Lab 13 balantidiasis
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The document describes Balantidium coli, a ciliated protozoan parasite that can cause the disease balantidiasis or balantidial dysentery in humans. Key points: - B. coli has two life stages - a trophozoite stage that inhabits and causes damage to the large intestine, and a cyst stage that is the infective form found in feces. - Humans are infected through the fecal-oral route, often from pigs which are a reservoir for the parasite. - Symptoms in humans include ulceration and bleeding of the large intestine due to trophozoite invasion. Diagnosis is through examination of stool samples for trophozoites or cyst
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Balatidium coli
This document discusses Balantidium coli, a ciliated protozoan parasite that causes the disease balantidiasis in humans. It has two life stages, a motile trophozoite stage that inhabits the large intestine and reproduces, and an infective cyst stage that is transmitted through fecal contamination. Symptoms include diarrhea, dysentery, abdominal pain and ulceration of the intestinal wall. Diagnosis is made by examining stool samples under a microscope. Treatment involves oral antibiotics such as tetracycline or metronidazole.
Balantidium coli
This document summarizes information about Balantidium coli, the largest protozoan parasite that infects humans. It is classified within the kingdom Protista, phylum Ciliophora. B. coli has two life stages, a trophozoite stage that is motile and pear-shaped, containing two nuclei and contractile vacuoles, and a cyst stage that forms under conditions like constipation. B. coli typically infects pigs and is transmitted to humans via ingestion of cysts. In humans, it can cause diarrhea and dysentery through ulceration in the large intestine. Diagnosis involves finding cysts in feces and treatment involves antibiotics like tetracycline or metronidazole.
Liver fluke
Fasciola hepatica, also known as the common liver fluke, is a parasitic flatworm that infects the livers of sheep and cattle. Its complex life cycle involves freshwater snails acting as intermediate hosts. Humans can become accidentally infected by consuming raw freshwater plants containing the fluke larvae. The flukes mature and reproduce in the bile ducts of the liver, causing a disease called fascioliasis. Symptoms range from asymptomatic to abdominal pain and liver damage. Diagnosis involves examining stool samples for fluke eggs or conducting imaging tests and antibody tests. Treatment primarily involves administering deworming medications like triclabendazole or bithionol.
8. balantidium coli
Balantidium coli is the largest protozoan parasite that inhabits the large intestines of humans and other primates like pigs and monkeys. It exists in two stages - the trophozoite, which is the invasive stage, and the cyst, which is the infective transmission stage. Balantidium coli is found worldwide and can be transmitted through ingestion of contaminated food, water, or undercooked meat containing the cysts. In the intestines, the cysts excyst into trophozoites that colonize and cause damage to the large intestine mucosa through enzyme production, potentially resulting in ulcers, diarrhea, dysentery, and other gastrointestinal symptoms. Diagnosis involves stool examination and treatment focuses on hy
Balantidium coli
Balantidium coli is the largest protozoan pathogen of humans. It causes a potentially life-threatening infection of the large intestine called balantidiasis. Transmission occurs through ingestion of food or water contaminated with the cyst form of B. coli from infected pig, monkey, or human feces. Symptoms include diarrhea or dysentery. Diagnosis involves identification of the trophozoite or cyst forms in stool samples under the microscope. Treatment involves antibiotics like tetracycline. Prevention focuses on avoiding contact with infected animal or human waste.
Balantidium coli
Balantidiasis is caused by the largest protozoa and the only cilliated human parasite called B. coli.
Balantidium Coli
Balantidium coli is a protozoan parasite that causes the disease balantidiasis in humans. It has two stages - a trophozoite stage where it reproduces and feeds, and an infective cyst stage. Humans typically become infected through ingesting cysts from fecally contaminated food or water. The cysts excyst in the small intestine and trophozoites take up residence in the large intestine, where they can cause symptoms like diarrhea, abdominal pain, and dysentery. Diagnosis is via stool examination or biopsy. Treatment involves antibiotics like tetracycline, metronidazole, or iodoquinol. Prevention focuses on sanitary disposal of human and pig feces to avoid
Echinococcus granulosus
Echinococcus granulosus, also called hydatid worm belongs to class Cestoda
It causes cystic echinococcosis in livestock and humans being intermediate hosts and parasitize the small intestines of adult canids
It is a zoonotic disease
Definitive hosts are carnivorous predators like dogs, wolves, foxes and lions. While sheep, goat, cattle, pigs and rodents are intermediate hosts. Birds and arthropods act as mechanical vectors
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Balatidium coli
This document discusses Balantidium coli, a ciliated protozoan parasite that causes the disease balantidiasis in humans. It has two life stages, a motile trophozoite stage that inhabits the large intestine and reproduces, and an infective cyst stage that is transmitted through fecal contamination. Symptoms include diarrhea, dysentery, abdominal pain and ulceration of the intestinal wall. Diagnosis is made by examining stool samples under a microscope. Treatment involves oral antibiotics such as tetracycline or metronidazole.
Balantidium coli
This document summarizes information about Balantidium coli, the largest protozoan parasite that infects humans. It is classified within the kingdom Protista, phylum Ciliophora. B. coli has two life stages, a trophozoite stage that is motile and pear-shaped, containing two nuclei and contractile vacuoles, and a cyst stage that forms under conditions like constipation. B. coli typically infects pigs and is transmitted to humans via ingestion of cysts. In humans, it can cause diarrhea and dysentery through ulceration in the large intestine. Diagnosis involves finding cysts in feces and treatment involves antibiotics like tetracycline or metronidazole.
Liver fluke
Fasciola hepatica, also known as the common liver fluke, is a parasitic flatworm that infects the livers of sheep and cattle. Its complex life cycle involves freshwater snails acting as intermediate hosts. Humans can become accidentally infected by consuming raw freshwater plants containing the fluke larvae. The flukes mature and reproduce in the bile ducts of the liver, causing a disease called fascioliasis. Symptoms range from asymptomatic to abdominal pain and liver damage. Diagnosis involves examining stool samples for fluke eggs or conducting imaging tests and antibody tests. Treatment primarily involves administering deworming medications like triclabendazole or bithionol.
