This document details an experiment in metrology focusing on calibration techniques for various measuring devices, including multimeters and pressure gauges. It outlines the procedures for calibrating both analog and digital devices using DC and AC power supplies, as well as vacuum and pressure gauges through manometers and dead weight testers. Data collected during the calibration processes demonstrates the importance of reducing measurement errors to enhance accuracy and precision in instrumentation.

1. 1
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Instrumentation and Dynamic Systems
ME 472
[Report #1]
[Calibration]
‫قاسم‬ ‫سعيد‬ ‫نشأت‬ ‫سيد‬ُ‫أ‬
Name
121248
ID #
2
Sec #
Eng. Mohammad Rawashdeh
T.A.
04/03/2021
Date

2. 2
A B S T R A C T
In this experiment, we will define and get familiar with some important terms in the metrology and
statistical area. We will focus mostly on the calibration term.
In this experiment, we tried to get familiar with some devices like DC and AC power supplies,
Digital and analog multimeters, and positive and negative pressure gauges. This experiment showed
us that there is a difference between device-to-device accuracies. and our objective was to reduce the
errors that produces in the readings.
We used the accurate devices like digital multimeter to calibrate a less accurate device like the
analog multimeter in two different ways, once using the DC power supply, and once by using the
AC power supply.
We also calibrate the negative pressure gauges using the U manometer, and the positive pressure
gauge using the dead weight calibrator.
From the data we got from the two devices (the accurate and less accurate devices), we plot a figure
that shows the relation between the true value and sample value “calibration curve”, and we could
find an equation for the less accurate device to reduce the errors as possible
A solution for hysteresis has been studied, by taking the average between the upward and downward
readings and taking the average of it

3. 3
Table of Contents
1: Introduction
Chapter
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4
Chapter 2: Apparatus and procedures
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................................
.........
6
Section 2.1: Apparatus and the how to use it
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...........................
6
n
Section 2.2: Procedure of calibratio
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......
12
Chapter3: Data and result
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................................
.........................
14
Chapter4: Discussions
................................
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...............................
21
Chapter5: Conclusion
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22
Chapter6: Questions
................................
................................
................................
.
23
Chapter7: References
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................................
24

4. 4
Chapter 1: Introduction
With the advancement and complexity of mechanical and electrical applications, it has
become imperative to find high accurate measuring methods to keep pace with the development
and reduce the errors produced, so to achieve that, the calibration term must be studied.
There are two main types of errors that can be produced while using instrumentations:
1- Systematic error: is the error produced from the instrumentation itself "Systematic and
regular errors”, is the determination of accuracy.
2- Random error: errors from users during recording the data "Random and irregular errors”,
is the determination of precision.
Calibration: process of correction and comparison a data between two devices that one of
them is more accurate or between a device and standard reading to confine the error and
increase the accuracy. There are some factors affect the calibration such as using a wrong
calibrator values, errors in sample preparing techniques and the ambient temperature effects.
Knowing that the zero shift is a calibration for just the first reading and not the others, so it is
a part of the calibration.
The definition of calibration that established by International Bureau of Weights and
Measures "BIPM" is "operation that, under specified conditions, in a first step, establishes a
relation between the quantity values with measurement uncertainties provided by measurement
standards and corresponding indications with associated measurement uncertainties (of the
calibrated instrument or secondary stand) and, in a second step, uses this information to
establish a relation for obtaining a measurement result from an indication.".
Calibration curve is the relation between the indicated (True) value and sample value, the
relation usually is a linear equation, so the data I get from the device I want to calibrate must
be substituted in that equation to get the true value or the more accurate value.
Figure 1.1: Calibration curve

