Terminology in Orthodontics
Copyright by Department of Orthodontics
University of Dental Medicine, Yangon
Feel free to request to take it down this slide if you are copyright owner.
A concise and brief presentation on cleaning and shaping of root canals. Colorful and well pictured. Ideal for UG students and PG students to get a good understanding of BMP techniques.
this presentation has all the techniques in impression making in the fabrication of an RPD.
The presentation is available on request. Mail me at apurvathampi@gmail.com
secondary impression / final impression in complete denture.
#prosthodontics
#prostho
BDS 4th year
Nischala Chaulagain
Nobel Medical College , Biratnagar
In prosthodontics, replacing the missing, without affecting the other components of the masticatory system has two main reference the maximum intercupation and the centric relation.
In this lecture discussion of centric relation as reference is exposed.
A concise and brief presentation on cleaning and shaping of root canals. Colorful and well pictured. Ideal for UG students and PG students to get a good understanding of BMP techniques.
this presentation has all the techniques in impression making in the fabrication of an RPD.
The presentation is available on request. Mail me at apurvathampi@gmail.com
secondary impression / final impression in complete denture.
#prosthodontics
#prostho
BDS 4th year
Nischala Chaulagain
Nobel Medical College , Biratnagar
In prosthodontics, replacing the missing, without affecting the other components of the masticatory system has two main reference the maximum intercupation and the centric relation.
In this lecture discussion of centric relation as reference is exposed.
normal and abnormal occlusion for general practitioners.docxDr.Mohammed Alruby
Normal and abnormal occlusion
For general practitioners
Prepared by
Dr. M Alruby
Normal occlusion
it is the usual or accepted relationship for species of teeth in the same jaw and those in the opposing jaw when the teeth are approximated in terminal occlusion and mandibular condyles are in centric position in the glenoid fossa
Normal occlusion in deciduous dentition
1= except the deciduous molars all other teeth are spaced and this spacing is rule or at least not abnormal.
2= curve of spee is less marked than the permanent teeth because:
= Short arch length anteroposterior.
= The cusps of posterior teeth are short and occlusal plane is flat.
3= the buccal cusps of maxillary deciduous molars and the incisal edge of maxillary deciduous incisors overlaps the mandibular one but the degree of overlaps differ because of short cusps.
4= the maxillary incisors and canines are larger than the mandibular one and the mandibular molars are larger than the maxillary one.
5= the long axis of the teeth are nearly parallel to each other.
6= the midline rule and arch symmetry similar to the permanent dentition.
7= all the maxillary teeth except 2nd deciduous molars occlude with two opposing teeth
Occlusal relationship of primary molars:
1= flush terminal plane: occurs where the primary erupt in an end to end fashion
2= A mesial step: is where the distal surface of the mandibular second primary molars is mesial to the distal surface of the second primary maxillary molar, that leads to Class I molars relationship
3= A Distal step: is where the distal surface of the mandibular second primary molar is distal to the distal surface of the second primary maxillary molars leads to class II molar relationship
Figure (1): flush terminal plane figure (2) mesial step figure (3) distal step
Characteristics of normal occlusion in permanent dentition:
1= each arch is regular with the teeth at ideal mesiodistal and buccolingual inclination and the correct proximal contact relationship at each interdental contact area.
2= All teeth must be angulated mesially.
3- The buccal surfaces of incisors are labially inclined, but from the canines posteriorly, the buccal surfaces are progressively more lingually inclined.
4=the dental arch relationships are such that:
= each lower tooth except central incisors contact the corresponding upper tooth and tooth anterior to it.
= the upper arch overlaps the lower arch anteriorly and laterally
Six keys to normal occlusion:
(1) Molar relationship:
*- The mesiobuccal cusp of the upper 1st permanent molar falls within the groove between the mesial and middle cusps of the 1st permanent molar.
*- The mesiopalatal cusp of the upper 1st permanent molar seat in the central fossa of the lower 1st permanent molar.
*- The distal surface of the distal marginal ridge of the upper 1st permanent molar contact and occlude with the mesial surface of the mesial marginal ridge o
Instruments used in oral and maxillofacial surgeryCing Sian Dal
Instruments used in oral and maxillofacial surgery
Copyright (c) Prof. Dr. U Ko Ko Maung
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
University of Dental Medicine, Yangon
Instruments used in oral and maxillofacial surgeryCing Sian Dal
Instruments used in oral and maxillofacial surgery
Copyright (c) Dr. Ko Ko Maung
Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery
University of Dental Medicine, Yangon
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
2. Orthodontics
Orthodontics has been defined as that
branch of dentistry concerned with
growth of the face, development of the
dentition, and prevention and correction
of occlusal anomalies.