8. balantidium coli
Balantidium coli is the largest protozoan parasite that inhabits the large intestines of humans and other primates like pigs and monkeys. It exists in two stages - the trophozoite, which is the invasive stage, and the cyst, which is the infective transmission stage. Balantidium coli is found worldwide and can be transmitted through ingestion of contaminated food, water, or undercooked meat containing the cysts. In the intestines, the cysts excyst into trophozoites that colonize and cause damage to the large intestine mucosa through enzyme production, potentially resulting in ulcers, diarrhea, dysentery, and other gastrointestinal symptoms. Diagnosis involves stool examination and treatment focuses on hy
Balantidium coli
Balantidium coli is the largest protozoan pathogen of humans. It causes a potentially life-threatening infection of the large intestine called balantidiasis. Transmission occurs through ingestion of food or water contaminated with the cyst form of B. coli from infected pig, monkey, or human feces. Symptoms include diarrhea or dysentery. Diagnosis involves identification of the trophozoite or cyst forms in stool samples under the microscope. Treatment involves antibiotics like tetracycline. Prevention focuses on avoiding contact with infected animal or human waste.
Balantidium coli
Balantidiasis is caused by the largest protozoa and the only cilliated human parasite called B. coli.
Balantidium Coli
Balantidium coli is a protozoan parasite that causes the disease balantidiasis in humans. It has two stages - a trophozoite stage where it reproduces and feeds, and an infective cyst stage. Humans typically become infected through ingesting cysts from fecally contaminated food or water. The cysts excyst in the small intestine and trophozoites take up residence in the large intestine, where they can cause symptoms like diarrhea, abdominal pain, and dysentery. Diagnosis is via stool examination or biopsy. Treatment involves antibiotics like tetracycline, metronidazole, or iodoquinol. Prevention focuses on sanitary disposal of human and pig feces to avoid
Echinococcus granulosus
Echinococcus granulosus, also called hydatid worm belongs to class Cestoda
It causes cystic echinococcosis in livestock and humans being intermediate hosts and parasitize the small intestines of adult canids
It is a zoonotic disease
Definitive hosts are carnivorous predators like dogs, wolves, foxes and lions. While sheep, goat, cattle, pigs and rodents are intermediate hosts. Birds and arthropods act as mechanical vectors
Cryptosporidium parvum
Cryptosporidium parvum is a protozoan parasite that causes cryptosporidiosis. It infects the intestinal epithelial cells and is transmitted through the fecal-oral route, often through contaminated water. The parasite undergoes both asexual and sexual reproduction in the small intestine, forming oocysts that are shed in feces and are immediately infectious. Infection causes watery diarrhea that can last for weeks and lead to dehydration, especially in young children and immunocompromised individuals. Diagnosis is through microscopic identification of oocysts in stool samples and treatment options are limited. Prevention involves proper hygiene, water treatment, and food safety practices.
Taenia solium & Taenia saginata
Taenia solium and Taenia saginata are two tapeworm species that infect humans. T. solium, the pork tapeworm, has pigs as the intermediate host and can cause cysticercosis in humans if eggs are ingested. T. saginata, the beef tapeworm, uses cattle as the intermediate host. Diagnosis involves finding eggs or proglottids in stool. Cysticercosis presents differently depending on the infected tissue, such as subcutaneous nodules or neurological symptoms if the brain is affected. Prevention focuses on proper food handling and sanitation.
Diphyllobothrium Latum
Dibothriocephalus latus is a pseudophyllidea cestode called chinese tapeworm have 2 suckers within scolex. it has 2 intermediate hosts first is the copepod and the second is fish before mammalian ( dog, cat, bear, human.. etc.) will eat it to become an adult tapeworm.
E. histolytica
This document discusses Entamoeba histolytica, an intestinal protozoan parasite. It covers the classification, geographical distribution, life cycle, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of E. histolytica. Key points include that E. histolytica causes amoebiasis and can lead to intestinal or extra-intestinal infections. Symptoms range from mild diarrhea to severe dysentery. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of stool or biopsy samples. Treatment involves use of amoebicide drugs like metronidazole. Prevention focuses on proper sanitation and water treatment to avoid contamination.
Intestinal protozoa ( entamoeba, giardia, dientamoeba
This document provides a classification and overview of intestinal protozoa including Entamoeba, Giardia, Dientamoeba, Trichomonas, and Balantidium. It describes the morphology, life cycles, pathogenicity and clinical manifestations of Entamoeba histolytica, the causative agent of amebiasis. Laboratory diagnosis and treatment options for intestinal amebiasis and extraintestinal complications like hepatic amebiasis are also summarized. The document briefly mentions other non-pathogenic intestinal amoebae including Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba dispar, Entamoeba hartmanni, Entamoeba gingivalis, Endolimax n
Intestinal trematodes
The document summarizes the morphology, life cycles, epidemiology, pathology, diagnosis, treatment and control of three intestinal trematodes: Fasciolopsis buski, Heterophyes heterophyes, and Metagonimus yokogawai. F. buski is the largest fluke that lives in the small intestine and releases eggs that develop in snails and freshwater plants consumed by humans. H. heterophyes and M. yokogawai have similar indirect life cycles involving snails and infected fish as intermediate hosts. They can cause abdominal pain, diarrhea and granulomatous lesions as adults in the intestine. Diagnosis is by identifying eggs in stool and treatment is praziquantel
Giardia lamblia
The document discusses Giardia lamblia (also known as Giardia intestinalis), a protozoan parasite that infects the small intestine and causes giardiasis. It was first observed microscopically in 1681. It attaches to the small intestine epithelium and reproduces via binary fission. The life cycle involves ingestion of dormant cysts found in contaminated water or food, which excyst in the intestine to the active trophozoite stage before becoming cysts again. Symptoms include diarrhea. Laboratory diagnosis involves detecting cysts or trophozoites microscopically in stool samples. Treatment involves medications like metronidazole or tinidazole.
Classification of cestodes
Tapeworms are flat, segmented parasitic worms that infect the intestines. There are two main types: pseudophyllideans and cyclophyllideans. Pseudophyllideans like Diphyllobothrium latum (the fish tapeworm) have two slit-like grooves and develop through two intermediate hosts. Cyclophyllideans like Taenia saginata have four cup-like suckers and do not require intermediate hosts. Symptoms of infection depend on the tapeworm species and location. Diagnosis involves finding eggs or proglottid segments in stool or removing the worm surgically.
Clonorchiasis sinensis
1) Clonorchis sinensis is a food-borne trematode parasite known as the oriental liver fluke. It infects over 30 million people in Asia, mainly in China and Taiwan.
2) It has a complex life cycle involving freshwater snails and fish as intermediate hosts. Humans become infected by eating raw or undercooked freshwater fish containing the infective metacercariae.