5. 5
The precision is defined as the closeness of the data from each other, and the accuracy is
closeness of the data from the true value. the instrumentation that has low accuracy and high
precision should be calibrated.
Hysteresis: Is the difference in data when it has taken upward "increasing" form the data
taken downward "decreasing", the result is two curves and the first reading of the downward
curve share the final reading of the upward curve, and the area between these two curves
represents the energy losses. and to get rid of hysteresis we must take the average of the data.
Percent error tells how big the errors of recorded data
Percent error =
|𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑−𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙|
𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙
∗ 100%
Range: The region between the limits within which an instrument is designed to operate for
measuring or indicating a physical quantity (expressed by stating lower-upper values).
Scale: is any series of items that are arranged progressively according to value or magnitude
into which an item can be placed according to its qualification.
Negative pressure (Vacuum pressure): vacuum is absence of air or gases, or the condition
when air is removed from a system to create pressure below atmospheric. Taking standard
atmospheric pressure as reference, a pressure above it is referred as “pressure” while that
measured downwards below atmospheric is called vacuum, usually measured as negative
pressure.
Positive pressure: is a pressure within a system that is greater than the environment that
surrounds that system. Consequently, if there is any leak from the positively pressured system
it will egress into the surrounding environment.
Figure 2.1: The difference between accuracy and precision

6. 6
Chapter 2: Apparatus and procedures
Section 2.1: Apparatus and the how to use it
1- DC power supply
Part Description
1 maximum voltage and current the device can supply
2 display of the chosen voltage in (Volts) by the user
3 the display of the chosen current in (Ampere) by the user
4 Adjustable knob to pick a needed voltage
5 Adjustable knob to pick a needed current
6 The red pin represents the positive terminal, the green pin represents the ground
terminal, and the black pin represents the negative terminal
7 Toggle switch to connect the two power supplies in parallel
Table 1.2
Procedure:
1- Adjust the needed DC current and voltage by using the knobs 4 and 5.
2- Connect a wire from the positive terminal of the DC power supply to the positive side -and
the same for negative terminals- of the equipment that should be supplied.

7. 7
2- Function generator (AC power supply)
Part Description
1 Power button to turn on the power supply
2 The Range of the frequencies unit that can be used
(1Hz,10Hz100Hz,kHz,…,Mhz)
3 Input function (sinusoidal, ramp or step)
4 LCD screen displays the frequency value
5 Coarse adjustment knob to choose the needed frequency over a wide range
6 Fine adjustment knob to choose the frequency in a small range
7 BNC connector is used for connecting the function generator to other equipment
8 Knob to choose the voltage needed "the distance between peak to peak"
9 Indicator displays the frequency SI prefix
Table 1.2
Procedure:
1- Turn on the power supply by the push button 1.
2- Choose the input function (sinusoidal usually).
3- Choose the frequency range from the buttons 2.
4- Adjust the frequency by using the coarse and fine adjustment knobs.
5- Choose the needed voltage by using the adjustable knob 8.
6- Connect the wires between the BNC connector and the other equipment needed to be
supplied.

8. 8
3- Digital multimeter. (digital multimeter is a test tool used to measure two or
electrical quantities: voltage (volts), current (amps) and resistance (ohms))
Table 2.2
Part Description
1 Rotary switch to choose the electrical quantity that needed to measure.
2 Red terminal used to measure voltage and resistance.
3 Common terminal equivalent to a ground terminal in other circuit.
4 Terminal used to measure a small currents and capacitance.
5 Terminal used to measure big currents.
6 Screen displays the measured electrical quantity
Table 3.2
Procedure:
1- We should determine the electrical quantity that we need to measure, if we want to
measure a voltage or resistance, we should connect a wire from the red terminal (2) to the
positive terminal of the equipment needed to be measured and connect another wire from the
common terminal (3) to the negative terminal of the equipment.
2- If we want to measure a voltage in DC circuit we should move the rotary switch to the V .
3- If we want to measure a a small current or capacitance, the wire that connected to the
digital multimeter should be in the red terminal (4), and if we want to measure a big current it
should be in the terminal (5).
4- The rotary switch should be like shown in the table (3) and the described front panel
symbols figure.

