Trichinella spiralis is a nematode that causes the disease trichinosis. It has a life cycle involving pigs and humans, where larvae encyst in muscle tissue. Humans can become infected by eating undercooked pork containing the larvae. The larvae hatch in the small intestine and mature into adults, reproducing via viviparity. Newborn larvae penetrate the intestinal wall and migrate via the bloodstream to encyst in skeletal muscle, preferentially in the diaphragm, jaw and neck muscles. Clinical features include gastrointestinal and muscle pain as the larvae invade tissues. Diagnosis involves testing for eosinophilia or detecting larvae in muscle biopsies. Treatment involves albendazole and corticosteroids

1. TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS

4. Trichinella spiralis
• Common name: Trichina worm
• Tissue nematode
• Cause: Trichinosis

5. Trichinella spiralis
• Trichos – ella – spiralis
• Europe & America ; much less in tropics &
Oriental countries
• In India- 1996-punjab

6. Trichinella spiralis- Habitat
• Mucosa of small intestine of pig, rat,
bear , & man
• Striated muscles- Encysted larvae
• No free-living forms

7. Trichinella spiralis- Morphology
Claspers
(Clasping
papillae )

10. Trichinella spiralis-Morphology
• Thin & pointed anterior half of body?
• Pair of Claspers at posterior end?
• Viviparous?
• Life span?

11. Trichinella spiralis- Larvae

12. Trichinella spiralis-Trichinella cyst

13. Trichinella spiralis-Trichinella cyst

14. Trichinella spiralis- cyst & larvae

15. Trichinella spiralis-Trichinella cyst
• Shape?
• Formed by?
• Why preferentially in
diaphragm,biceps,muscles of
jaw,extraocular muscles,neck & lower
back?
• Position? Importance?
• Fate?

16. Trichinella spiralis-Life cycle

17. Trichinella spiralis-Life cycle

18. Trichinella spiralis-Life cycle
• How many host?
• Man?
• Infective form?
• Mode of infection?
• Nurse cell?

19. Trichinella spiralis-Pathogenesis
• First stage

20. Trichinella spiralis-Clinical features
• First stage

21. Trichinella spiralis-Pathogenesis
• Second stage

22. Trichinella spiralis-Clinical features
• Second stage

23. Trichinella spiralis-Clinical features

24. Trichinella spiralis-Pathogenesis
• Final stage

25. Trichinella spiralis-Clinical features
• Final stage

26. Trichinella spiralis-Diagnosis

27. Trichinella spiralis-Diagnosis
DIRECT METHODS

28. Trichinella spiralis-Diagnosis
INDIRECT METHODS
• HISTORY
• Eating pork 2 weeks earlier
• Recent –gasteroenteritis
• BLOOD EXAMINATION
• Eosinophilia (20-95%)

30. Trichinella spiralis-Diagnosis
INDIRECT METHODS
• SEROLOGY
• Hypergammaglobinemia-IgE
• ELISA-Confirmatory test: TSL-1 secreting
antigens
• Bentonite flocculation test
• Latex fixation test

31. Trichinella spiralis-Diagnosis
INDIRECT METHODS
• Bachman intradermal test
• 1:5000 or 1:10000 dilution of larval antigen
• Wheel-15 to 20 minutes

32. Trichinella spiralis-Diagnosis
INDIRECT METHODS
• Radiological examination-calcified cysts
• Molecular methods- PCR

33. Trichinella spiralis-Treatment
• Mild cases: supportive treatment

34. Trichinella spiralis-Treatment
• Moderate cases
• Albendazole-BID
• 8days
Or
momendazole

35. Trichinella spiralis-Treatment
• Severe cases
• Add Glucocorticoids-Prednisolone

36. Trichinella spiralis-Prophylaxis

37. Trichinella spiralis-Prophylaxis

38. TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS- KEY POINTS
• Smallest nematode
• Host- optimum & alternative
• Viviparous
• Infective form
• Muscles commoly involved
• Pathogenesis & clinical features
• Diagnosis & treatment