3. Overjet
is defined as the horizontal overlap of the incisors. ( or )
The relationship between upper and lower incisors in the
horizontal plane.
Normally the incisors are in contact with the upper incisors
ahead of the lower by only the thickness of the upper
edges ie 2-3 mm overjet is the normal relationship.
Increased overjet - more than 3 mm.
Reduced overject - less than 2 mm
Negative or reverse overjet – the lower incisors are ahead
of the upper incisors.
4. Overjet is measured from the labial surface of the lower
incisor to the labial surface of the upper incisor.
Record the distance for both central incisors.
Get used to making the measurement in the middle of
each incisal edge, keeping the ruler parallel to the
occlusal plane.
This will overcome the local effect of the incisors rotation
and reduce measurement error that may be caused by
variation in head position.
OJ is recorded to the nearest millimeter.
10. Overbite
is defined as vertical overlap of the incisors. ( or )
The overlap of the lower incisors by the upper incisor in
the vertical plane.
Normally the lower incisor edges contact the lingual
surface of the upper incisors at or above the cingulum.
Normal overbite – 2 - 3 mm
Increased or Deep bite – more than 3 mm
Reduced overbite – less than 2 mm.
11. Complete overbite –
An overbite in which the lower incisors contact
either the upper incisors or the palatal mucosa.
Incomplete overbite –
An overbite in which the lower incisors contact
neither the upper incisors nor the palatal
mucosa.
16. Anterior openbite
The lower incisors are not overlapped in the
vertical plane by the upper incisors and do
not occlude with them. (or )
When the patient is viewed from the front and
the teeth are in occlusion, a space can be
seen between the upper and lower incisor
edges.
18. Crossbite - A deviation from the normal bucco-
lingual relationship; may be anterior / posterior / or
unilateral / bilateral .
Anterior crossbite –
This can either be anterior in which case one or
more upper incisors are in lingual occlusion the
lower incisors.
Under bite –
the lower front teeth protrude beyond the upper
teeth .
An underbite is also known as an anterior
crossbite.
21. Posterior crossbite -A transverse
discrepancy in arch relationship .
The lower arch is wider than the upper so that
the buccal cusps of the lower teeth occlude
outside the buccal cusps of the
corresponding upper teeth.
25. Buccal crossbite
Buccal cusps of lower premolars or molars occlude buccally
to the buccal cusps of the upper premolars or molars.
Lingual crossbite
Buccal cusps of lower molars occlude lingual to the lingual
cusps of the upper molars.
Scissors bite
A lingual crossbite at the lower teeth.
One or more upper buccal segment teeth occlude entirely
buccal to the lower arch teeth.
28. Occlusion
Any contact between teeth of opposing dental
arches, usually referring to contact between the
occlusal surfaces.
Ideal occlusion
A theoretical occlusion based on the morphology
of the teeth. (or)
The ideal relationship of the teeth can be defined
in terms of static (or morphological) and functional
occlusion.
30. Normal occlusion
An occlusion which satisfies the requirements of
function and aesthetics but in which there are
minor irregularities of individual teeth.
31. Malocclusion
can be defined as an appreciable deviation
from the ideal that may be considered
aesthetically or functionally unsatisfactory.
(or)
An occlusion in which there is a malrelationship
between the arches in any of the planes of space or
in which there are anomalies in tooth position beyond
the limits of normal.
35. Centric occlusion
A position of maximal intercuspation which is a
position of centric relation.
It is the occlusion of the teeth where the mandible
is in centric relation
A position of maximum intercuspation when the
jaws are in centric relation.
36. Centric relation
It has been defined as the relationship of the mandible
to the cranium that exists when the condyles articulate
with the thinnest avascular portion of their respective
discs in their most anterior – superior position against
the slopes of the articular eminences, regardless of
tooth contact.
(or)
37. Retruded contact position (RCP) or centric
relation (CR)
is the position of the mandible in relation to the
maxilla with the condylar head in its terminal hinge
axis (uppermost and foremost within the glenoid
fossa).
38. Fig : TMJ of a completely
dentate 18 years old man .
The sketch shows the
normal topographical
situation .
39. Habit posture
A postured position of the mandible habitually
maintained either to facilitate the production of an
anterior oral seal or for aesthetic reasons.
Deviation of the mandible
a sagittal movement of the mandible during closure
from a habit posture to a position of centric occlusion.
When the mandible is habitually postured forwards
there may be an upwards and backwards path of
closure into centric occlusion, rather than simple hinge
closure.
40. Displacement of the mandible
When closing from the rest position, the mandible
displaces (either laterally or anteriorly) to avoid a
premature contact.