3) Most infections are asymptomatic but can cause liver inflammation and damage. Heavy infections may lead to complications like cholangitis, cholecystitis and liver cirrhosis. Diagnosis involves finding characteristic eggs in stool or bile. Praziquantel treatment is highly effective.
Fasciola hepatica
Fasciola hepatica, commonly known as the sheep liver fluke, is a parasitic flatworm that infects the livers of sheep and cattle. It can also infect humans. The adult fluke lives in the bile ducts of the liver and lays eggs that pass in the feces. The life cycle requires an intermediate snail host to continue development. People become infected by ingesting metacercariae encysted on aquatic plants like watercress. Clinical symptoms in humans range from fever and abdominal pain during migration to liver damage and obstruction of the bile ducts in chronic infections. Diagnosis is confirmed by finding characteristic eggs in stool or biopsy samples. Treatment involves medications like triclabendazole.
Cryptosporidium
Cryptosporidiosis is caused by Cryptosporidium parasites and causes diarrhea in livestock and humans. It is transmitted through the fecal-oral route. There are 18 known Cryptosporidium species that can infect humans and animals. Some species only infect single host types while others can infect multiple species. Cryptosporidium forms oocysts that are resistant to chlorine and can lead to large waterborne outbreaks like the 1993 Milwaukee outbreak that infected 400,000 people. Symptoms in humans and livestock include watery diarrhea. There is no vaccine and treatment involves supportive care. Prevention involves handwashing and avoiding contact with infected individuals and young animals.
Clonorchis sinensis (Liver flukes).pptx
Clonorchis sinensis is a liver fluke parasite that infects humans when they ingest raw or undercooked freshwater fish containing the parasite's larval stage. The parasite matures in the bile ducts of the liver and gallbladder, causing inflammation, thickening of duct walls, and obstruction. Heavy infections can lead to cholecystitis, cholangitis, and long-term complications like liver cirrhosis. Most light infections are asymptomatic, but heavy acute infections may cause fever, jaundice, hepatomegaly, and eosinophilia. Diagnosis is made by finding the parasite's eggs in stool samples or duodenal fluid.
Liver flukes
This document describes the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica. It details their taxonomy, life cycle, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Fasciola species have a complex life cycle involving an aquatic snail as the first intermediate host and water plants as the second intermediate host. Humans and ruminants can become infected by ingesting metacercariae on contaminated water plants or water. Infection causes fascioliasis and symptoms range from asymptomatic to abdominal pain. Diagnosis involves finding eggs in stool or through serology. Treatment includes drugs like bithionol and triclabendazole.
Leishmania donovani
Leishmania donovani is a parasite endemic to parts of India, China, Africa, Southern Europe, South America, and Russia. It has both an amastigote stage inside human cells and a promastigote stage in the gut of sandflies. The life cycle involves transmission between humans and sandflies. In humans it causes visceral leishmaniasis with symptoms like fever, enlarged spleen and liver, and anemia. Diagnosis involves microscopy of tissues or culture. Treatment is with antimony compounds or pentamidine.
Giardia lamblia
This document discusses Giardia lamblia, a unicellular parasite that causes giardiasis. Some key points:
- G. lamblia was first observed by Van Leeuwenhoek in 1681 and causes traveler's diarrhea or beaver fever. It inhabits the small intestine as a trophozoite attached to the mucosa.
- The infective stage is the cyst, which is ingested through contaminated food or water or from contact with infected flies or food handlers. The cyst contains 4 nuclei and can survive outside the host.
- Symptoms of giardiasis include diarrhea, flatulence, and greasy stool. The infection is common in children. The
Entamoeba histolytica
1. Entamoeba histolytica is one of the most important pathogenic protozoa that infects humans. It causes amebiasis through the transmission of infective cysts from feces to mouth via contaminated food or water.
2. The life cycle involves cyst ingestion, excystation in the small intestine, colonization of the large intestine by trophozoites, and formation of cysts that are passed in feces. Trophozoites can invade the intestinal lining and spread to other organs.
3. Symptoms range from mild abdominal discomfort to severe dysentery. Most infections are asymptomatic but some can cause life-threatening extra-intestinal complications like liver abscesses if left untreated
Entamoeba coli
Entamoeba coli is a non-pathogenic species of Entamoeba that commonly lives in the human gut. It is important for doctors to distinguish E. coli from the pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica under the microscope since they look similar. E. coli has trophozoites that are 12-55 micrometers and cysts that are 8-35 micrometers, with 1-8 nuclei. It colonizes the intestines after ingesting cysts and the trophozoites produce more cysts that are passed in stool. Stool examination can detect E. coli trophozoites and cysts, but infections usually do not cause symptoms so treatment is not needed.
schistosoma japanicum
Schistosoma japonicum is a trematode worm that causes liver and gastrointestinal disease in humans. It is endemic to parts of China, Japan, the Philippines, and Indonesia. The worm has a complex life cycle involving freshwater snails as intermediate hosts and humans as definitive hosts. Eggs are passed in feces and hatch into larvae that infect snails, developing into cercariae that penetrate human skin, mature into adult worms in the liver and intestines, and lay eggs perpetuating the cycle. Chronic infection results in liver fibrosis and portal hypertension. Symptoms range from itching and rash during acute infection to gastrointestinal bleeding and organ damage in chronic cases. Diagnosis involves microscopic identification of eggs
trichenella spiralis
The document summarizes Trichinella spiralis, a parasitic roundworm that can infect humans and cause trichinosis. Key points:
- T. spiralis has a complex life cycle involving an intestinal phase in hosts and an encapsulated muscle phase that can persist for decades.
- Common symptoms in humans include nausea, vomiting, fever and muscle pain as the larvae migrate and cysts form in muscles.
- Transmission occurs through ingesting undercooked meat from infected pigs and other reservoir hosts like bears that harbor the parasite.
Entamaoeba Histolytica (Exam Point of View)
Entamoeba histolytica was first discovered by Losch in 1875.
It is worldwide distribution.
It is prevalent in tropical and subtropical countries where sanitary conditions are poor.
In india, it is prevalent in Chandigarh, Tamil Nadu & Maharashtra.
It is found in the colon of man.
It is monogenetic because the whole life cycle completed within a single host, i.e. man.
