This document provides information about Cryptosporidium parvum, an enteric protozoan parasite that is one of the most common causes of waterborne illness worldwide. It can cause self-limiting diarrhea in healthy individuals but more severe, prolonged diarrhea in immunocompromised patients. The life cycle and transmission involve fecal-oral contamination of food, water, or surfaces. Diagnosis is via microscopic identification of oocysts in stool smears or antigen detection in stool samples.
A basic description of Leishmania spp. along with Old and New world Leishmaniasis regarding Parasite morphology, Life Cycle, Pathogenesis, Clinical manifestations, Laboratory Diagnosis and Treatment.
A basic description of Leishmania spp. along with Old and New world Leishmaniasis regarding Parasite morphology, Life Cycle, Pathogenesis, Clinical manifestations, Laboratory Diagnosis and Treatment.
Cryptosporidiosis in a young immunocompromised patientDr Shams Afridi
Cryptosporidium is a pathogen of significant public health issue especially in developing countries where water filtration and treatment is not up to the standards.
Strategies Novartis can use to GROW from a Billion Dollar Company to a Trillion Dollar Company like Alphabet Inc
Novartis is a leading healthcare company which is situated in Switzerland and uses digital technologies and innovative science to come up with transformative ways of treatment in areas of great medicinal needs. This article explains what Novartis strategies and what they should employ so that they can rise from a billion dollar company to a trillion dollar company like the Google Alphabet Inc.
Novartis was formed in March 1996 by the merging of pharmaceutical and agrochemical divisions of Ciba-Geigy and Sandoz companies. Thanks to the merging of the two companies, Novartis is one of the biggest pharmaceutical companies in the world. Novartis is one of the largest companies which achieved a great milestone within a few decades. Novartis as a whole is divided into three major divisions: Sandoz (generics), Innovative Medicines and Alcon (eyecare). Novartis is also involved in collaborative research projects that are publicly funded.
Below are some of Novartis best selling drugs and their revenue
1.Cosenty – This is the top selling drug with a revenue of 4.788 billion dollars
2.Enfresto – This has a revenue of 4.644 billions dollars
3.Promacta – This has a revenue 0f 2.088 billion dollars
Medicine manufactured by Novartis and their uses
Medicine Medicine use
Cosentyx Used to treat psoriatic arthritis
Entresto Used to treat heart failure
Lucentis Used to block abnormal vessel growth in the back of the eye
Tasigna Used to treat chronic myelogenous leukemia which has the Philadelphia chromosome
Jakavi Used to treat myelofibrosis, polycythemia vera and graft-versus-host disease
Promacta Used to treat patients with abnormal low platelet count
Sandostatin Used to treat patients with tumor experiencing symptoms like flushing and diarrhea
Xolair Used to treat moderate and severe asthma
Gilenya Used to treat multiple sclerosis
How Novartis became one of the biggest pharmaceutical companies in the world
1.Market control through partnership
Geigy, Sandoz and Ciba combined their power so that they can compete with strong foreign firms and formed a cartel called the Basal Syndicate or Basal IG. Basal IG secured most of the manufacturing facilities all over the US and across Europe. It later joined with IG Farben and other chemical companies to form a big cartel called the Quadrapartite Cartel which dominated all of the European market and enjoyed the profits made from the joint manufacturing.
2.Growth acceleration through mergers
Since competition was very rampant in the pharmaceutical industry, Ciba and Geigy decided to merge with Sandoz AG to form Novartis. With this merge, Novartis became one of the growing giants in the pharmaceutical industry. This made Novartis gain a lot of fame and build a strong reputation over other companies. Novartis majored on agrochemical and pharmaceutical industries which made it easy to focus on a specific mar
Habitat:
large intestine.
Disease:
Amoebic dysentery, Amebic colitis, ulcers (flask shape), amoebic liver abscess (ALA)> Extraintestinal amebiasis. Abdominal cramping, anorexia, fatigue, and diarrhea. Additional conditions include infections of the spleen, brain, and lungs.
Host:
Human is the definitive host.
Infective stage:
Mature cyst: 8 to 22 μm, spherical, One to four nuclei. Chromatoid body.