9. 9
4- Analog meter (Avometer). (like digital multimeter is a test tool used to measure
two or electrical quantities: voltage (volts), current (amps) and resistance (ohms) but
its accuracy is less than digital multimeter, so it must be calibrated by the digital
multimeter by connect it with DC or AC power supplies in parallel.)
Table 4.2
Part Description
1 Common terminal.
2 The measuring terminal it could be voltage, current and resistance measuring
3 Display of the electrical quantity and it contains a ruler, indicator, and mirror to
take the reading accurately (Look at the curser perpendicularly until you cannot
see the mirror reflection on the mirror
4 Rotary switch to choose the needed quantity which should be known, used for
the AC voltages, by fix the rotary switch number 5 on AC point
5 Rotary switch to choose the needed quantity which should be known, used for
the DC voltages, by fix the rotary switch number 4 on DC point
6 AC volts range in (volts), this range used in case the voltage exceeds 10 volts,
for example if the rotary switch on 100 AC volt and the cursor gives value "3"
on the ruler so the voltage =
100
10
∗ 3 = 30 volts
7 Resistance range in (Ohms)
8 AC current range in (Amps)
9 DC volts range in (volts)
10 AC current range in a small scale (milliamps)
11 AC current range in large scale (Amps)

10. 10
Procedure:
1- The red terminal should be connected to the positive terminal of the thing we want to
measure, and unlike the digital multimeter, the red terminal here could measure all the
electrical quantity. The black terminal (common terminal) should be connected to the
negative side of the thing we want to measure.
2- To measure a quantity in a DC circuit, the right-hand side rotary switch should be fixed at
(DC) symbol and use the left-hand side rotary switch to pick the quantity and its prefix
needed to measure.
3- To measure a quantity in an AC circuit, the left-hand side rotary switch should be fixed at
(AC) symbol and use the right-hand side rotary switch to pick the quantity and its prefix
needed to measure.
5- Negative pressure gauge and manometer. (The manometer is more accurate than the
pressure gauge, so the pressure gauge should be calibrated based on the manometer readings).
Part Description
1 Compressor to control the pressure in the vessel.
2 Pressure vessel to maintain a constant pressure.
3 Negative pressure gauge, contains a cursor that indicates the negative pressure value,
and the readings can be taken in centimeters (the inner circle) or inches (outer circle).
4 Manometer and ruler in inches in a side and centimeters in the other side.
Table 5.2
-The procedure of calibration between manometer and the pressure gauge will be
discussed later (Section 2.2).

11. 11
6- Dead weight tester (Positive pressure gauge).
Part Description
1 Handle to compress the hydraulic fluid "oil" and increase the pressure.
2 A place where the weights should be added.
3 Oil reservoir.
4 Positive pressure gauge to be calibrated, contains a cursor that indicates the
positive pressure value, and the readings can be taken in psi (the inner red
circle) or bar (outer black circle).
5 cylindrical vessel keeps the hydraulic fluid inside to control the pressure
compressed by the handle.
6 The standard weights that can be added to the dead weight tester to calibrate the
pressure gauge.
Table 6.2
- The procedure of calibration between the weights and the pressure gauge will be
discussed later (Section 2.2).

12. 12
Section 2.2: Procedure of calibration
1. DC scale calibration
1. We want to calibrate an analog multimeter using the digital multimeter using DC power
supply.
2. Connect the digital multimeter and analog multimeter and the DC power supply in parallel
3. Put the digital multimeter at voltage DC and analog multimeter as well, with scale (10) in
the analog multimeter
4. Change the voltage by the DC power supply more than 10 times and compare between the
digital multimeter and analog multimeter and find the calibration curve from it.
2. AC scale calibration
1. We want to calibrate an analog multimeter using the digital multimeter using the AC power
supply.
2. Connect the AC power supply to the digital multimeter, and the analog multimeter in
parallel.
3. Put the digital multimeter at voltage AC and analog multimeter as well, with scale (10) in
the analog multimeter.
4. Change the voltage by the AC power supply more than 10 times and compare between the
digital multimeter and analog multimeter and find the calibration curve from it.