Balantidium coli
Balantidium coli es un protozoo parásito que causa balantidiasis, una enfermedad intestinal. Se reproduce por división binaria en el intestino grueso humano, donde sus trofozoitos móviles pueden causar síntomas como diarrea, dolor abdominal y deposiciones con sangre. Los quistes infecciosos se eliminan en las heces y pueden transmitirse a otros huéspedes a través del agua o los alimentos contaminados.
Balantidiasis
Balantidium coli es un protozoario parásito que causa la balantidiasis, una infección intestinal distribuida en todo el mundo. Se transmite a través de quistes infectantes que penetran el tracto digestivo humano y se liberan en el intestino delgado. Puede causar ulceraciones en el intestino grueso que conducen a síntomas como diarrea, dolor abdominal y fiebre. El diagnóstico se realiza mediante coproparasitoscopia y el tratamiento incluye antibióticos como la tetraciclina, diyodohid
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Cryptosporidium parvum
Cryptosporidium parvum is a protozoan parasite that causes cryptosporidiosis. It infects the intestinal epithelial cells and is transmitted through the fecal-oral route, often through contaminated water. The parasite undergoes both asexual and sexual reproduction in the small intestine, forming oocysts that are shed in feces and are immediately infectious. Infection causes watery diarrhea that can last for weeks and lead to dehydration, especially in young children and immunocompromised individuals. Diagnosis is through microscopic identification of oocysts in stool samples and treatment options are limited. Prevention involves proper hygiene, water treatment, and food safety practices.
Taenia solium & Taenia saginata
Taenia solium and Taenia saginata are two tapeworm species that infect humans. T. solium, the pork tapeworm, has pigs as the intermediate host and can cause cysticercosis in humans if eggs are ingested. T. saginata, the beef tapeworm, uses cattle as the intermediate host. Diagnosis involves finding eggs or proglottids in stool. Cysticercosis presents differently depending on the infected tissue, such as subcutaneous nodules or neurological symptoms if the brain is affected. Prevention focuses on proper food handling and sanitation.
Diphyllobothrium Latum
Dibothriocephalus latus is a pseudophyllidea cestode called chinese tapeworm have 2 suckers within scolex. it has 2 intermediate hosts first is the copepod and the second is fish before mammalian ( dog, cat, bear, human.. etc.) will eat it to become an adult tapeworm.
E. histolytica
This document discusses Entamoeba histolytica, an intestinal protozoan parasite. It covers the classification, geographical distribution, life cycle, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of E. histolytica. Key points include that E. histolytica causes amoebiasis and can lead to intestinal or extra-intestinal infections. Symptoms range from mild diarrhea to severe dysentery. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of stool or biopsy samples. Treatment involves use of amoebicide drugs like metronidazole. Prevention focuses on proper sanitation and water treatment to avoid contamination.
Intestinal protozoa ( entamoeba, giardia, dientamoeba
This document provides a classification and overview of intestinal protozoa including Entamoeba, Giardia, Dientamoeba, Trichomonas, and Balantidium. It describes the morphology, life cycles, pathogenicity and clinical manifestations of Entamoeba histolytica, the causative agent of amebiasis. Laboratory diagnosis and treatment options for intestinal amebiasis and extraintestinal complications like hepatic amebiasis are also summarized. The document briefly mentions other non-pathogenic intestinal amoebae including Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba dispar, Entamoeba hartmanni, Entamoeba gingivalis, Endolimax n
Intestinal trematodes
The document summarizes the morphology, life cycles, epidemiology, pathology, diagnosis, treatment and control of three intestinal trematodes: Fasciolopsis buski, Heterophyes heterophyes, and Metagonimus yokogawai. F. buski is the largest fluke that lives in the small intestine and releases eggs that develop in snails and freshwater plants consumed by humans. H. heterophyes and M. yokogawai have similar indirect life cycles involving snails and infected fish as intermediate hosts. They can cause abdominal pain, diarrhea and granulomatous lesions as adults in the intestine. Diagnosis is by identifying eggs in stool and treatment is praziquantel
Giardia lamblia
The document discusses Giardia lamblia (also known as Giardia intestinalis), a protozoan parasite that infects the small intestine and causes giardiasis. It was first observed microscopically in 1681. It attaches to the small intestine epithelium and reproduces via binary fission. The life cycle involves ingestion of dormant cysts found in contaminated water or food, which excyst in the intestine to the active trophozoite stage before becoming cysts again. Symptoms include diarrhea. Laboratory diagnosis involves detecting cysts or trophozoites microscopically in stool samples. Treatment involves medications like metronidazole or tinidazole.
Classification of cestodes
Tapeworms are flat, segmented parasitic worms that infect the intestines. There are two main types: pseudophyllideans and cyclophyllideans. Pseudophyllideans like Diphyllobothrium latum (the fish tapeworm) have two slit-like grooves and develop through two intermediate hosts. Cyclophyllideans like Taenia saginata have four cup-like suckers and do not require intermediate hosts. Symptoms of infection depend on the tapeworm species and location. Diagnosis involves finding eggs or proglottid segments in stool or removing the worm surgically.
Clonorchiasis sinensis
1) Clonorchis sinensis is a food-borne trematode parasite known as the oriental liver fluke. It infects over 30 million people in Asia, mainly in China and Taiwan.
2) It has a complex life cycle involving freshwater snails and fish as intermediate hosts. Humans become infected by eating raw or undercooked freshwater fish containing the infective metacercariae.
3) Most infections are asymptomatic but can cause liver inflammation and damage. Heavy infections may lead to complications like cholangitis, cholecystitis and liver cirrhosis. Diagnosis involves finding characteristic eggs in stool or bile. Praziquantel treatment is highly effective.
Fasciola hepatica
Fasciola hepatica, commonly known as the sheep liver fluke, is a parasitic flatworm that infects the livers of sheep and cattle. It can also infect humans. The adult fluke lives in the bile ducts of the liver and lays eggs that pass in the feces. The life cycle requires an intermediate snail host to continue development. People become infected by ingesting metacercariae encysted on aquatic plants like watercress. Clinical symptoms in humans range from fever and abdominal pain during migration to liver damage and obstruction of the bile ducts in chronic infections. Diagnosis is confirmed by finding characteristic eggs in stool or biopsy samples. Treatment involves medications like triclabendazole.
