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Lab manual.pptx
This document provides instructions for 8 experiments involving the calibration of various transducers and the use of a data acquisition system. The experiments will calibrate a wave probe, LVDT, strain gauge, accelerometer, pressure transducer, inclinometer, load cell, and use a signal generator with a data acquisition system. For each experiment, the relevant apparatus, purpose, working principle, and step-by-step procedure are outlined. Upon completion, students will analyze the experimental data and write a report with the required elements.
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Lab manual.pptx
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- 2. List of experiments • Calibrationof following transducer – Wave probe – LVDT – Accelerometer – Pressure transducer – Load cell – Inclinometer • Gauge factor for resistance strain gauge • Data acquisition system
- 3. Writing the report • Studentname and Reg. Number • Title • Aim • Apparatus required • Theory and working principle with figures • Procedure • Table of results • Plots • Conclusion Hand written report
- 4. Expt1: Calibration ofWave Probe.
- 5. Expt1: Calibration ofWave Probe. • Apparatus – Wave probe, Amplifier, Height Gauge, Bucket of water • Purpose of wave probe – To measure the fluctuating water depth • Type of wave probe – Change in resistance – Change in capacitance – Ultrasonic wave probe – Change in conductivity • Working – Conductivity between two stainless steel electrodes changes with change in water
- 6. Expt1: Calibration ofWave Probe. • Procedure – Fix the wave probe in the calibration set up – Connect the wave probe to the amplifier and to the multi-meter – With the help of amplifier node set the multi-meter reading to zero – Move wave probe (up/down) in side the water with the help of scale set up and note the reading from multi-meter(volt) – Repeat the experiment for wave probe movement once downward then for upward. Take the average of multi-meter reading for every matching scale value. – Plot water depth versus volts and get the slope of the curve. – Slope of curve will give calibration constant in cm/volt.
- 7. Expt1: Calibration ofWave Probe. S. No Wave Probe position (cm) Test No 1 (Volt) Test No 2 Test No 3 Up Down Avg Up Down Avg Up Down Avg 1 +15 -3.74 3.39 -3.39 2 +10 -2.49 -2.49 -2.49 3 +5 -1.26 -1.23 -1.24 4 0 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 5 -5 1.21 1.22 1.215 6 -10 2.47 2.42 2.44 7 -15 3.39 3.39 3.39 Plot displacement Vs Volt and get the slope (cm/volt)
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- 9. Expt2: Calibration ofLinear Variable Transformer (LVDT)
- 10. Expt2: Calibration ofLinear Variable Transformer (LVDT) • Apparatus – LVDT, DC current supplier, Multi-meter, Height Gauge • Purpose of LVDT – To measure the time varying displacement in digital form • Working – Consists of one primary coil, two secondary coils and ferromagnetic core – Secondary coils are connected to each other in series but in opposite. – Position of ferromagnetic core decides the amount of induced current in secondary coils.
