This document discusses several nematode parasites that infect humans. It begins by providing background on the phylum Nematoda and describes the life cycle as including egg, larval and adult stages. It then classifies nematode parasites into those that infect the small intestine (Aphasmidia and Phasmidia classes) and those that infect the large intestine (Phasmidia class). Several key nematode species are described in detail, including Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, hookworms (Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale), Strongyloides stercoralis and Capillaria philippinensis. For each species, the
Clonorchis sinensis
Prepared by:
Shafqat Hussain
Taxonomy
Kingdome : Animalia
Phylum : Platyhelminths
Class : Trematoda
Order : Opisthorchiida
Family : Opisthorchiidae
Genus : Clonorchis
Species : C. sinensis
Introduction
•
Clonorchis is also known as the Chinese or oriental liver fluke.
Clonorchis is a liver fluke parasite (trematode or worm) that can
infect the liver, gallbladder, and bile duct.
food born parasite
Host
Definitive Hosts
First intermediate host must always be a snail, mainly
Parafossarulus manchouricus
Life cycle
•
Clonorchis sinensis eggs are discharged in the biliary ducts and in
the stool in an embryonated state
Eggs are ingested by a suitable snail (P. manchouricus)
intermediate host
Eggs release miracidia
which go through several developmental stages (sporocysts, rediae, and
cercariae).
The cercariae are released from the snail and, after a short period
of free-swimming time in water, they come in contact and
penetrate the flesh of freshwater fish, where they encyst as
metacercariae
Infection of humans occurs by ingestion of under cooked, salted,
pickled, or smoked freshwater fish
After ingestion, the metacercariae excyst in the duodenum
and ascend the biliary tract through the ampulla of Vater
Maturation takes approximately one month. The adult flukes
(measuring 10 to 25 mm by 3 to 5 mm) reside in small and
medium sized biliary ducts.
they lay eggs in intestine
the embryonated eggs release in stool.
The eggs are embryonated and contain the larvae called miracidia.
The sporocyst resembles a hollow and simple sac.
Oftentimes, the developing rediae are visible inside the sac.
Redia - At this larval stage, it retains a very simple worm structure.
In some ways, it still resembles a sac.
Pathogenesis
Liver flukes infect the liver, gallbladder, and bile duct in humans.
inflammation in biliary epithelium
Laboratory Findings
Blood routine test: eosinophilia, anemia in severe infection
paragonimiasis is a intracellular food born disease mainly cause by paragonimus westermani (lung fluk) . it is mainly found in middle Asia, central Africa and Latin America. The first intermediate host fresh water snail and second is human.
Parasitology:
The Liver Flukes
Parasites: Fasciola species
Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica
Morphology Adult & Ova
Diagnostic Features
Diagnosis
Mode of Transmission
Disease Produced
Pathology and Symptomology
Incubation period
Life cycle
laboratory diagnosis
treatment
Prevention and control
Hookworm is one of the most important small intestinal nematodes causing iron deficiency anemia. This PPT illustrates hookworms associated with human diseases, life cycle, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of hookworm infection.
Clonorchis sinensis
Prepared by:
Shafqat Hussain
Taxonomy
Kingdome : Animalia
Phylum : Platyhelminths
Class : Trematoda
Order : Opisthorchiida
Family : Opisthorchiidae
Genus : Clonorchis
Species : C. sinensis
Introduction
•
Clonorchis is also known as the Chinese or oriental liver fluke.
Clonorchis is a liver fluke parasite (trematode or worm) that can
infect the liver, gallbladder, and bile duct.
food born parasite
Host
Definitive Hosts
First intermediate host must always be a snail, mainly
Parafossarulus manchouricus
Life cycle
•
Clonorchis sinensis eggs are discharged in the biliary ducts and in
the stool in an embryonated state
Eggs are ingested by a suitable snail (P. manchouricus)
intermediate host
Eggs release miracidia
which go through several developmental stages (sporocysts, rediae, and
cercariae).
