Concept explanation on Hardware Abstraction Layer in embedded system development.
Slides start with explanation of modular programming as introduction to show the importance of HAL.
LCU13: An Introduction to ARM Trusted FirmwareLinaro
Resource: LCU13
Name: An Introduction to ARM Trusted Firmware
Date: 28-10-2013
Speaker: Andrew Thoelke
Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q32BEMMxmfw
C has been the most commonly used language. This slideshare is all about the introduction to Advanced C. You will learn the fundamentals and the problem solving skills. You will also get an idea on building algorithms and the conditions regarding it. There are also slides which will give knowledge about operators and their types. As a whole you will gain knowledge on three important fundamentals of C.
Concept explanation on Hardware Abstraction Layer in embedded system development.
Slides start with explanation of modular programming as introduction to show the importance of HAL.
LCU13: An Introduction to ARM Trusted FirmwareLinaro
Resource: LCU13
Name: An Introduction to ARM Trusted Firmware
Date: 28-10-2013
Speaker: Andrew Thoelke
Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q32BEMMxmfw
C has been the most commonly used language. This slideshare is all about the introduction to Advanced C. You will learn the fundamentals and the problem solving skills. You will also get an idea on building algorithms and the conditions regarding it. There are also slides which will give knowledge about operators and their types. As a whole you will gain knowledge on three important fundamentals of C.
By the end of this presentation you will be able to tell :
1. What is Arduino ?
2. Languages Supporting Arduino
3.Difference between microprocessor and microcontroller ?
4. Various different Arduino Boards
5. Arduino UNO R3 DataSheet
6. Parts and Functions of Arduino UNO R3 Board
7. Variables, functions and libraries used in Arduino board
8. Arduino Code: Blink Example
9. Applications of Arduino in real life
10. Simulators used for Arduino coding
LAS16-402: ARM Trusted Firmware – from Enterprise to EmbeddedLinaro
LAS16-402: ARM Trusted Firmware – from Enterprise to Embedded
Speakers:
Date: September 29, 2016
★ Session Description ★
ARM Trusted Firmware has established itself as a key part of the ARMv8-A software stack. Broadening its applicability across all segments, from embedded to enterprise, is challenging. This session discusses the latest developments, including extension into the 32-bit space.
★ Resources ★
Etherpad: pad.linaro.org/p/las16-402
Presentations & Videos: http://connect.linaro.org/resource/las16/las16-402/
★ Event Details ★
Linaro Connect Las Vegas 2016 – #LAS16
September 26-30, 2016
http://www.linaro.org
http://connect.linaro.org
Verilog code for design a specific processor to down sample a given image via a math-lab by using SPARTAN-6 FPGA. Math-lab code, results also included.
Lot of book tells about what is programming. Many also tell how to write a program, but very few cover the critical aspect of translating logic into a program. Specifically, in this fast paced industry, when you don't have time to think to program, this course comes really handy. It builds on the basics of programming, smooth sailing through the advanced nitty-gritty’s of the Advanced C language by translating logic to code
Bootloader utilizes to program microcontrollers by providing a medium of communication between them. Hence small bootloader uses to make controller programmable very often as like Arduino series board. Microcontrollers like 8051, PIC without bootloader requires the external programmer to burn the program inside the memory of the microcontroller. In addition to it requires preciously control output states of various pin mode which should be in sequence according to the datasheet of the manufacturer. Here this PPT has portrayed as an example of idle configurations that requires to run the bootloader and what happens if the bootloader is installed inside the memory of the controller.
Introduction to ESP32 Programming [Road to RIoT 2017]Alwin Arrasyid
Introduction to ESP32 programming using official development framework, ESP-IDF and Arduino for ESP32.
Every demo code is published in this github repository:
https://github.com/alwint3r/RTR_Surabaya2017
The presentation deals with the range of features of the Linux sound subsystem — Advanced Linux Sound Architecture (ALSA). During the presentation, the participants were provided with case studies of the difference it makes for the development of audio drivers for PC and embedded systems. Also, it was
shared an overview of the state-of-the-art tendencies in the development of audio drivers for embedded systems.