- 11. Expt2: Calibration ofLinear Variable Transformer (LVDT)• Procedure – Connect the LVDT to DC voltage supplier and Multi-meter. – Voltage supplied to the LVDT is 15 to 30 volt. – Connect the other end (moving core) of LVDT to Height Gauge. – Adjust the height gauge such that red mark on moving core of LVDT should be just visible • This ensure that volt output from primary and secondary coils are balanced to show zero output – Make upward and downward reading zero in height gauge. – Move the height gauge by 10mm and note the reading in multi-meter – Repeat this procedure for upward and downward movement and take average
- 12. Expt2: Calibration ofLinear Variable Transformer (LVDT) Gauge movement (mm) Measured output (volt) upward Downward Average -100 -90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0
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- 14. Expt3: Gauge factorof resistance strain Gauge
- 15. Expt3: Gauge factorof resistance strain Gauge
- 16. Expt3: Gauge factorof resistance strain Gauge
- 17. Expt3: Gauge factorof resistance strain Gauge • Apparatus – Strain gauge, Dial gauge, simply supported beam, weights, measuring instruments (scale, vernier scale, digital strain meter), loading system. • Purpose – To determine the gauge factor of resistance strain gauge – To determine the Young’s Modulus of the given material (beam). • Working principle – External load applied on material produces strain. – Strain gauge with the help of strain-meter measures the strain developed in beams. – Gauge factor is obtained with the help of strain meter and dial gauge reading – Young modulus is obtained with the help of beam parameters and its deflection
- 18. Expt3: Gauge factorof resistance strain Gauge • Known parameters (after measurement) – Width of section (b), depth of section (d), Span of beam(L), – Deflection in dial gauge ( ) – Moment of inertia • Young modulus of material • Strain in beam =section modulus • 3 12 bd I = pa Ez ε = max∂ ( )2 2 max 3 4 24 pa E l a I = − ∂ R K Rε ∆ = R R ∆ 2 6 bd z =
- 19. Expt3: Gauge factorof resistance strain Gauge • Procedure – Prepare the experimental set up as shown in figure – Measure the all parameters • Beam- width, depth, point of load, span length, – Strain and dial gauges should be at middle of span – Put load on load hooks (same on both) – Note dial and strain meter reading ( and ) – Repeat the test for different set of loading (increasing and decreasing) R R ∆ max∂ ( )2 2 max 3 4 24 pa E l a I = − ∂ R K Rε ∆ = pa Ez ε = R R ∆
- 20. Expt3: Gauge factorof resistance strain Gauge Sl No Load (p) Distance (mm) Loading unloading Young modulus Strain Gauge factor (K)Dial gauge Strain meter Dial gauge Strain meter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Average R R ∆R R ∆ max∂ max∂ ε E
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- 22. Expt 4: Calibrationof Accelerometer
- 23. Expt 4: Calibrationof Accelerometer • Apparatus – Accelerometer, Data acquisition, Arrangement for circular movement • Purpose of Accelerometer – To measure the acceleration • Type of accelerometer – Potentiometric – Piezoelectric – Resistive type – Capacitive type – Vibrating quartz • Working
- 24. Expt 4: Calibrationof Accelerometer • Procedure – Connect accelerometer on circular mount – Connect accelerometer wire to data acquisition system – Set data acquisition system for the range of accelerometer – Keep accelerometer arm perfectly vertical and set data acquisition meter to zero or to take the displayed reading as reference – Move accelerometer arm clock wise in step of 5 degree and note the reading in data acquisition system. – Repeat the above step for anti clock wise movement of accelerometer arm
- 25. Expt 4: Calibrationof Accelerometer Angle in degree Measured voltage Clock wise Anti clock wise Average 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 | | | 90
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- 27. Expt 5: Calibrationof pressure transducer
- 28. Expt 5: Calibrationof pressure transducer
- 29. Expt 5: Calibrationof pressure transducer
- 30. Expt 5: Calibrationof pressure Transducer • Apparatus – Pressure transducer, dead weight calibration, Pressure gauge • Purpose – To calibrate the pressure transducer for measuring pressure in field environment • Working principle – Pressure is an expression of force per unit area of application – Pressure transducer generates the signal (electrical) as a function of pressure imposed – For calibration a known pressure is applied on pressure transducer with the help of hydraulic fluid.
- 31. Expt 5: Calibrationof pressure transducer • Procedure – Switch on the data acquisition system and fix the range according to pressure transducer as shown in figure – Centre column is fitted with dead weight and right column is fitted with pressure transducer – Open the cock on the left of calibrator and rotate the piston handle to counter clock-wise to allow the oil to enter in chamber – Close the cock – Rotate the piston handle slowly in clockwise direction to pressurize the two columns. Centre column will lift and will show red mark – Red mark ensures that pressure in fluid is exactly same as pressure applied in centre column. – Take the reading of data acquisition system for applied pressure on centre column. – Repeat the procedure for different pressure applied at centre column.