The cercariae are released from the snail and, after a short period
of free-swimming time in water, they come in contact and
penetrate the flesh of freshwater fish, where they encyst as
metacercariae
Infection of humans occurs by ingestion of under cooked, salted,
pickled, or smoked freshwater fish
After ingestion, the metacercariae excyst in the duodenum
and ascend the biliary tract through the ampulla of Vater
Maturation takes approximately one month. The adult flukes
(measuring 10 to 25 mm by 3 to 5 mm) reside in small and
medium sized biliary ducts.
they lay eggs in intestine
the embryonated eggs release in stool.
The eggs are embryonated and contain the larvae called miracidia.
The sporocyst resembles a hollow and simple sac.
Oftentimes, the developing rediae are visible inside the sac.
Redia - At this larval stage, it retains a very simple worm structure.
In some ways, it still resembles a sac.
Pathogenesis
Liver flukes infect the liver, gallbladder, and bile duct in humans.
inflammation in biliary epithelium
Laboratory Findings
Blood routine test: eosinophilia, anemia in severe infection
paragonimiasis is a intracellular food born disease mainly cause by paragonimus westermani (lung fluk) . it is mainly found in middle Asia, central Africa and Latin America. The first intermediate host fresh water snail and second is human.
Parasitology:
The Liver Flukes
Parasites: Fasciola species
Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica
Morphology Adult & Ova
Diagnostic Features
Diagnosis
Mode of Transmission
Disease Produced
Pathology and Symptomology
Incubation period
Life cycle
laboratory diagnosis
treatment
Prevention and control
Hookworm is one of the most important small intestinal nematodes causing iron deficiency anemia. This PPT illustrates hookworms associated with human diseases, life cycle, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of hookworm infection.
Anthelmintics or antihelminthics are drugs that expel parasitic worms and other internal parasites from the body by either stunning or killing them and without causing significant damage to the host. They may also be called vermifuges or vermicides.
Nematode .......parasites of human and further phylogenetic considerationAnzaDar3
Phylum Nematoda
Some important Nematode Parasites of Human
The giant intestinal roundworm of humans
The Human Pinworm
The new World Hookworm
The Porkworm
The Filarial Worm
Further Phylogenetic Considerations
References
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
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5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
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2. PHYLUM NEMATODA
• Nematodes or true roundworms
• Unsegmented, elongated and cylindrical in shape
• Sexes are separate and the females are larger than
males
• Life cycle includes: 1) the egg stage 2) four larval
stage and 3) the adult stage
3. CLASS APHASMIDIA
A. Species which parasitize the small
intestines
1. Trichinella spiralis
2. Capillaria philippinensis
B. Species which parasitize the large
intestines
1. Trichuris trichiura
4. CLASS PHASMIDIA
A. Species which parasitize the small
intestines
1. Ascaris lumbricoides
2. Necator americanus
3. Ancylostoma duodenale
4. Ancylostoma ceylanicum
5. Strongyloides stercoralis
5. CLASS PHASMIDIA
B. Species which parasitize the large
intestines
1. Enterobius vermicularis
C. Species which parasitize the tissues
1. Wuchereria bancrofti
2. Brugia malayi
6. CLASS PHASMIDIA
D. Species which cause larva migrans
in man
1. Ancylostoma braziliense
2. Ancylostoma caninum
3. Angiostrongylus cantonensis
7. Ascaris lumbricoides
Common Name: Giant Intestinal Roundworm
Final Host: Man
Habitat: Small Intestine
Diagnostic Stage: Ova (fertilized or unferilized)
Infective Stage: Embryonated Ova
Sources of Infection: Soil Transmitted Helminthes
Mode of transmission: Ingestion
Portal of Entry: Mouth
8. Ascaris lumbricoides
Morphology:
The adult worms are creamy-white to pinkish
yellow when freshly expelled. The head is provided
with 3 lips and a small triangular buccal cavity
Female: female worm is tapered at both ends and
large (20 to 35 cm long, up to 45cm)
Male: smaller and slender, curve posteriorly and
equip with copulatory spicule
9. 1. Cuticle and hypodermis
2. Longitudinal muscle layer
3. Vas deferens
4. Testis
5. Lateral line with excretory canal
6. Intestine
7. Pseudocoelom
Ascaris lumbricoides – male (cross section)
11. The three lips are seen
at the anterior end. The
margin of each lip is lined
with minute teeth which
are not visible at this
magnification.
