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Balantidiasis ppt.pptx
- 2. Balantidiasis • Background • The first study to generate balantidiasis in humans was undertaken in 1896. • However, this experiment was not successful in creating an infection and it was unclear whether Balantidium coli was the actual parasite used. • The first case of balantidiasis in the Philippines where it is the most common, was reported in 1904.
- 3. Introduction • Balantidium coli is an intestinal protozoan parasite that causes the infection called balantidiasis. • While this type of infection is uncommon in the United States, humans and other mammals can infected with Balantidium coli by ingesting infective cysts from food and water that is contaminated by feces. • Asymptomatic Balantidium infection can cause such symptoms as diarrhea and abdominal pain.
- 4. Where B.coli is endemic • Balantidium coli infection in humans is rare in the United States. • Balantidium coli is found throughout the world, but it is most prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions and developing countries. • Because pigs are an animal reservoir, human infections occur more frequently in areas where pigs are raised. • Especially if good hygiene practice.
- 5. Geograhical Distribution • Balantidium coli occurs worldwide. • Because pigs are the primary reservoir. • Human infections occur more frequently in areas . • where pigs are raised and sanitation is inadequate.
- 6. Host • Swine are the primary reservoir hosts. • Humans can also be reservoirs. • Other potential animal hosts include . • Also rodents and nonhuman primates.
- 7. Site of Infection • Balantidium coli infects the large intestine in humans • Produces infective microscopic cysts that are passed in the feces. • Potentially leading to re-infection or infection of other.
- 8. Morphology • Morphology of Balantidium coli exists in either of two developmental stages: • Trophozoites and cysts. In the trophozoite form. • They can be oblong or spherical. • Typically 30 to 150 µm in length • While 25 to 120 µm in width.
- 9. Tropozoites • Trophozoites are characterized by their large size (40 µm to 200 µm). • The presence of cilia on the cell surface, a cytostome. • A bean shaped macronucleus which is often visible and a smaller. • Less conspicuous micronucleus.
- 10. Life Cycle • Balantidium has a simple life cycle. • A dormant cyst to trophozoite and trophozoite to cyst. • Transmission is direct, from a contaminated water or food supply to humans . • No intermediate host as occurs with many other parasitic species is needed.
- 11. Sign and Symtoms • People who are immune- compromised are the most likely to experience more severe signs and symptoms. • These include persistent diarrhea, dysentery, abdominal pain. • Weight loss, nausea, and vomiting. If left untreated, perforation of the colon can occur.
- 12. Diagnosis • Diagnosis is based on detection of trophozoites in stool samples from symptomatic patients or in tissue collected during endoscopy. • Cysts are less frequently encountered, and are most likely to be recovered from formed stool. • Balantidium coli is passed intermittently and once outside the colon is rapidly destroyed.
- 13. Treatment • Three medications are used most often to treat Balantidium coli, tetracycline, metronidazole, and iodoquinol. • Tetracyclines are contraindicated in pregnancy and in children < 8 years old. • Tetracycline should be taken 1 hour before or 2 hours after meals or ingestion of dairy products.
- 14. Control and Prevention • Balantidium coli infection can prevented when traveling by following ... • Wash your hands with hygiene practices. • Soap and warm water after using the toilet, changing diapers, and before handling food. • Teach children the importance of washing hands to prevent infection.