13. 13
3- Negative pressure gauge calibration.
1. We want to calibrate the negative pressure gauge by using the U manometer.
2. Turn on the compressor to control the pressure in the pressure vessel.
3. change the pressure by the compressor more than 10 times, then read the pressure using the
U manometer (cm or inch Hg) and read the pressure in the pressure gauge in (cm or inch Hg).
4. compare the two readings and from it we can find the calibration curve, and equation, that
could be used in the pressure gauge after the calibration process.
4- Positive pressure gauge calibration
1. We want to calibrate the positive pressure gauge by using a hydraulic system and weights.
2. when the oil is compressed and when the weight starts to move the pressure inside the
system will be 10 psi.
3. Other weights should be added one by one and record the data of the pressure gauge
corresponding to every raise in the weight to calibrate the positive pressure gauge, and to find
the calibration curve, and equation, that could be used in the pressure gauge after the
calibration process

14. 14
Chapter3: Data and result
1- DC scale calibration
Actual Digital (volt) Gage Analog (volt)
Percent error %
(y) (x)
1.15 1.25 8.70
2.15 2.15 0.00
3 3.3 10.00
4.4 4.2 4.55
5.3 5.35 0.94
6 6.2 3.33
7.2 7.35 2.08
8.35 8.55 2.40
9.5 9.7 2.11
Table 1.3: DC scale calibration data
Sample of calculation:
1.Percent error =
|𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑−𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙|
𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙
∗ 100% =
|1.25−1.15|
1.15
∗ 100% = 8.7 %
2. Percent error =
|𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑−𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙|
𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙
∗ 100% =
|2.15−2.15|
2.15
∗ 100% = 0 %
3. Percent error =
|𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑−𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙|
𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙
∗ 100% =
|3.3−3.0|
3.0
∗ 100% = 10 %
Figure 1.3: Calibration curve of the DC scale
The linear equation of the calibration curve is y = 0.982x – 0.015.
Average percent error =
8.7+0+10+4.55+0.94+3.33+2.08+2.4+2.11
9
= 3.79 %
y = 0.982x - 0.015
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Actual
Digital
(volt)
Gauge Analog (volt)
DC scale calibration

15. 15
2- AC scale calibration
Actual Digital (volt) Gage Analog (volt)
Percent error %
(y) (x)
1.15 1.3 13.04
2.25 2.35 4.44
3.6 3.85 6.94
4.4 4.5 2.27
5.01 5.3 5.79
6.5 6.4 1.54
7.1 7.4 4.23
8.25 8.5 3.03
9.4 9.5 1.06
10.35 10.6 2.42
Table 2.3: AC scale calibration data
Sample of calculation:
1.Percent error =
|𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑−𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙|
𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙
∗ 100% =
|1.3−1.15|
1.15
∗ 100% = 13.04 %
2. Percent error =
|𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑−𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙|
𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙
∗ 100% =
|2.35−2.25|
2.25
∗ 100% = 4.44 %
3. Percent error =
|𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑−𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙|
𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙
∗ 100% =
|3.85−3.6|
3.6
∗ 100% = 6.94 %
Figure 2.3: Calibration curve of the AC scale
The linear equation of the calibration curve is y = 0.993x - 0.127.
Average percent error =
13.04+4.44+6.94+2.27+5.79+1.54+4.23+3.03+1.06+2.42
10
= 4.48 %
y = 0.993x - 0.127
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Actual
Digital
(volt)
Gauge analog (volt)
AC scale calibration

16. 16
3- Negative gauge pressure calibration.
Table 4.3: downward data during calibration
, Table 3.3: Upward data during calibration
Figure 3.3: Hysteresis curve of the negative gauge pressure calibration
Actual Gage reading
Manometer
(cm)
Pressure Gage (cm)
(y) (x2)
30 31
27 27
24 24
21 22
18 18
15 15
12 11
9 8
6 5
3 3
Actual Gage reading(cm)
Manometer
(cm)
Pressure Gage
(y) (x1)
3 2
6 5
9 9
12 12
15 14
18 18
21 22
24 24
27 28
30 31
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Actual
manometer
(cm)
Gauge reading pressure gauge (cm)
Hysterisis curve
Upward Downward

