D converter.
> This information is converted from nano sec to milli sec.
> It provides 12 bit accuracy and 66dB linear dynamic range.

14. Processor:
> The processor filters the signals
> This signals shows presence or absence of surrogate mine in the soil.
> Processor selects the mine detecting signal and passes to the visual display.

15. Visual display:
> It helps to see the range of targets.
> It displays the position of land mine.

16. Implementation:
> The impulse generator produces 0.8ns monocycle pulse.
> The generator spectrum covers a wide frequency band from 500MHZ on
3dB level.
> After striking the mine, pulses return and are received by the receiver
antenna.
[Cont..]

17. Applications
GPR has many applications in number of fields:
> In case of Earth science it is used to study bedrocks ,soils , ground water and ice.
> Engineering applications include non-destructive testing of structures and
pavements, locating buried structures and studying of soils.
> GPR is used to define landfills contaminant plums and other remediation sites.
> Military uses include detection of mines ,unexploded ordnance and tunnels.

18. Advantages:
> GPR has accurate measurements.
> GPR locates even a small targets.
> It has been well founded by the defense.
> GPR operates by detecting the dielectric soils when allows it to locate even no
metallic mines.
> GPR has been tested in different environmental conditions.

19. Limitations:
> GPR is more power hungry
> Thus false alarms are easily generated from the background itself.
> The sensors such as GPR are larger and heavier.

20. Future scope:
> Army mine fields is to measure detection probabilities under realistic conditions.
> Plans to speed up the scan rate with advanced arrays are under the way.

21. Development Platform
Technological based
development for land mine
detection tends to be a vehicular
based system this vehicular
based system is shown
Development Platform

22. Conclusion
Impulse GPR system is used for detecting anti-tank and antipersonnel mines.
Through iterative design, build test cycles, and scored testing at Army mine lanes,
steady progress is being made.

23. THANK YOU