- 32. Expt 5: Calibrationof pressure transducer Sl No Pressure (bar) Voltage 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Plot pressure Vs voltage and get the slope (bar/volt)
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- 34. Expt 6: Calibrationof Inclinometer
- 35. Expt 6: Calibrationof Inclinometer
- 36. Expt 6: Calibrationof Inclinometer • Apparatus – Inclinometer, DC supplier, Multi-meter • Purpose of Inclinometer – To measure the angle of inclination • Type of inclinometer – Potentiometric – LVDT – Piezoelectric • Working – Consists of spring mass system attached with ferromagnetic substance which produces current
- 37. Expt 6: Calibrationof Inclinometer • Procedure – Connect inclinometer on circular mount – Connect inclinometer wire to DC current supplier and multi-meter – Keep inclinometer arm perfectly vertical and take the displayed reading as reference value – Move inclinometer arm clock wise in step of 10 degree up to (80 degree) and note the reading from multi-meter. – repeat the step in anti clock wise direction and go up to -80 degree and come back to 0 degree (vertical arm) ( ) Position Angle(degree) 0.025 outV RF inVolt− = Manufacturer calibration coefficient (volt/degree)
- 38. Expt 6: Calibrationof Inclinometer Angle in degree Measured voltage Clock wise Anti clock wise Average -80 -70 -60 | 0 Reference value (RF) 10 20 30 | | 80Plot volt Vs angle to get calibration coef. (volt/degree)
- 39. Expt 6: Calibrationof Inclinometer
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- 41. Expt 7: Calibrationof Load cell
- 42. Expt 7: Calibrationof Load cell
- 43. Expt 7: Calibrationof Load cell Canister load cell S-type load cell Cantilever type load cell Miniature type load cell Piezoresistive load cell
- 44. Expt 7: Calibrationof Load cell • Apparatus – Load cell, Strain meter, Loading pan, Loads • Purpose of load cell – To measure the time varying load • Type of load cell – Cantilever type – Canister type – Miniature type – Piezoresistive type • Working – Consists of strain gauge with bending arrangement
- 45. Expt 7: Calibrationof Load cell • Procedure – Fix the one hanging end of cantilever type load cell to rigid body – Connect the load cell to strain meter – Tune the strain meter display to zero for no load – At loading end of load cell apply the load with the help of load pan and note down the strain meter reading – Increase the load and note down the strain meter reading – Repeat the steps for increasing load and then for decreasing load
- 46. Expt 7: Calibrationof Load cell SL no Load (gram) Measured voltage Loading Unloading Average 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Plot load Vs voltage to get the slope i.e. calibration coef. (gram/volt)
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- 48. Expt 8: Useof data acquisition system, signal generator
- 49. Expt 8: Useof data acquisition system, signal generator
- 50. Expt 8: Useof data acquisition system, signal generator
- 51. Expt 8: Useof data acquisition system, signal generator • Apparatus – Signal generator, Data acquisition card, Computer with software • Purpose of experiment – To acquire the data from signal generator in digital form • Working – Signal generator is a electronic device which generates continuous analog signal at different frequency and amplitude. – Signal generator can generate different type of signal (sin, cosine, trapezoidal etc) – Data acquisition card (HBM spider8) acquires the continuous analog signal and transform that into digital form. – With the help of software acquired digital signal is stored on spread sheet.
- 52. Expt 8: Useof data acquisition system, signal generator • Procedure – Connect signal generator out put to spider8 (data acquisition card) first port (zeroth port) – Connect the output of spider8 to the computer – Switch on the signal generator and software in computer – Tuned the signal generator for sin wave and specified frequency and amplitude – Click on start button of software to start acquiring the data – Acquire the data for at least 10 seconds then stop and save the data on spread sheet – Change the frequency in signal generator and repeat the step for data acquisition – Plot the acquired data along the time and compare with
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