This presentation by Vadym Shovkoplias (Senior Software Engineer, GlobalLogic Kharkiv) was delivered at GlobalLogic Kharkiv Embedded TechTalk #1 on March 13, 2018.
Most of this session will focus on Kernel Module Programming. We will briefly talk about the interaction of different layers of operating system from userspace to kernel space. Starting from simple Hello World kernel modules, we will learn the development of more sophisticated modules related to device drivers and interrupt handlers. We will also briefly touch upon the shell scripts and how they can be used to extract system level information. Since, this will be a hands on session, attendees are expected to try the examples on their machines. Basic understanding of operating systems and C programming is expected for the tutorial.
This is a presentation which explains exactly what machine language and assembly level language is and explains the role of assembler and two different passes of assembler in computer organization/ computer architecture.
By the end of this presentation you will be able to tell :
1. What is Arduino ?
2. Languages Supporting Arduino
3.Difference between microprocessor and microcontroller ?
4. Various different Arduino Boards
5. Arduino UNO R3 DataSheet
6. Parts and Functions of Arduino UNO R3 Board
7. Variables, functions and libraries used in Arduino board
8. Arduino Code: Blink Example
9. Applications of Arduino in real life
10. Simulators used for Arduino coding
LAS16-402: ARM Trusted Firmware – from Enterprise to EmbeddedLinaro
LAS16-402: ARM Trusted Firmware – from Enterprise to Embedded
Speakers:
Date: September 29, 2016
★ Session Description ★
ARM Trusted Firmware has established itself as a key part of the ARMv8-A software stack. Broadening its applicability across all segments, from embedded to enterprise, is challenging. This session discusses the latest developments, including extension into the 32-bit space.
★ Resources ★
Etherpad: pad.linaro.org/p/las16-402
Presentations & Videos: http://connect.linaro.org/resource/las16/las16-402/
★ Event Details ★
Linaro Connect Las Vegas 2016 – #LAS16
September 26-30, 2016
http://www.linaro.org
http://connect.linaro.org
Verilog code for design a specific processor to down sample a given image via a math-lab by using SPARTAN-6 FPGA. Math-lab code, results also included.
Lot of book tells about what is programming. Many also tell how to write a program, but very few cover the critical aspect of translating logic into a program. Specifically, in this fast paced industry, when you don't have time to think to program, this course comes really handy. It builds on the basics of programming, smooth sailing through the advanced nitty-gritty’s of the Advanced C language by translating logic to code
Bootloader utilizes to program microcontrollers by providing a medium of communication between them. Hence small bootloader uses to make controller programmable very often as like Arduino series board. Microcontrollers like 8051, PIC without bootloader requires the external programmer to burn the program inside the memory of the microcontroller. In addition to it requires preciously control output states of various pin mode which should be in sequence according to the datasheet of the manufacturer. Here this PPT has portrayed as an example of idle configurations that requires to run the bootloader and what happens if the bootloader is installed inside the memory of the controller.
Introduction to ESP32 Programming [Road to RIoT 2017]Alwin Arrasyid
Introduction to ESP32 programming using official development framework, ESP-IDF and Arduino for ESP32.
Every demo code is published in this github repository:
https://github.com/alwint3r/RTR_Surabaya2017
The presentation deals with the range of features of the Linux sound subsystem — Advanced Linux Sound Architecture (ALSA). During the presentation, the participants were provided with case studies of the difference it makes for the development of audio drivers for PC and embedded systems. Also, it was
shared an overview of the state-of-the-art tendencies in the development of audio drivers for embedded systems.
This presentation by Vadym Shovkoplias (Senior Software Engineer, GlobalLogic Kharkiv) was delivered at GlobalLogic Kharkiv Embedded TechTalk #1 on March 13, 2018.