Diagnostic stage:
1. Cyst.
2. Trophozoite: 5 to 70 μm, Pseudopods, directional motility, One nucleus. Cytoplasm may contain red blood cell (diagnostic).
Mode of transmission:
Cysts are ingested via contaminated food or water.
Cryptosporidium exhibits a monoxenous lifecycle and affects both humans and animals. Infected domestic animals are reservoirs for susceptible humans. in the lifecycle of the cryptosporidium, Thin-wall oocyst (used for autoinfection) and Thick wall oocyst are (thrown into the environment for infecting another host). Invaginate cell membrane and forming #bi-layered membranous vacuole (parasitophorous vacuolar membrane) creates a conducive environment for the parasite for escaping the host immune system.
This is simplified lecture, prepared for MBBS students, Nursing students and other medical students also helpful for NEET preparation.
Reference: Essentials of Medical Microbiology by Apurba S Sastry
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Lab 10 cryptosporidiosis
1. University of Sulaimani School of Science Department of Biology Practical Parasitology 2 nd stage Lab 10: Cryptosporidiosis Enteric Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidium parvum
11. Mouse small intestine infected with Cryptosporidium parvum . Small bodies seem to be on the surface of epithelial cells are various developmental stages of C. parvum enveloped by host cell membrane. H & E stain.
12. TEM of Immature oocyst of C. parvum . TEM of Merozoites of C. parvum. SEM of oocysts of C. parvum .
13. TEM: Meront stage of Cryptosporidium parvum under asexual division (endopolygeny). TEM: Mature type I meront including eight merozoites.
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17. Diagnosis Lane S: Molecular base pair standard (100-bp ladder). Black arrows show the size of standard bands. Lane 1: C. parvum positive fecal specimen. The red arrow shows the diagnostic band for Cryptosporidium parvum zoonotic genotype (size: 435 bp). Cryptosporidium parvum
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Editor's Notes
Crytosporidium parvum is an intracellular but extracytoplasmic, below the cell,s outer membrane, protozoan parasite that causes self-limiting diarrhea in immunocompetent individuals. Currently more than 20 species of Cryptosporidium have been identified, infecting a wide range of hosts. In humans, the majority of cryptosporidiosis cases in most countries are caused by C. hominis or C. parvum Both the parasite and the disease are commonly known as "Crypto.
Until recently, giardiasis was the most frequently reported waterborne disease (112,113). Cryptosporidiosis has now overtaken (go past) giardiasis, with a point estimate of 420,000 annual waterborne cases in the United States (2). Cryptosporidium and Giardia are major causes of diarrhoeal disease in humans, worldwide and are major causes of protozoan waterborne diseases.
As few as 10 to 100 oocysts can initiate an infection. In patients with a normal immune system, the disease manifests itself with watery diarrhea, cramps, nausea and anorexia, lasting ten to fifteen days. In immunocompromised people, such as those receiving immunosuppressant drugs or those infected with HIV-1,( especially those with CD4 counts <200/µl ) symptoms are more severe. The disease is prolonged, and diarrhea can persist for months, even years.
They are “intracellular but extracytoplasmic. Worldwide in temperate and tropical zone More prevalent in rural areas of U.S. More animal contact The main reservoir for Cryptosporidium is domestic animals. [5] Cryptosporidium parvum can reside in 150 different species of mammals such as cattle, sheep, goats, deer, mice and pigs. Non-biting cyclorrhaphan flies are another reservoir. Cryptosporidium parvum is ubiquitous, infecting most mammals, and is highly infectious. Thus everyone is at some risk of acquiring cryptosporidiosis. Prevalence rates of cryptosporidiosis in diarrheal illness range from a few per cent in cooler, more developed countries (0.1-2% overall), to 0.5-10% in warmer, less developed countries. Recent data suggest that 3-4% of AIDS patients in the USA and Europe will become infected with cryptosporidiosis during their symptomatic period. In the developing countries the equivalent numbers are much higher up to 50% in hospital patients with AIDS.