Ascaris lumbricoides - lips
12. A fertilized corticated Ascaris egg, still
at the unicellular stage, as they are
passed in stool. All membranes are
present. The outer *mamillary coat,
the middle gycogen and the
innermost vitelline layer.
* Lacking in decorticated ova.
Ascaris lumbricoides - egg
13. The chitinous layer and
albuminous coat are thinner
than those of the fertilized
eggs without ascaroside and
fertilizing membrane. The
content is made of many
refractile granules various in
size.
Ascaris lumbricoides - egg
15. Adult worms live in the lumen of the small intestine.
A female may produce up to 240,000 eggs per day, which are passed with the feces
Fertile eggs embryonate and become infective after 18 days to several
weeks , depending on the environmental conditions (optimum:
moist, warm, shaded soil).
After infective eggs are swallowed , the larvae hatch , invade the
intestinal mucosa, and are carried via the portal, then systemic
circulation to the lungs .
The larvae mature further in the lungs (10-14 days), penetrate the
alveolar walls, ascend the bronchial tree to the throat, and are
swallowed .
Upon reaching the small intestine, they develop into adult worms .
Between 2 and 3 months are required from ingestion of the infective eggs to
oviposition by the adult female. Adult worms can live 1 to 2 years
Ascaris lumbricoides – life cycle
16. Pathology:
Larva:
- Ascaris pneumonitis/ Loeffler’s syndrome
- difficulty in breathing, coughing, fever, lung infiltration
- larva may become ERATIC
Adult:
- diarrhea
- malnutrition
- villi atrophy
- worm bolus/obstruction
Treatment: Mass treatment or Selective Treatment
Drug of choice: Mebendazole or Pyrantel pamoate
Ascaris lumbricoides
17. Ascaris lumbricoides
Diagnosis:
1. Direct Fecal Exam
2. Kato (qualitative) and Kato-katz technique (quantitative)
3. Stool exam
4. Concentration Techniques (Floatation, Sedimentation)
Prevention and Control
18. Trichuris trichiuria
Common Name: Whipworm
Final Host: Man
Habitat: Large Intestine - attached
Diagnostic Stage: Ova
Infective Stage: Embryonated Ova
Sources of Infection: Soil Transmitted Helminthes
Mode of transmission: Ingestion
Portal of Entry: Mouth
19. ADULT MORPHOLOGY
Flesh colored or pinkish slender
worm
Anterior 2/3 of the worm is
attenuated and thin in contrast to
the remaining posterior 1/3 which is
fleshy and robust
“Whip like appearance”
23. The unembryonated eggs are passed with the stool .
In the soil, the eggs develop into a 2-cell stage , an advanced cleavage
stage , and then they embryonate ; eggs become infective in 15 to 30 days.
After ingestion (soil-contaminated hands or food), the eggs hatch in the small
intestine, and release larvae that mature and establish themselves as adults in
the colon .
The adult worms (approximately 4 cm in length) live in the cecum and ascending
colon. The adult worms are fixed in that location, with the anterior portions threaded into
the mucosa. The females begin to oviposit 60 to 70 days after infection. Female worms
in the cecum shed between 3,000 and 20,000 eggs per day. The life span of the adults
is about 1 year.