17. 17
Actual Average Gage reading Percent
error%
Manometer (cm) Pressure Gage (cm)
(y) (x)
3 2.5 16.67
6 5 16.67
9 8.5 5.56
12 11.5 4.17
15 14.5 3.33
18 18 0.00
21 22 4.76
24 24 0.00
27 27.5 1.85
30 31 3.33
Table 5.3: Negative pressure gauge calibration data
Figure 4.3: Negative pressure gauge calibration curve
The linear equation of the calibration curve is y = 0.9388x + 1.0566
y = 0.9388x + 1.0566
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Actual
Manometer
(cm)
Pressure gauge (cm)
Negative pressure gauge calibration curve

18. 18
Sample of calculation:
To calculate the average gauge reading, we should take the average of the two values
(upward and downward readings) that corresponds to the actual value (Manometer reading)
1. When the manometer reading is 3 cm HG pressure
Average gauge reading =
X1+X2
2
=
2+3
2
= 2.5 cm
Percent error =
|𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑−𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙|
𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙
∗ 100% =
|2.5−3.0|
3.0
∗ 100% = 16.67 %
2. When the manometer reading is 6 cm HG pressure
Average gauge reading =
X1+X2
2
=
5+5
2
= 5 cm
Percent error =
|𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑−𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙|
𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙
∗ 100% =
|5.0−6.0|
6.0
∗ 100% = 16.67 %
3- Positive gauge pressure calibration (Deadweight).
Actual Weights (psi) Gage Dial (psi) Actual Weights (psi) Gage Dial (psi)
20 35 200 220
40 60 180 200
60 85 160 180
80 95 140 160
100 120 120 140
120 145 100 115
140 165 80 95
160 180 60 80
180 205 40 65
200 220 20 35
Table 6.3: Downward and upward readings during positive gauge calibration

19. 19
Figure 5.3: Hysteresis curve for positive gauge calibration
Actual Weights (psi)
Average Gage Dial
(psi) Percent error %
(y) (x)
20 35 75
40 62.5 56.25
60 82.5 37.5
80 95 18.75
100 117.5 17.5
120 142.5 18.75
140 162.5 16.07142857
160 180 12.5
180 202.5 12.5
200 220 10
Table 7.3: Positive pressure gauge calibration data
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 50 100 150 200 250
Actual
weights
(psi)
Gauge dial (psi)
Hysterisis curve
Upward Downward

20. 20
Figure6.3: Positive gauge pressure calibration curve
The linear equation of the calibration curve is y = 0.9799x - 17.393.
Sample of calculation:
To calculate the average positive gauge reading, we should take the average of the two
values (upward and downward readings) that corresponds to the actual value (weights)
1. When the actual weight is equal 20 psi
Average gauge reading =
X1+X2
2
=
35+35
2
= 35 psi
Percent error =
|𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑−𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙|
𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙
∗ 100% =
|35−20|
20
∗ 100% = 75 %
2. When the actual weight is equal 40 psi
Average gauge reading =
X1+X2
2
=
60+65
2
= 62.5 psi
Percent error =
|𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑−𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙|
𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙
∗ 100% =
|62.5−40|
40
∗ 100% = 56.25 %
y = 0.9799x - 17.393
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 50 100 150 200 250
Actual
weights(psi)
Average gauge dial (psi)
Positve gauge pressure calibration curve

21. 21
Chapter4: Discussions
1. From Table 1.3 and Table 2.3, we can see that the percent error is not predictable, which
means a lot of iterations and readings should be done to calibrate a device.
2. From the calibration curve equation, we can find the relation that we can apply to the
readings we get from a less accurate device, and substitute that reading in the equation to
get the true value.
For example, in DC scale, if the value measure by the analog meter is 4 volts, then we should
substitute the 4 volts instead of x in the calibration curve equation.
y = 0.982x – 0.015 = 0.982(4)-0.015 = 3.913 volt
3.We found the hysteresis curves for the negative and positive gauges, but not for the AC and
DC scale calibration, and that because the error in electrical circuits is very small compared
with the pressures.
4.From Table 1.3 and Table 2.3 the AC scale average percent error is greater than the average
percent error in the DC scale.
5. From figure 3.3 and figure 5.3 we can see that the closed area in the hysteresis curve for the
negative gauge pressure is larger than the closed area in the positive gauge pressure, which
means there is energy losses in the negative pressure bigger than that in the positive.
6.From the data in Table7.3, there is no accuracy between the actual (real) data and the
sample data, but the data there with high accuracy that is why we should do a calibration for
the instrument.
7. From figure 3.3 and figure 4.3, we can observe that when we take the average of upward
and downward readings and then compare it with actual values, we could find a calibration
equation could be applied to the less accurate instrument.