One major outbreak in Milwaukee in 1993 affected over 400,000 persons ( 111 deaths: mostly the immunocompromised, but also elderly and children ). Transmission of C. parvum from household pets is extremely rare, but there is a definite correlation between calves and humans--approximately 50% of calves shed oocysts and the pathogen is present on upwards of 90% of all dairy farms (Juranek, 1995). Animal-person transmission there is a definite correlation between calves and humans. pitfall occurs at a high frequency in day-care centers, where infants or younger children are clustered within classrooms, share toilets and common play areas. Milwaukee Illness Watery diarrhea (93%) Median stools/day=12 (range 1 to 90) Abdominal cramps (84%) Fever (57%) Vomiting (48%)
Infected hosts produce huge quantities of infective stages (oocysts), which are long-living and highly resistant to standard water disinfecting. Methods. Resistant to chlorine, drying, progressive freezing, salt water. The hardy oocyst has been found to be resistant to a number of environmental stresses, including chlorination during drinking water treatment . Therefore water filtering (.1-1.0 microns in diameter) and boiling are the only known means of eliminating the pathogen from the water supply. Oocysts infective for 2-6 months in environment
Oocyst-contaminated water, soil, and vegetables cause infections. The prepatent period is about 4-22 days
Sporulated oocysts, containing 4 sporozoites, are excreted by the infected host through feces and possibly other routes such as respiratory secretions . Transmission of Cryptosporidium parvum and C. hominis occurs mainly through contact with contaminated water (e.g., drinking or recreational water). Occasionally food sources, such as chicken salad, may serve as vehicles for transmission. Many outbreaks in the United States have occurred in waterparks, community swimming pools, and day care centers. Zoonotic and anthroponotic transmission of C. parvum and anthroponotic transmission of C. hominis occur through exposure to infected animals or exposure to water contaminated by feces of infected animals . Following ingestion (and possibly inhalation) by a suitable host , excystation occurs. The sporozoites are released and parasitize epithelial cells (, ) of the gastrointestinal tract or other tissues such as the respiratory tract. In these cells, the parasites undergo asexual multiplication (schizogony or merogony) (, , ) and then sexual multiplication (gametogony) producing microgamonts (male) and macrogamonts (female) . Upon fertilization of the macrogamonts by the microgametes (), oocysts (, ) develop that sporulate in the infected host. Two different types of oocysts are produced, the thick-walled, which is commonly excreted from the host , and the thin-walled oocyst , which is primarily involved in autoinfection. Oocysts are infective upon excretion, thus permitting direct and immediate fecal-oral transmission. Note that oocysts of Cyclospora cayetanensis , another important coccidian parasite, are unsporulated at the time of excretion and do not become infective until sporulation is completed. Refer to the life cycle of Cyclospora cayentanensis for further details.
Pathology / clinical symptoms: Infections are self-limiting in immune competent individuals. In this case symptoms are standard gastrointestinal with cholerae-like watery or mucus diarhea, and varying degrees of cramping as in giardiasis. Immune compromised patients, especially those with AIDS, develop severe diarhea leading to electrolyte imbalance, dehydration and sometimes death. Severe cases result in destruction of intestinal microvilli, In immuno-compromised patients, the extent of infection can extend from esophagus to rectum, and include hepatic and respiratory systems.
Acid-fast stain of infected feces Direct immunofluorescence antibody stain using monoclonal antibody to oocyst wall
Acid-fast stain of infected feces Direct immunofluorescence antibody stain using monoclonal antibody to oocyst wall
A: Agarose gel (2%) analysis of a PCR diagnostic test for detection of Cryptosporidium parvum DNA. PCR was performed using standard ABI protocol. Sample: For PCR testing, samples from suspected birds are collected with fresh cloacal and fecal samples. Swabs must be sterile and transported in a correct medium. Multiple specimens collected over period of time are required for best results. Environmental samples can also be submitted to help evaluate the environment. Handling: Prior to shipping samples should be stored at 4 C. (refrigerator). Samples must be shipped in a padded envelope or box. Samples may be sent by regular mail, but overnight is recommended.
Course of Disease: In healthy individuals, its a self-limiting disease where symptoms persist for 2-4 days then go away. The young and immuno-compromised run a risk of death due to severe dehydration (symptoms can last for weeks to even a lifetime). Also, the pulmonary form can prove to be fatal. Treatment: There is no treatment at this time, other than bed rest and plenty of fluids.