Question 1. please describe an embedded system in less than 100 word.pdf
•
0 likes•8 views
Question 1. please describe an embedded system in less than 100 words. You will need to cover all the major characteristics of the embedded system to earn full points. Question 2. please explain RISC and CISC and give the advantages and disadvantages of both. Solution 1.An embedded system is a combination of computer hardware and software and some additional parts, either mechanical or electronic—designed to perform a dedicated function. Example of embedded system is Digital Watch It contains a simple, inexpensive 4-bit processor and its own on-chip ROM. The only other hardware elements of the watch are the inputs (buttons) and outputs (display and speaker).It consists of a software, which when carefully designed, allows enormous flexibility and helps to create a reasonably reliable product at extraordinarily low production cost. other examples are:Microwave oven, cordless phones, ATMS etc 2) RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) RISC stands for Reduced Instruction Set Computer. To execute each instruction, if there is separate electronic circuitry in the control unit, which produces all the necessary signals, this approach of the design of the control section of the processor is called RISC design.It is also called hard-wired approach. Examples of RISC processors: IBM RS6000, MC88100 DEC’s Alpha 21064, 21164 and 21264 processors Features of RISC Processors: The standard features of RISC processors are listed below: RISC processors use a small and limited number of instructions. RISC machines mostly uses hardwired control unit. RISC processors consume less power and are having high performance. Each instruction is very simple and consistent. RISC processors uses simple addressing modes. RISC instruction is of uniform fixed length. CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) CISC stands for Complex Instruction Set Computer. If the control unit contains a number of micro-electronic circuitry to generate a set of control signals and each micro-circuitry is activated by a micro-code, this design approach is called CISC design. Examples of CISC processors are: Intel 386, 486, Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium III Motorola’s 68000, 68020, 68040, etc. Features of CISC Processors: The standard features of CISC processors are listed below: CISC chips have a large amount of different and complex instructions. CISC machines generally make use of complex addressing modes. Different machine programs can be executed on CISC machine. CISC machines uses micro-program control unit. CISC processors are having limited number of registers. Advantages of CISC Architecture: 1)Microprogramming is easy to implement and much less expensive than hard wiring a control unit. 2)It is easy to add new commands into the chip without changing the structure of the instruction set as the architecture uses general-purpose hardware to carry out commands. 3)This architecture makes the efficient use of main memory since the complexity (or more capability) of instruction allo.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Download to read offline
Recommended
CS304PC:Computer Organization and Architecture UNIT V_merged_merged.pdf
This document discusses RISC and CISC processors. It defines RISC as having a reduced instruction set with simple instructions that each take one clock cycle. CISC has a more complex instruction set that can take multiple cycles. The document outlines the characteristics and advantages/disadvantages of both RISC and CISC. It also discusses parallel processing techniques like pipelining and vector processing that improve processor throughput.
Risc and cisc eugene clewlow
RISC and CISC architectures evolved from different philosophies but have converged over time. CISC aimed to optimize for simpler compilers by incorporating complex instructions while RISC focused on optimized hardware using reduced, uniform instruction sets. While CISC was better for early computers with slow memory, RISC emerged to improve performance. Advances now blur the lines as CISC uses pipelining and RISC supports more instructions, showing how the strategies have influenced each other in modern processors.
Risc and cisc eugene clewlow
RISC and CISC architectures evolved from different philosophies for optimizing computer performance given the constraints of early computing technologies. CISC emphasized complex instructions and efficient memory usage while RISC focused on simple instructions and fast execution. Over time, improvements blurred the lines as CISC adopted RISC techniques like pipelining and RISC grew more complex instructions. Modern processors integrate aspects of both to optimize performance for current software and hardware.
Unit I_MT2301.pdf
Fundamentals - Functions of ALU - Microprocessor - Microcontrollers – CISC and RISC – Types Microcontroller - 8051 Family - Architecture - Features and Specifications - Memory Organization - Instruction Sets – Addressing Modes.
Risc and cisc eugene clewlow
RISC and CISC architectures have converged over time as processors have advanced. Originally, CISC emphasized complex instructions that could access memory directly, while RISC used simpler instructions but more registers. Now, CISC chips employ techniques like pipelining and multi-instruction execution. Meanwhile, RISC chips have more complex instructions and hardware. The differences have blurred as both styles adopt each other's strategies using newer technologies.