22. 22
Chapter5: Conclusion
1. We conclude from this experiment that we can correct a device by using another device
with more accurate readings or by a standard reading.
2. Calibration should be done to the system that has high precision and low accurate readings.
3. To solve hysteresis we should take the average value of the upward and downward
readings and then compare it with the actual value.
4. Calibration function is to reduce the systematic errors, but the random errors can not be
predictable so other solutions should be applied.
5. To know the difference between a negative or positive gauge, we can see that cursor in the
positive gauge rotates in clockwise direction, but the negative gauge pressure cursor rotates in
counterclockwise direction
6. The closed area in the hysteresis curve represents the energy losses in the device
7. It is not necessary to make the hysteresis curves for the electrical quantities, since the
upward and downward readings are so close to each other and can be negligible.

23. 23
Chapter6: Questions
Question 1: What is the definition of calibration according to the International Bureau
of Weights and Measures “BIPM”?
Answer: The definition of calibration that established by International Bureau of Weights and
Measures "BIPM" is "operation that, under specified conditions, in a first step, establishes a
relation between the quantity values with measurement uncertainties provided by
measurement standards and corresponding indications with associated measurement
uncertainties (of the calibrated instrument or secondary stand) and, in a second step, uses this
information to establish a relation for obtaining a measurement result from an indication.".
Question 2: What is the difference between negative and positive pressure?
Answer: Negative pressure (Vacuum pressure): vacuum is absence of air or gases, or the
condition when air is removed from a system to create pressure below atmospheric. Taking
standard atmospheric pressure as reference, a pressure above it is referred as “pressure” while
that measured downwards below atmospheric is called vacuum, usually measured as negative
pressure.
Positive pressure: is a pressure within a system that is greater than the environment that
surrounds that system. Consequently, if there is any leak from the positively pressured system
it will egress into the surrounding environment.
Question 3: What is the difference between rms voltage and average voltage?
Answer: The term "RMS" stands for "Root-Mean-Squared", also called the effective or
heating value of alternating current, is equivalent to a DC voltage that would provide the
same amount of heat generation in a resistor as the AC voltage would if applied to that same
resistor. RMS is not an "Average" voltage, and its mathematical relationship to peak voltage
varies depending on the type of waveform. The RMS value is the square root of the mean
(average) value of the squared function of the instantaneous values.
The average voltage is the level of a waveform defined by the condition that the area enclosed
by the curve above this level is exactly equal to the area enclosed by the curve below this
level, and it is the average voltage (or current) of a periodic waveform whether it is a sine
wave, square wave or triangular waveform is defined as: “the quotient of the area under the
waveform with respect to time”. In other words, the averaging of all the instantaneous values
along time axis with time being one full period.

24. 24
Question 4: Define Scale and Range.
Answer: Range: The region between the limits within which an instrument is designed to
operate for measuring or indicating a physical quantity (expressed by stating lower-upper
values).
Scale: is any series of items that are arranged progressively according to value or magnitude
into which an item can be placed according to its qualification.
Chapter7: References
1- James W. Dally, 1993 "Instrumentation for Engineering Measurements", Second Edition.
Collège Français de Métrologie (cfmetrologie.com)
-
tion?
What is a calibra
-
2
3- ppg teg website
4- Digital multimeter and Avometer 8 user manual
te
ontrols websi
c
Sure
-
5