Cryptosporidium
Cryptosporidiosis is caused by Cryptosporidium parasites and causes diarrhea in livestock and humans. It is transmitted through the fecal-oral route. There are 18 known Cryptosporidium species that can infect humans and animals. Some species only infect single host types while others can infect multiple species. Cryptosporidium forms oocysts that are resistant to chlorine and can lead to large waterborne outbreaks like the 1993 Milwaukee outbreak that infected 400,000 people. Symptoms in humans and livestock include watery diarrhea. There is no vaccine and treatment involves supportive care. Prevention involves handwashing and avoiding contact with infected individuals and young animals.
Clonorchis sinensis (Liver flukes).pptx
Clonorchis sinensis is a liver fluke parasite that infects humans when they ingest raw or undercooked freshwater fish containing the parasite's larval stage. The parasite matures in the bile ducts of the liver and gallbladder, causing inflammation, thickening of duct walls, and obstruction. Heavy infections can lead to cholecystitis, cholangitis, and long-term complications like liver cirrhosis. Most light infections are asymptomatic, but heavy acute infections may cause fever, jaundice, hepatomegaly, and eosinophilia. Diagnosis is made by finding the parasite's eggs in stool samples or duodenal fluid.
Liver flukes
This document describes the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica. It details their taxonomy, life cycle, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Fasciola species have a complex life cycle involving an aquatic snail as the first intermediate host and water plants as the second intermediate host. Humans and ruminants can become infected by ingesting metacercariae on contaminated water plants or water. Infection causes fascioliasis and symptoms range from asymptomatic to abdominal pain. Diagnosis involves finding eggs in stool or through serology. Treatment includes drugs like bithionol and triclabendazole.
Leishmania donovani
Leishmania donovani is a parasite endemic to parts of India, China, Africa, Southern Europe, South America, and Russia. It has both an amastigote stage inside human cells and a promastigote stage in the gut of sandflies. The life cycle involves transmission between humans and sandflies. In humans it causes visceral leishmaniasis with symptoms like fever, enlarged spleen and liver, and anemia. Diagnosis involves microscopy of tissues or culture. Treatment is with antimony compounds or pentamidine.
Giardia lamblia
This document discusses Giardia lamblia, a unicellular parasite that causes giardiasis. Some key points:
- G. lamblia was first observed by Van Leeuwenhoek in 1681 and causes traveler's diarrhea or beaver fever. It inhabits the small intestine as a trophozoite attached to the mucosa.
- The infective stage is the cyst, which is ingested through contaminated food or water or from contact with infected flies or food handlers. The cyst contains 4 nuclei and can survive outside the host.
- Symptoms of giardiasis include diarrhea, flatulence, and greasy stool. The infection is common in children. The
Entamoeba histolytica
1. Entamoeba histolytica is one of the most important pathogenic protozoa that infects humans. It causes amebiasis through the transmission of infective cysts from feces to mouth via contaminated food or water.
2. The life cycle involves cyst ingestion, excystation in the small intestine, colonization of the large intestine by trophozoites, and formation of cysts that are passed in feces. Trophozoites can invade the intestinal lining and spread to other organs.
3. Symptoms range from mild abdominal discomfort to severe dysentery. Most infections are asymptomatic but some can cause life-threatening extra-intestinal complications like liver abscesses if left untreated
Entamoeba coli
Entamoeba coli is a non-pathogenic species of Entamoeba that commonly lives in the human gut. It is important for doctors to distinguish E. coli from the pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica under the microscope since they look similar. E. coli has trophozoites that are 12-55 micrometers and cysts that are 8-35 micrometers, with 1-8 nuclei. It colonizes the intestines after ingesting cysts and the trophozoites produce more cysts that are passed in stool. Stool examination can detect E. coli trophozoites and cysts, but infections usually do not cause symptoms so treatment is not needed.
schistosoma japanicum
Schistosoma japonicum is a trematode worm that causes liver and gastrointestinal disease in humans. It is endemic to parts of China, Japan, the Philippines, and Indonesia. The worm has a complex life cycle involving freshwater snails as intermediate hosts and humans as definitive hosts. Eggs are passed in feces and hatch into larvae that infect snails, developing into cercariae that penetrate human skin, mature into adult worms in the liver and intestines, and lay eggs perpetuating the cycle. Chronic infection results in liver fibrosis and portal hypertension. Symptoms range from itching and rash during acute infection to gastrointestinal bleeding and organ damage in chronic cases. Diagnosis involves microscopic identification of eggs
trichenella spiralis
The document summarizes Trichinella spiralis, a parasitic roundworm that can infect humans and cause trichinosis. Key points:
- T. spiralis has a complex life cycle involving an intestinal phase in hosts and an encapsulated muscle phase that can persist for decades.
- Common symptoms in humans include nausea, vomiting, fever and muscle pain as the larvae migrate and cysts form in muscles.
- Transmission occurs through ingesting undercooked meat from infected pigs and other reservoir hosts like bears that harbor the parasite.
Entamaoeba Histolytica (Exam Point of View)
Entamoeba histolytica was first discovered by Losch in 1875.
It is worldwide distribution.
It is prevalent in tropical and subtropical countries where sanitary conditions are poor.
In india, it is prevalent in Chandigarh, Tamil Nadu & Maharashtra.
It is found in the colon of man.
It is monogenetic because the whole life cycle completed within a single host, i.e. man.
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Intestinal protozoa ( entamoeba, giardia, dientamoeba
Intestinal protozoa ( entamoeba, giardia, dientamoeba
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Balantidium coli
Balantidium coli es un protozoo parásito que causa balantidiasis, una enfermedad intestinal. Se reproduce por división binaria en el intestino grueso humano, donde sus trofozoitos móviles pueden causar síntomas como diarrea, dolor abdominal y deposiciones con sangre. Los quistes infecciosos se eliminan en las heces y pueden transmitirse a otros huéspedes a través del agua o los alimentos contaminados.
Balantidiasis
Balantidium coli es un protozoario parásito que causa la balantidiasis, una infección intestinal distribuida en todo el mundo. Se transmite a través de quistes infectantes que penetran el tracto digestivo humano y se liberan en el intestino delgado. Puede causar ulceraciones en el intestino grueso que conducen a síntomas como diarrea, dolor abdominal y fiebre. El diagnóstico se realiza mediante coproparasitoscopia y el tratamiento incluye antibióticos como la tetraciclina, diyodohid
Balantidiasis
La balantidiasis es una infección intestinal causada por el protozoo Balantidium coli. Se transmite a través de la ingestión de quistes de B. coli presentes en heces contaminadas de cerdos u otros mamíferos. Los síntomas van desde casos asintomáticos hasta diarrea aguda e incluso disentería. El diagnóstico se realiza a través de exámenes parasitológicos de las heces y la terapia incluye medicamentos como metronidazol. Las medidas de prevención involucran mejorar la higiene personal, coc
Intestinal Flagellates
This document summarizes information about various intestinal flagellates and ciliates that can infect humans. It discusses the taxonomy, morphology, life cycles, transmission routes, pathogenesis and treatment of several important species, including Giardia lamblia, Chilomastix mesnili, Trichomonas species, Balantidium coli, and Ichthyopthirius multifiliis. Key points covered include the stages, structures and habitats of these parasites as well as how they are transmitted and can cause disease in humans or other hosts.