A sagittal or lateral displacement of the mandible as a
result of a premature contact.
Mandibular displacement are caused by premature
contacts of the teeth that enforce a shift of the mandible to
obtain a position of maximum occlusion.
41. With a lateral displacement such a is produced by a
unilateral crossbite, the position of maximal
intercuspation is not one of centric relation.
An anterior displacemet may be cause by one or more
instanding upper incisors.
When all the incisors are instanding, the displacement is
often associated with overclosure of the mandible
because the control of muscular contraction is disturbed
and the occlusion is established with an overclosd
position of the mandible.
42. Posterior mandibular displacements are quite rare
in an unmutilated dentition but can be found in
Class II division 2 cases where posterior teeth
have been lost.
Mandibular displacements are associated with
quite severe disruption of the pattern of activity of
the muscles of mastication, which will often lead to
pain and dysfunction in the long term.
Treatment to eliminate the displacement is
important
43. Premature contact
An occlusal contact which occurs during
the centric path of closure of the mandible
before maximal cuspal occlusion is
reached.
This may result in either displacement of
the mandible or movement of the tooth or
both.
46. Canine guidance
is present when contact is maintained on the working
side canine teeth during lateral excursion of the mandible.
47. Group function
is present when contacts are maintained between
several teeth on the working side during lateral excursion
of the mandible.
48. Line of occlusion
The line of occlusion is a smooth ( catenary ) curve
passing through the central fossa of each upper molar
an across the cingulum of the upper canine and incisor
teeth.
The same line runs along the buccal cusps and incisal
edges of the lower teeth, thus specifying the occlusal as
well as interarch relationships once the molar position is
established.
52. Alignment
Angulation
Mesio-distal tip of tooth within the dental
arch.
Incisor angulation
An expression of the degree of tip in the
mesiodistal plane.
54. Inclination
The labio-palatal tip of a tooth within the
dental arch.
Incisor inclination
An expression of the degree of tip in the
labiopalatal plane.
59. Procline
The upper and lower incisors are proclined
labialy to a greater degree than normal.
The relationship of long axis of the upper central
incisors to FHP.
The mean value is 110
Proclined upper incisors - > 110
Retroclined upper incisors - < 110
.
.
.
61. The relationship of long axis of lower
incisors. ( line passing through the incisal
edge and the apex of the root of mandibular
central incisors ) to mandibular plane.
The mean value is 90
Proclined lower incisor - > 90
retroclined lower incisor - < 90
.
.
.
62. Retroclined
The upper and lower incisors are incline
palatally / lingually to a greater extent than
normal.
Proclination
The labial tipping of incisor teeth often
together with supporting dento-alveolus.
65. Bimaxillary dentoalveolar protrusion
meaning simply that in both jaws the teeth that
protude.
Bimaxillary protrusion
a simpler term but a misnomer since it is not the
jaws but the teeth that protrude.
( Physical anthropologists use bimaxillary
protrusion to describe faces in which both jaws are
prorelative to the cranium, such a face would have
an anteriorly divergent profile if jaw sizes were
proportional. )
67. Imbrication
The overlapping of incisor teeth in the
same direction.
Rotation
Rotation of teeth around their long axis.
Mesiolabially rotated – if the mesial aspect
is out of the line of the arch .
Distopallatally rotated_if the distal aspect
was palatally positioned.
73. Supernumerary teeth
Teeth in excess of the usual number – usually of
abnormal form.
Supplemental teeth
Supernumerary teeth, resembling the teeth of the
normal series.
Odontome
An abnormal mass of calcified dental tissue.
80. Diastema
A space between certain teeth, often maxillary
central incisors.
Crowding
When the size of the dentition is greater than
the space available to accommodate the teeth
in good general alignment then crowding may
be said to occur.
85. Actual crowdig (Clinically evident crowding )
the incisor teeth remain upright and well positioned
over the basal bone of the maxilla and the mandible
but the teeth are rotated or tip labially or lingually.
Potential crowding
The crowded teeth align themselves at the expense of
lip, displacing the lip forward and interfering with the lip
closure. The incisors are proclined and off the basal
bone.
86. Tooth size – Jaw size discrepancy
Disproportion between tooth – size and arch size.
It is usually manifest as crowding but occasionally
there is generalized spacing.
Tooth size is under direct genetic control .
the size of the dental arches depends on :
skeletal base size and
the soft tissue morphology and
activity;
as such the dental arch is under the influence of
both environmental and genetic factors.
87. Dento-alveolar compensation
The position of the teeth has
compensated for the underlying skeletal
pattern, so that the occlusal relationship
between the arches is less severe.