Trichuris trichiuria – life cycle
24. Trichuris trichiuria
Diagnosis: * same with Ascaris lumbricoides
Pathology:
- diarrhea
- Iron Deficiency Anemia
- rectal prolapse
To declare free from A. lumbricoides and T. trichiuria
- three specimens are negative
- stool negative for egg
- all male parasite
- female worms are still immature (migration stage)
- unfetilized egg (all females or males are still immature)
Drug of choice: Mebendazole
25. The Hookworms
1. Necator americanus
2. Ancylostoma duodenale
3. Ancyiostoma braziliense
4. Ancylostoma caninum
26. Ancylostoma duodenale Necator americanus
Common name: Old world Hookworm New world Hookworm
Body Curvature: “C” shaped “S” shaped
Dental pattern: 2 pairs of teeth Semi lunar cutting plate
Bursa: Dorsal ray, tridigitate or
tripartite
Dorsal ray bidigitate or bifid
Spicule: Plain, bristle-like Barbed, fused
Habitat: Small intestine Small intestine
Diagnostic stage: Ova Ova
Infective stage: L3 (filariform) L3 (filariform)
MOT Skin penetration,
transmammary
Purely percutaneous
27. Ancylostoma duodenale Necator americanus
two pairs of teeth Semi lunar cutting plate
Dorsal ray, tridigitate or
tripartite
Dorsal ray, bifid
29. The Hookworms – life cycle
Eggs are passed in the stool , and under favorable conditions
(moisture, warmth, shade), larvae hatch in 1 to 2 days.
The released rhabditiform larvae grow in the feces and/or the soil ,
and after 5 to 10 days (and two molts) they become become filariform
(third-stage) larvae that are infective
These infective larvae can survive 3 to 4 weeks in favorable environmental
conditions. On contact with the human host, the larvae penetrate the skin
and are carried through the veins to the heart and then to the lungs. They
penetrate into the pulmonary alveoli, ascend the bronchial tree to the
pharynx, and are swallowed .
The larvae reach the small intestine, where they reside and mature
into adults. Adult worms live in the lumen of the small intestine,
where they attach to the intestinal wall with resultant blood loss by
the host
30. The Hookworms
Ova: Thin-shelled
2-4-8 cell stages (blastomeres)
*No species identification
Pathology: anemia
pneumonitis (Wakana Disease)
creeping eruption – cutaneous larva migrans (CML)
Lab test: Stool Exam
Harada Mori Technique
Rx of choice: Albendazole
Mebendazole
31. COMPARATIVE STUDY ON HOOKWORM AND
STRONGYLOIDES STERCORALIS LARVA
Hookworm L1 Strongyloides
long = buccal capsule= short
small = genital primordium= prominent
L3
shorter = esophagus = longer
pointed = tail end = notched
both sheathed
32. Strongyloides stercoralis
Common Name: Threadworm, smallest nematode of man
Final Host: Man
Habitat: Small Intestine
Diagnostic Stage: Rhabditiform Larva
Infective Stage: Filariform Larva
*causative agent of Cochin China Diarrhea
Pathology:
Diarrhea
Honey Comb Ulcer
Lab Test:
Stool Exam
Duodenal Aspirate
Entero Test
35. egg capsule of Strongyloides stercoralis from free-living female. The
larvae is well formed with transparent capsule.
Strongyloides stercoralis
36. Capillaria philippinensis
Common Name: Pudoc worm
Final Host: Man/ other vertebrae
Intermediate host: glass fish
Habitat: Small Intestine
Diagnostic Stage: Ova in stool
Infective Stage: Larva in IH
Sources of Infection: Food borne
Mode of transmission: Ingestion
Portal of Entry: Mouth
38. Capillaria philippinensis – life cycle
(1) Unembryonated eggs deposited in the intestinal lumen of either the avian or
human host are expelled in the feces, whereupon the eggs are released into the
external (usually aqueous) environment.
(2) The unembryonated eggs become embryonated while in the fresh- or brackish-
water.
(3) The embryonated eggs are ingested by fresh- or brackish-water fish. which serve
as the intermediate host for the Capillaria philippinensis. Inside the intestinal lumen of
the fish, the larvae hatch, burrow through the intestinal mucosa, and permeate the
fish's mesenteric and peripheral tissues.
(4) The parasite enters the intestinal lumen of humans, fish-eating birds, and other
animal hosts upon ingestion of raw or undercooked C. philippinensis infected fish.
(5) The adult worms of Capillaria philippinensis burrow into the intestinal mucosa (most
typically of the jejunum).