Parasitologia - Balantidium coli
Balantidium coli é um protozoário parasita do intestino grosso humano que causa a balantidiose. É o maior protozoário que pode infectar os humanos, medindo entre 60-90μm de comprimento. A infecção ocorre pela ingestão de cistos do parasita e pode causar sintomas como febre, náuseas, vômitos e diarreia com muco e sangue. O diagnóstico é feito pela visualização de trofozoitos e/ou cistos nas fezes e o tratamento é realizado com tetraciclina ou
Balantidium coli
Balantidium coli es un protozoo parásito que infecta el intestino grueso humano. Tiene un ciclo vital simple que implica la ingestión de quistes, la exquistación y la invasión de los trofozoitos en el intestino grueso. Los trofozoitos tienen cilios y vacuolas contráctiles y se transmiten de persona a persona o de cerdos a personas a través de la vía fecal-oral. La infección puede causar dolor abdominal, diarrea y sangrado rectal. Se diagnostica examinando las heces al microscopio
Trypanosoma
Este documento presenta la taxonomía, morfología, ciclo de vida y especies más importantes del género Trypanosoma. Trypanosoma cruzi causa la enfermedad de Chagas y se transmite a humanos a través de chinches infectadas. Su ciclo de vida involucra una fase en el vector y otra en el huésped mamífero. Otras especies como T. brucei causan tripanosomiasis en humanos y animales en África.
STOOL EXAMINATION
This document provides an overview of stool examination, including definitions, composition, collection procedures, macroscopic and microscopic examination techniques, normal values, and chemical tests. It discusses analyzing stool for color, consistency, odor, occult blood, parasites, leukocytes, pH, fat and reducing substances content to diagnose various gastrointestinal conditions. Microscopic examination involves saline and iodine slide preparations while chemical tests include occult blood, pH, fat and reducing substances analyses. Stool examination is an important diagnostic tool in ayurveda and modern medicine for gastrointestinal disease evaluation.
Balantidium coli
El documento trata sobre Balantidium coli, un parásito protozoario que causa la enfermedad balantidiasis. Se transmite a través del mecanismo fecal-oral y su ciclo de vida incluye formas que habitan en el intestino humano y animales. Provoca síntomas como dolor abdominal y diarrea. Su diagnóstico se realiza a través de exámenes de heces y su tratamiento depende del caso.
Ciliated protozoa
This document discusses the ciliated protozoan Balantidium coli. It provides details on the morphology and life cycle of both the trophozoite and cyst stages. It examines prepared slides under the microscope and compares the pathology caused by B. coli to Entamoeba histolytica. The reservoir host of B. coli is pigs and the laboratory methods for identification include stool examination and sigmoidoscopy. An update section discusses the first report of biomineralized silicon discovered in the ciliate Maryna umbrellata.
Balantidium coli
Balantidium coli es un protozoo ciliado que puede infectar cerdos y monos y causar enfermedades en humanos a través de la ingestión de quistes contaminados. Los síntomas incluyen disentería, abscesos hepáticos y pulmonares, y peritonitis. El diagnóstico se realiza identificando los trofozoitos ciliados o quistes en muestras fecales, y el tratamiento incluye medicamentos como la metronidazol.
Stool examination dr.vinutha
Complete description of various types of Stool examination with interpretation as per modern science and ayurveda
Trypanosomiasis
African trypanosomiasis, also known as sleeping sickness, is caused by microscopic parasites of the species Trypanosoma brucei which is transmitted by the tsetse fly found in rural Africa. The disease has been a serious public health problem in some regions of sub-Saharan Africa. Symptoms in advanced stages include alteration of biological clocks, confusion, slurred speech, seizures and difficulty walking or talking which can lead to death if not treated. Treatment options include drugs like diminazene and suramin, while prevention focuses on reducing reservoirs of infection and the presence of tsetse flies through screening programs and early diagnosis.
Protozoan parasites
This document provides information about various protozoan parasites classified as amoebas. It describes the morphology, life cycles, and pathogenic characteristics of several intestinal amoebas that can infect humans, including Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba coli, Endolimax nana, Entamoeba gingivalis, Dientamoeba fragilis, and Iodamoeba butschlii. For each parasite, it details their trophozoite and cyst stages, structures, sites of infection, and methods of diagnosis and treatment. The document aims to educate on the classification, identification, and clinical significance of different amoeba species.
Intestinal flagellates. j.h.c
This document discusses the intestinal flagellate Giardia intestinalis. It describes the two stages of G. intestinalis as trophozoite and cyst. The trophozoite is oval to pear shaped and 9-20μm in length. The cyst is 8-18μm in length and contains 4 nuclei. G. intestinalis has a worldwide distribution and causes giardiasis in humans. It is transmitted through ingestion of cysts from contaminated water or food. Symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and malabsorption. Treatment involves medications like metronidazole. Prevention relies on water filtration and hygiene.
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Este documento presenta la estructura básica para el diseño de un curso. Propone incluir información general como el programa, objetivos y equipo docente. También recomienda una presentación del curso, una encuesta inicial y material didáctico con contenidos y bibliografía. Finalmente, sugiere incorporar actividades como dinámicas de presentación, tareas individuales y debates en foros.
Makalah ilmiah penyakit balantidiasis
Penyakit Balantidiasis disebabkan oleh parasit Balantidium coli yang menginfeksi saluran pencernaan. Parasit ini menyebabkan gejala gangguan pencernaan seperti diare dan nyeri perut. Penularannya terjadi melalui konsumsi air atau makanan yang terkontaminasi oleh tinja yang mengandung kista parasit. Pencegahannya meliputi hygiene dan sanitasi yang baik serta penyuluhan tentang kebersihan.