Most of this session will focus on Kernel Module Programming. We will briefly talk about the interaction of different layers of operating system from userspace to kernel space. Starting from simple Hello World kernel modules, we will learn the development of more sophisticated modules related to device drivers and interrupt handlers. We will also briefly touch upon the shell scripts and how they can be used to extract system level information. Since, this will be a hands on session, attendees are expected to try the examples on their machines. Basic understanding of operating systems and C programming is expected for the tutorial.
This is a presentation which explains exactly what machine language and assembly level language is and explains the role of assembler and two different passes of assembler in computer organization/ computer architecture.
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Question 1. please describe an embedded system in less than 100 word.pdfarmcomputers
Question 1. please describe an embedded system in less than 100 words. You will need to cover
all the major characteristics of the embedded system to earn full points.
Question 2. please explain RISC and CISC and give the advantages and disadvantages of both.
Solution
1.An embedded system is a combination of computer hardware and software and some additional
parts, either mechanical or electronic—designed to perform a dedicated function.
Example of embedded system is Digital Watch
It contains a simple, inexpensive 4-bit processor and its own on-chip ROM. The only other
hardware elements of the watch are the inputs (buttons) and outputs (display and speaker).It
consists of a software, which when carefully designed, allows enormous flexibility and helps to
create a reasonably reliable product at extraordinarily low production cost.
other examples are:Microwave oven, cordless phones, ATMS etc
2) RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)
RISC stands for Reduced Instruction Set Computer.
To execute each instruction, if there is separate electronic circuitry in the control unit, which
produces all the necessary signals, this approach of the design of the control section of the
processor is called RISC design.It is also called hard-wired approach.
Examples of RISC processors:
IBM RS6000, MC88100
DEC’s Alpha 21064, 21164 and 21264 processors
Features of RISC Processors:
The standard features of RISC processors are listed below:
RISC processors use a small and limited number of instructions.
RISC machines mostly uses hardwired control unit.
RISC processors consume less power and are having high performance.
Each instruction is very simple and consistent.
RISC processors uses simple addressing modes.
RISC instruction is of uniform fixed length.
CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer)
CISC stands for Complex Instruction Set Computer. If the control unit contains a number of
micro-electronic circuitry to generate a set of control signals and each micro-circuitry is
activated by a micro-code, this design approach is called CISC design.
Examples of CISC processors are:
Intel 386, 486, Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium III
Motorola’s 68000, 68020, 68040, etc.
Features of CISC Processors:
The standard features of CISC processors are listed below:
CISC chips have a large amount of different and complex instructions.
CISC machines generally make use of complex addressing modes.
Different machine programs can be executed on CISC machine.
CISC machines uses micro-program control unit.
CISC processors are having limited number of registers.
Advantages of CISC Architecture:
1)Microprogramming is easy to implement and much less expensive than hard wiring a control
unit.
2)It is easy to add new commands into the chip without changing the structure of the instruction
set as the architecture uses general-purpose hardware to carry out commands.
3)This architecture makes the efficient use of main memory since the complexity (or more
capability) of instruction allo.
Explains the difference between a microprocessor and a microcontroller, address, data, and control buses, word length and memory address space in a computer.
CISC & RISC Architecture with contents
History Of CISC & RISC
Need Of CISC
CISC
CISC Characteristics
CISC Architecture
The Search for RISC
RISC Characteristics
Bus Architecture
Pipeline Architecture
Compiler Structure
Commercial Application
Reference
These slides explain the topics mentioned in Chapter 1, part (a) of the course EE110-Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering, prescribed for non-circuit branches of engineering at JSS Science & Technology University, Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering, Mysuru, India
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Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
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L3 instruction-execution-steps
1. General Aspects of Computer Organization
(Lecture-3)
R S Ananda Murthy
Associate Professor
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering,
Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering,
Mysore 570 006
R S Ananda Murthy General Aspects of Computer Organization
2. Specific Learning Outcomes
After completing this lecture the student should be able to –
Describe Von Neumann (Princeton) architecture.
Describe Harvard architecture.
Describe the function of MAR and MDR in the CPU.
