This document discusses high performance concrete and ground penetrating radar (GPR) technology. It provides an introduction to GPR, describing its components, working principle, data acquisition, and technology. It discusses GPR applications in pavement profiling, detecting multiple interfaces, and evaluating concrete. The advantages of GPR are its low cost, accuracy, speed, and ability to perform non-destructive testing. Limitations include similar dielectric properties complicating detection and thin layers being difficult to detect. In conclusion, GPR is a useful geophysical method for imaging the subsurface and detecting buried objects.

1. HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE
SDM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY, DHARWAD
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPT.
Presented by
Name-MANMOHAN KUMAR
USN-2SD12EC040
UNDER THE GUIDENCE OF
Mr. C.P.JOSHI (Asst. Prof.)
6

2. Contents
 Introduction
 Components of GPR
 GPR working principle
 Data Acquisition
 GPR Technology
 Data Model and Layer-Stripping Inversion
 D/T in pavement profiling
 Multiple-Interface D/T
 Applications
 Advantages
 Limitations
 Conclusion
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3. Introduction
 RADAR : Radio Detection and Ranging.
- Detect target in free space
- Determine the range
 Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a geophysical method
that uses radar pulses to image the subsurface.
 GPR is used for finding and detecting buried object.
 GPR have a co-located transmitter and receiver.
 Ground penetrating radar(GPR) is a short range pulse
system for remote sensing applications.
 Monostatic GPR operates by transmitting
electromagnetic energy down into the ground through an
antenna .
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4. Components of GPR
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1.Transmitting and receiving unit
2.Control unit
3.Display unit
4.Power supplies
Fig no.:-01, Process of GPR[1]

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Antennae Frequency Maximum Penetration
Depth
Examples of Potential
Use
1500 MHz 0.5 m Rebar mapping and
concrete evaluation.
900 MHz 1 m
Pipe and void detection
or assessing concrete
thickness.
400 MHz 4 m
Utility surveys,
pavement evaluation,
storage tank detection
and assessing structural
integrity.
300 MHz 6m Utility surveys, geology
and archaeology.

6. GPR Working Principle
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Fig no.:-02,GPR working principle
[2]

7. Reflected Signal:
 The amount of
reflected energy at an
interface is governed
by:
where ρ1,2 is the
reflection coefficient
and εr1 and εr2 are the
dielectric constants.
21
21
2,1
rr
rr






Typical Dielectric Constants:
Material Relative
permittivity
Air 1
Asphalt: dry 2-4
Clay 2-40
Dry sand 3-5
Concrete: dry 4-10
Fresh water 80
Metals ∞

8. GPR Depth Determination:
 The reflected signal
has information on:
◦ how quickly
the signal traveled
◦ how much was
attenuated
 These quantities
depend on spatial
configuration and
materials.
The depth of a layer is given
by:
D = (5.9t)/sqrt.
of(Er)
D = depth of target (inch.)
t = wave travel time (nanosecond)
5.9 = a constant incorporating speed
of light and unit conversions
Er = dielectric constant of
subsurface material

9. Data Acquisition
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GPR uses high frequency radio waves and transmits
into the ground.
When the waves hits the buried object or a boundary
with different dielectric constants, the receiving antenna
records variations in the reflected return signal.
The depth range of GPR is limited by electrical
conductivity of the ground ,the transmitted frequency and
the radiated power.
 As conductivity increases the penetration depth
decreases.

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Fig no.:-03,schematic diagram of a GPR
[3]

11. GPR Technology
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Fig no.:-04 ,GPR technology [4]

12. GPR Technology(cont.)
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Air coupled antenna.
Ground coupled antenna.
Fig no.:-05,Air coupled antenna[5] Fig no.:-06,Ground coupled
antenna[6]

13. Data Model and Layer-Stripping
Inversion
 In pavement, each layer of asphalt or concrete is basically
a mixture of particles embedded in an homogenous
matrix.
 Since particle size is considered to be small if compared
to the waveform resolution of the GPR system, each
system can be model as a homogeneous medium with
effective complex dielectric permittivity values.
 Layer-stripping inversion is used to estimate the
permittivity profile as well as the location in depth of
those interfaces estimated in time.
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14. Detection/Tracking in pavement
profiling
 Layer-stripping inversion with monostatic GPR is rather
complicated since the echo amplitude decreases with
time due to waveform attenuation.
 Moreover ,the estimate of the echo amplitude is biased
due to propagation through random media.
 Consequently, in pavement profiling, the SNR decreases
with depth.
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15. Multiple-Interface D/T
 In the presence of more than one interface, the
multimode and the D/T components tracks the echo
delay with the largest SNR.
 In principle, this tracking ambiguity could be avoided by
processing subsequence of time samples.
 In practice, errors are difficult to avoid when two
interfaces are close to each other (because of limits in
echo resolution), when one interface splits into two
interfaces, or even when two or more interfaces merge
into one.
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16. Application
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 In the Earth sciences it is used to study bedrock, soils,
groundwater and ice.
 Military uses including detection of mines, unexploded
ordnance detection, and tunnels.
 Locating clandestine graves and buried evidence.
 The other main applications is to locate underground
utilities.

17. Advantages
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 Low cost
 Extremely accurate
 Fast
 Not needed to drilling and digging selected area
 Real time targeting
 Non-destructive
 Digital media storage
 Easy to operate
 Safe

18.  Site specifics.
 Limitations if dielectric properties are similar.
 Difficult in thin layer.
 Compromise between penetration depths and target
resolutions.
 Requires fairly uniform soil for moisture estimation.
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Limitations

19. References
1. D. J. Daniels, D. J. Gunton, and H. F. Scott,
“Introduction to subsurface radar,” Proc. Inst. Elect.
Eng. F, vol. 135, pp. 278–320, Aug. 1988.
2. U. Spagnolini, “Permittivity measurements of
multilayered media with monostatic pulse radar,” IEEE
Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 35, pp. 454–463,
Mar. 1997.
3. S. S. Blackman, Multiple-Target Tracking with Radar
Applications. Dedham, MA: Artech House, 1986.
4. http://Wikipedia.com/
5. http://books.google.com/
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20. Thank
YOU
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