Balantidiasis
Balantidium coli es un parásito protozoario que puede infectar al hombre y los cerdos, causando balantidiasis. Se transmite a través de la ingestión de quistes de B. coli presentes en heces contaminadas, los cuales germinan en el intestino grueso causando úlceras. Los síntomas pueden incluir diarrea, dolor abdominal y disentería. El diagnóstico se realiza mediante examen microscópico de heces y el tratamiento es con medicamentos como metronidazol o tinidazol.
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Similar to Lab 13 balantidiasis
Balantidium coli
Balantidium coli is the largest protozoan parasite that infects humans. It has two stages - the trophozoite stage, which is actively motile, and the cyst stage, which is the infective stage found in feces. B. coli's natural host is pigs, but it can infect humans through ingestion of contaminated food or water containing cysts. In humans, it causes the disease balantidiasis through invasion and ulceration of the large intestine. Symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal pain, and bloody stool. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of stool samples for trophozoites or cysts. Treatment involves antibiotics like tetracycline or metronidazole.
balantidiumcoli-140225040255-phpapp01 2.pdf
Balantidium coli
Interdiction
Structure
Geographical distribution
Lifecycle
Pathology and pathogenesis
Treatment
Prevention and control
BALANTIDIUM COLI.ppt
Ciliates are protozoans that have both trophozoite and cyst stages. Balantidium coli is the largest protozoan parasite of humans and is pathogenic. It is acquired through ingestion of contaminated food, water, or surfaces with pig feces containing the cyst stage. The life cycle involves ingestion of cysts, excystation in the small intestine, the trophozoite stage in the large intestine where it replicates and some invade the colon wall, and then some trophozoites encyst and are passed in feces. Balantidial dysentery can occur if the colon wall is invaded, causing blood and mucus in the stool. Diagnosis is by finding the trophozoite or cyst
b.coli
Balantidium coli is the largest protozoan parasite that can infect humans. It causes the disease balantidiasis, which resembles amoebic dysentery and can cause diarrhea, abdominal pain, and bloody stool. The parasite lives in the large intestine of humans and other primates. It is transmitted through the fecal-oral route. Diagnosis involves microscopic identification of trophozoites or cysts in stool samples. Treatment involves antibiotics like metronidazole or tetracycline.
Balantidium coli.pptx
This document discusses two genera of ciliates - Balantidium and Buxtonella. Balantidium coli infects the large intestines of humans, pigs, rats and monkeys. It causes balantidial dysentery through tissue invasion and damage. Symptoms include diarrhea and dysentery. Buxtonella sulcata infects the large intestines of cattle and buffaloes but may not cause pathology. It can be differentiated from B. coli by its trophozoite morphology which has a prominent curved groove.
balantidium coli.pptx
Balantidium coli is a protozoan parasite that causes the disease balantidiasis in humans. It is the largest protozoan known to infect humans and lives in the large intestine. Humans typically acquire the infection through ingesting cysts from the feces of pigs, which are the main reservoir. Symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal pain, and ulceration of the gut wall. Diagnosis is made by examining cysts or trophozoites in stool samples under a microscope. Treatment involves antibiotics like tetracycline, metronidazole, or iodoquinol. Prevention focuses on proper sanitation and disposal of human and pig feces to avoid fecal-oral transmission.
Balantidium coli.pptx
This document discusses ciliates and two genera - Balantidium and Buxtonella. It describes Balantidium coli, which infects the large intestine of humans, pigs, rats and monkeys. B. coli trophozoites are 50-60um long and reproduce by binary fission. It causes the disease balantidial dysentery in pigs. Buxtonella sulcata infects the large intestine of cattle and buffaloes, with trophozoites measuring 60-138um long. While B. sulcata may not cause pathology, heavy infections can cause enteritis.
ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA
This document provides information on Entamoeba histolytica, the protozoan parasite that causes amoebiasis in humans. It discusses the organism's classification, morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Key points include:
- E. histolytica lives in the large intestine and can cause intestinal amoebiasis or spread to the liver to cause amoebic liver abscess.
- It has three stages - trophozoite, pre-cystic and cystic. Cysts are the infective form passed in feces.
- Infection occurs by ingesting cysts which excyst in the intestine. Trophozoites multiply
non-pathogenic amoeba.pptx
This document describes several non-pathogenic and pathogenic amoeba species. It discusses their characteristics such as habitat, morphology of trophozoite and cyst stages, transmission methods, and prevalence in humans. Some notable amoeba discussed are Entamoeba coli and Entamoeba histolytica which are common gut commensals, as well as Naegleria fowleri and Acanthamoeba species which can cause infections in humans and are typically found in soil and water environments. The document provides detailed information on the life cycles, symptoms, and diagnosis of diseases caused by these pathogenic free-living amoeba.
PHYLUM CILIOPHORA Balantidium coli
This document discusses the protozoan Balantidium coli, which causes the disease balantidiasis. It belongs to the phylum Ciliophora and infects the large intestine of humans and other mammals. It has two stages, a trophozoite stage that actively feeds and divides, and a cyst stage that is resistant and transmits the infection via fecal-oral route. Symptoms include dysentery and diarrhea. Diagnosis involves detecting cysts or trophozoites in stool samples. Treatment involves antibiotics like tetracyclines and metronidazole. Control relies on improved sanitation and water treatment to prevent transmission.
E. histolytica
E. histolytica causes a range of diseases in humans. It can cause asymptomatic intestinal infection or symptomatic amebic colitis characterized by diarrhea, abdominal cramps and pain. Rarely, it can cause a severe, fulminant colitis with toxic megacolon. It is also known to cause amebic liver abscess when trophozoites spread from the intestine to the liver via the portal vein. E. histolytica exhibits a complex life cycle alternating between the infective cyst form and the invasive trophozoite form.
balantidium coli.pptx
Balantidium coli
morphology, lifecycle, pathology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and control
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Basic information of Giardia lamblia- Morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis, Laboratory diagnosis prevention and control
Entamoeba Coli.pptx
This document discusses medical protozology and various protozoan parasites. It provides details on Entamoeba coli, including its transmission via the fecal-oral route, epidemiology in areas with poor sanitation, lifecycle between trophozoite and cyst forms, and diagnosis via iodine stained stool samples. Treatment involves self-care like hygiene and antibiotics if needed, to prevent reinfection. Education is important for controlling and preventing the spread of such epidemiological diseases.