Explain steps involved in executing an instruction.
Describe features of CISC and RISC computers.
R S Ananda Murthy General Aspects of Computer Organization
3. Von Neumann (Princeton) Architecture
CPU
Program
Memory
Data
Memory
Address Bus
Control Bus
Data Bus
Program and data memory share the same address space,
address and data buses.
Speed is limited because simultaneous access of program
and data memory by CPU is impossible.
Preferred in general purpose microprocessors where CPU
and memory are separate chips.
R S Ananda Murthy General Aspects of Computer Organization
4. Harvard Architecture
CPU
Data
Memory
Address Bus
Control Bus
Data Bus
Program
Memory
Address Bus
Data Bus
Control Bus
Program and data memory have different address space,
address and data buses.
Execution speed is increased because simultaneous
access of program and data memory by CPU is possible.
Preferred in microcontrollers where program memory, data
memory and CPU are in a single chip.
R S Ananda Murthy General Aspects of Computer Organization
5. MAR and MDR in CPU
MAR
PC
MDR
R0
R1
R2
:
Rn
IR
CU
ALU
Program
Memory
Data
Memory
Address Bus
Control Bus
Data Bus
Memory Address Register (MAR) stores the address of the
operand to be fetched from memory to execute the
instruction.
Memory Data Register (MDR) stores the operand (data)
after it is fetched from memory.
R S Ananda Murthy General Aspects of Computer Organization
6. Steps Followed by CPU in Instruction Execution
1 Fetch the instruction from the program memory location
pointed by PC into IR.
2 Determine the type of instruction present in the IR. This is
done by CU.
3 If the instruction uses an operand in memory, determine its
address and place it in MAR.
4 Fetch the operand and put it in MDR, and if needed, copy it
into a CPU register.
5 Execute the instruction. This is done by the CU.
6 Change the PC to point to the next instruction.
7 Go to Step 1 to begin executing the next instruction.
R S Ananda Murthy General Aspects of Computer Organization
7. An Imaginary Computer
MAR
PC
MDR
R0
R1
R2
:
R7
IR
CU
ALU
Address Bus
Control Bus
Data Bus
CPU
0x0000
0x0001
0x0002
0xFFFF
MEMORY Address in Hex
16 bits
16 bits
8 bits
8 bits
8 bits
8 bits
8 bits
8 bits
16 bits
8 bits
:
Blocks in side CPU are interconnected by internal address,
data, and control buses.
There are eight internal registers R0 to R7, each of 8 bits
width.
When we want to add two numbers, one number must be
present in R0 and the other one should be present in any
other register. The sum is placed in R0.
Instructions can be 1-byte, 2-bytes, or 3-bytes long.
R S Ananda Murthy General Aspects of Computer Organization
8. Instructions Recognized by Imaginary Computer
LDR Rn, MemAdr -- A three-byte instruction
1010 0 NNN
MemAdr Low Byte
MemAdr High Byte
n NNN
0 000
1 001
2 010
3-bit Code for
Registers
3 011
4 100
5 101
6 110
7 111
Opcode
Copies the data present at MemAdr
to the register Rn
ADD R0,Rn -- A one-byte instruction
11000 NNN
Adds contents of R0 and Rn and places
the sum in the register R0
Opcode
Operands
R S Ananda Murthy General Aspects of Computer Organization
9. Instructions Recognized by Imaginary Computer
MVI Rn, NextByte -- A two-byte instruction
1010 1 NNN
Data Byte
n NNN
0 000
1 001
2 010
3-bit Code for
Registers
3 011
4 100
5 101
6 110
7 111
Opcode
Copies the next data byte to the register Rn.
HALT -- A one-byte instruction
00000000
Stops incrementing of program counter.
Opcode
Operand
R S Ananda Murthy General Aspects of Computer Organization
10. Adding Two Numbers using Imaginary Computer
Memory
C1
00
:
A0
30
10
A1
31
10
LDR R0,0x1030
LDR R1,0x1031
ADD R0,R1
HALT
Hex Address
CD
EF
0x0000
0x0001
0x0002
0x0003
0x0004
0x0005
0x0006
0x0007
0x1030
:
0x1031
Augend
Addend
Data
How is opcode A0 obtained?