(6)While in the intestinal lumen of the human or avian host, the female worms deposit
unembryonated eggs, which are subsequently expelled in the host's feces. (Albeit a
rare occurence, the eggs of Capillaria philippinensis may become embryonated within
the intestine of the human host. The subsequent release of infective larvae leads
autoinfection and hyperinfection.
39. Capillaria philippinensis
Morphology:
Female: 2.5-4.4mm
1. Typical Female –egg in uterus (8-10) in single row
2. Atypical Female – viviparous, larvivapous, 40-45 eggs
arranged in 2-3 rows
Male: 2.2-3.2mm
- with chitinized spicule and a long spicule sheath
Female Male
41. Capillaria philippinensis
-Can cause microulceration, depression of intestinal villi
-Borborygmi
-Abdominal pain
-Diarrhea
-Weight loss
-Malabsorption
-Low plasma electrolyte concentration
Pathology:
Laboratory test:
- DFS
- Concentration techniques (FECT)
- examination of duodenal aspirate
Rx of choice:
Albendazole, Mebendazole
42. Enterobius vermicularis
Common Name: Pinworm, seatworm, society
worm
Final Host: Man
Habitat: Large Intestine
Diagnostic Stage: Ova
Infective Stage: embryonated ova
Sources of Infection: Contact borne
Mode of transmission: Ingestion, inhalation
44. Enterobius vermicularis
Eggs are deposited at night by the gravid females.
Eggs are ingested via person-to-person transmission through the handling of
contaminated surfaces (such as clothing, linen, curtains, and carpeting), or airbourne
eggs may be inhaled and swallowed. Self-infection may also occur if eggs are
transferred from to the mouth by fingers that have scratched the perianal area.
After ingestion, larvae hatch from the eggs in the small intestine. The adults then
migrate to the colon. The life span of the adults is about two months. Adults mate in
the colon, and the males die after mating.
Gravid females migrate nocturnally to the anus and ovideposit eggs in the perianal
area. The females die after laying their eggs. The time period from ingestion of
infective eggs to the ovideposition of eggs by females is approximately one month.
The larvae develop and the eggs become infection within 4-6 hours. Newly hatched
larvae may also migrate back into the anus, and this is known as retroinfection.
45. Enterobius vermicularis - morphology
Adult Female: E. vermicularis have a
long, pointed tail (arrow) leading to the
common name of pinworm. They are
about 8-13 mm in length.
Adult Male: The adult male is about
2-5 mm in length and has a curved,
relatively blunt posterior end (arrow).
46. Enterobius vermicularis - morphology
Adult Male: This image shows a
closeup of the male. Note the esophageal
bulb, characteristic of the species, in the
anterior end (black arrow) and the curled
posterior tail with a spicule, characteristic
of the male (red arrow).
Egg: The egg of E. vermicularis is
approximately 25 x 60 um in size. It has a
thin shell and one of the sides is
flattened. Eggs are collected by swabbing
the perianal area during the early morning
with an adhesive tape and then examining
the tape with a microscope.
52. DIAGNOSIS
CSF examination with moderate to high white
blood cell count
- Pleocytosis
Patient history of eating any possible intermediate
host is important
Large numbers of Charcot-Leyden crystals are
present in the meninges
53. FILARIAL WORMS
Family Filariidae
Slender filarial worms
Arthropod-transmitted parasite of the circulatory
and lymphatic system
Medically important species in the Philippines
are Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi
58. DIAGNOSIS
1. Blood smear examination
Sample obtained between 10:00 PM – 2:00 AM
2. Knott’s concentration technique
(2ml blood:10ml of 2% formalin)
3. RDT- ICT- antigen detection (CFA)
59. TREATMENT, PREVENTION AND CONTROL
1. Single dose
- Diethylcarbamazine(DEC)
- Ivermectin
2. DEC-medicated table salt
60. TREATMENT, PREVENTION AND CONTROL
Educate communities about :
- The value of intensive local hygiene
- Awareness on etiology, prevention
and control of filariasis
Personal protective measures may help
prevent contact with mosquito vectors