Class Ciliatae (Ciliates).pptx
Balantidium coli is a ciliated protozoan that can infect humans. It is commonly found in pigs, which are the primary host. The trophozoite lives in the large intestine of pigs and humans where it can multiply and cause dysentery by invading the intestinal wall. Transmission occurs through ingestion of cysts from contaminated food, water, or soil. Diagnosis involves finding the trophozoite or cyst in stool samples under a microscope.
Intestinal and Urogenital Protozoa
This document summarizes several intestinal and urogenital protozoa that are significant to human health, including Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium parvum, and Balantidium coli. It describes the morphology, life cycles, transmission, symptoms, pathology, diagnosis and treatment of amebiasis caused by E. histolytica as well as giardiasis caused by G. lamblia. It also briefly discusses cryptosporidiosis caused by C. parvum and balantidiasis caused by B. coli. The document contains several images that illustrate the microscopic appearance of trophozoites and cysts of these protozoan
pptx.pptx
This document provides an introduction to protozoology, the study of protozoa. It discusses the key characteristics of protozoa including their morphology, occurrence in different habitats, modes of locomotion, nutrition, reproduction, life cycles, classification, medical importance as pathogens, mechanisms of transmission and pathogenesis, and approaches to treatment with antiprotozoal agents. The document serves as an overview of protozoa with a focus on those that are medically relevant.
Medical Microbiology - Parasitology
Habitat:
large intestine.
Disease:
Amoebic dysentery, Amebic colitis, ulcers (flask shape), amoebic liver abscess (ALA)> Extraintestinal amebiasis. Abdominal cramping, anorexia, fatigue, and diarrhea. Additional conditions include infections of the spleen, brain, and lungs.
Host:
Human is the definitive host.
Infective stage:
Mature cyst: 8 to 22 μm, spherical, One to four nuclei. Chromatoid body.
Diagnostic stage:
1. Cyst.
2. Trophozoite: 5 to 70 μm, Pseudopods, directional motility, One nucleus. Cytoplasm may contain red blood cell (diagnostic).
Mode of transmission:
Cysts are ingested via contaminated food or water.
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Lab 13 balantidiasis
- 1. University of Sulaimani School of Science Department of Biology Practical Parasitology 2 nd stage Lab 13: Balantidiasis Ciliates: Balantidium coli
- 4. Balantidium coli bag colon
- 6. Final host : Human. Reservoir host : pigs (Zoonotic). Habitat : cecum and colon. Transmission : faecal-oral route and pigs appear to be the source of most human cases. G.D. Cosmopolitan and can be found wherever pigs are found Disease : Balantidiasis or balantidial dysentry Pig farmer. Balantidium coli
- 9. Balantidium coli Life Cycle Ingestion of Cyst : infective stage
- 10. Balantidium coli Life cycle
- 12. Trophozoites are tissue invaders. They secrete proteolytic enzymes ( Hyaluronidase) which digest the epithelium of the large intestine. Ulceration results in bleeding and secondary bacterial infection. Perforation of the large intestine has occurred in some fatal cases. Balantidium coli: Pathology
- 13. 1. Examination of stool samples, looking for trophozoites and cysts, which are readily identified because of their large size. Cyst Trophozoite Laboratory diagnosis
- 14. 2. Biopsy of the colon: Numerous trophozoites in intestinal tissue.
- 16. Good Luck Access to safe drinking water is everyone’s right
Editor's Notes
- http://www.tntech.edu/wrc/119.htm
- http://www.umanitoba.ca/science/zoology/faculty/dick/z346/balanhome.html Balantidiosis is acquired by humans via the fecal-oral route from the normal host, the pig, where it is asymptomatic. divide by transverse binary fission.
- In areas where pigs are the main domestic animal, the prevalence of human infection can be high. Pig farmers, butchers or people working in slaughterhouses are particularly susceptible to infection. Human infection is fairly rare in temperate areas, although once the infection is established, it can spread to others, particularly where poor environmental sanitation and personal hygiene are found. The organism is cosmopolitan and can be found wherever pigs are found. Disease appears to be a problem mostly of developing countries, where water sources may be contaminated with porcine or human feces. B. coli can become an opportunistic parasite in immunosuppressed hosts living in urban environments, where pigs are not a factor in infection.
- Trophozoite is the disease-producing stage, while the cyst is the infective stage. Both cysts and trophozoites pass in the feces, but only the environmentally-resistant cyst can survive outside the body and contaminate food and water. bean-shaped macronucleus. The mouth (oral apparatus) is located at the tapering anterior end, and the cytopyge (anus) is at the rounded posterior end
- The cyst of Balantidium is the transmissive stage of the organism. Because of its thickened wall, it is protected from desiccation and other environmental stress. It survives best in humid surroundings protected from direct sunlight. The trophic ciliate is reportedly unable to survive passage through the stomach because of the low pH of gastric fluid. Cysts, however, were not produced in cultures of balantidia (32, 80), nor are they produced in cases of acute dysentery.
- When the cyst is eaten, it “hatches” (excysts) in the host’s intestine, releasing the motile form that begins to feed on cell fragments, starch grains and other organic matter. Balantidium has a simple life cycle, as follows: dormant cyst to trophozoite and trophozoite to cyst. Transmission is direct, from a contaminated water or food supply to humans (Fig. 1). No intermediate host, as occurs with many other parasitic species, is needed.
- Balantidium coli is an intestinal protozoan parasite. The life cycle of this parasite is very similar to that of Entamoeba histolytica . Unlike Entamoeba histolytica , the Balantidium coli trophozoites can encyst after being passed in the faeces. Balantidium coli can infect many species of mammal and human infections are most likely acquired by infection from a reservoir host. Death is an infrequent consequence of balantidiosis, but in developing countries with undernourished and overparasitized populations, it can make the difference between a healthy life and chronic debilitation.
- Sexual reproduction as conjugation has been reported for Balantidium , but information is lacking about details of nuclear events.
- The cyst of Balantidium is the transmissive stage of the organism. Because of its thickened wall, it is protected from desiccation and other environmental stress (Fig. 4). It survives best in humid surroundings protected from direct sunlight. The trophic ciliate is reportedly unable to survive passage through the stomach because of the low pH of gastric fluid, but Balantidium trophozoites inoculated into the stomach of guinea pigs have been found in the colon (56). The process of encystment begins in the colon and rectum of the host, and cysts are generally found in formed feces (56). Cysts, however, were not produced in cultures of balantidia (32, 80), nor are they produced in cases of acute dysentery.