How is opcode A1 obtained?
How is opcode C1 obtained?
How many bytes in program?
Trace through the program
using steps given earlier.
After storing the program and data in the memory as
shown above we have to initialize PC with the starting
address 0x0000 and then give a command to the computer
to start execution of the program.
R S Ananda Murthy General Aspects of Computer Organization
11. Adding Two Numbers Another Way
Memory
A8
CD
A9
EF
C1
00
MVI R0,0xCD
ADD R0,R1
HALT
Hex Address
0x0000
0x0001
0x0002
0x0003
0x0004
0x0005
How is opcode A8 obtained?
How is opcode C1 obtained?
How many bytes in program?
MVI R1,0xEF How is opcode A9 obtained?
After storing the program and data in the memory as
shown above we have to initialize PC with the starting
address 0x0000 and then give a command to the computer
to start execution of the program.
Trace through the program using the steps given earlier.
R S Ananda Murthy General Aspects of Computer Organization
12. CISC and RISC
On the basis of type of instructions and how they are
executed, computers are roughly classified into two types –
Complex Instruction Set Computers (CISC) and Reduced
Instruction Set Computers (RISC).
CISC and RISC both have their merits and demerits.
Present trend is to incorporate the best features of both
CISC and RISC in processor design to get optimum
performance at optimum cost.
R S Ananda Murthy General Aspects of Computer Organization
13. Features of CISC
Traditionally most of the processors made in 1970s and
1980s were CISC adopting Princeton architecture.
Variable instruction length. For eg., there may be 1-byte,
2-byte, or 3-byte instructions as in case of Intel 8051 MCU.
As compared to RISC, CISC processors generally have
lesser number of internal registers in the CPU.
Variable instruction cycle time. Instruction cycle is the time
taken to execute an instruction. More complex instructions
take longer time to execute.
Large number of instructions in the instruction set.
Typically there can be more than 200 instructions in the
instruction set.
R S Ananda Murthy General Aspects of Computer Organization
14. Features of CISC
Generally, in CISC a portion of R/WM is used as stack to
store data while branching to subroutines.
Generally, in CISC instructions are available to operate on
data present in the memory directly without bringing it into
a register in side the CPU.
For a given task, a program in CISC results in smaller code
size.
Typically in CISC instructions are decoded by a
microprogram which is stored in CU. Microprogram
implementation requires more number of transistors to be
integrated on the chip.
Decoding of instructions using microprogram in CISC
slows down execution.
R S Ananda Murthy General Aspects of Computer Organization
15. Features of RISC
Traditionally RISC implementation is becoming popular
since 1990s.
Fixed instruction size. For eg. in AVR MCU which is a
RISC processor, almost all instructions are 2-bytes in
length with only a few 4-byte instructions.
Large number of internal registers in the CPU. For eg. AVR
MCU has 32 internal registers.
Because of large number of internal registers, usage of
stack to store data may not be essential as in CISC.
Smaller and simpler instruction set. Typically instruction
set may have less than 200 instructions.
For a given task, assembly language programming of RISC
machines generally requires more effort as compared to
CISC processors.
R S Ananda Murthy General Aspects of Computer Organization
16. Features of RISC
Due to the reason mentioned above, it is more convenient
to program RISC processors using higher level languages
like C or C++.
Fixed instruction cycle time for most of the instructions.
Many modern RISC processors adopt Harvard architecture
to speed up program execution.
Generally, in RISC it is not possible to perform arithmetic
and logical operations on data present in the memory
directly without bringing it into a register in side the CPU.
In RISC, instruction decoding in CU is done using
hardware and not by using a microprogram to speed up
instruction execution.
R S Ananda Murthy General Aspects of Computer Organization
17. License
This work is licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
R S Ananda Murthy General Aspects of Computer Organization