R&c
The document provides an overview of RISC and CISC architectures. It discusses:
- RISC architectures utilize a small, highly optimized set of instructions (load/store architecture). Typical features include pipelining for one cycle execution, more registers, and simple addressing modes.
- CISC architectures have a more complex instruction set implemented through microcode. They support direct memory operations and fewer registers. Typical features include varying execution cycles and harder pipelining.
- Both aim to bridge the "semantic gap" between low-level hardware and high-level programming. RISC focuses on efficiency through simplified designs while CISC prioritizes compatibility through complex instructions.
18CS44-MODULE1-PPT.pptx
The document discusses ARM microprocessors and embedded systems. It provides an overview of ARM including that it was established in 1990 as a joint venture and licenses RISC microprocessor designs. It describes the wide use of ARM processors in devices like mobile phones and discusses key aspects of ARM processors like their low power consumption and high code density making them suitable for embedded applications. It also summarizes the RISC design philosophy implemented in ARM and describes the typical components of an ARM-based embedded system including the processor, peripherals, controllers and bus.
Central processing unit
This document discusses CPU organization, instruction formats, addressing modes, and characteristics of RISC and CISC architectures. It covers general register and stack organizations, different instruction formats like zero, one, two, and three address formats. It also covers various addressing modes and describes key differences between RISC and CISC designs like instruction complexity, number of registers, and use of microprogramming versus hardwired control units. The document discusses performance considerations for RISC versus CISC in terms of instructions per program and cycles per instruction.
Recommended
CS304PC:Computer Organization and Architecture UNIT V_merged_merged.pdf
This document discusses RISC and CISC processors. It defines RISC as having a reduced instruction set with simple instructions that each take one clock cycle. CISC has a more complex instruction set that can take multiple cycles. The document outlines the characteristics and advantages/disadvantages of both RISC and CISC. It also discusses parallel processing techniques like pipelining and vector processing that improve processor throughput.
Risc and cisc eugene clewlow
RISC and CISC architectures evolved from different philosophies but have converged over time. CISC aimed to optimize for simpler compilers by incorporating complex instructions while RISC focused on optimized hardware using reduced, uniform instruction sets. While CISC was better for early computers with slow memory, RISC emerged to improve performance. Advances now blur the lines as CISC uses pipelining and RISC supports more instructions, showing how the strategies have influenced each other in modern processors.
Risc and cisc eugene clewlow
RISC and CISC architectures evolved from different philosophies for optimizing computer performance given the constraints of early computing technologies. CISC emphasized complex instructions and efficient memory usage while RISC focused on simple instructions and fast execution. Over time, improvements blurred the lines as CISC adopted RISC techniques like pipelining and RISC grew more complex instructions. Modern processors integrate aspects of both to optimize performance for current software and hardware.
Unit I_MT2301.pdf
Fundamentals - Functions of ALU - Microprocessor - Microcontrollers – CISC and RISC – Types Microcontroller - 8051 Family - Architecture - Features and Specifications - Memory Organization - Instruction Sets – Addressing Modes.
Risc and cisc eugene clewlow
RISC and CISC architectures have converged over time as processors have advanced. Originally, CISC emphasized complex instructions that could access memory directly, while RISC used simpler instructions but more registers. Now, CISC chips employ techniques like pipelining and multi-instruction execution. Meanwhile, RISC chips have more complex instructions and hardware. The differences have blurred as both styles adopt each other's strategies using newer technologies.
R&c
The document provides an overview of RISC and CISC architectures. It discusses:
- RISC architectures utilize a small, highly optimized set of instructions (load/store architecture). Typical features include pipelining for one cycle execution, more registers, and simple addressing modes.
- CISC architectures have a more complex instruction set implemented through microcode. They support direct memory operations and fewer registers. Typical features include varying execution cycles and harder pipelining.
- Both aim to bridge the "semantic gap" between low-level hardware and high-level programming. RISC focuses on efficiency through simplified designs while CISC prioritizes compatibility through complex instructions.
18CS44-MODULE1-PPT.pptx
The document discusses ARM microprocessors and embedded systems. It provides an overview of ARM including that it was established in 1990 as a joint venture and licenses RISC microprocessor designs. It describes the wide use of ARM processors in devices like mobile phones and discusses key aspects of ARM processors like their low power consumption and high code density making them suitable for embedded applications. It also summarizes the RISC design philosophy implemented in ARM and describes the typical components of an ARM-based embedded system including the processor, peripherals, controllers and bus.
Central processing unit
This document discusses CPU organization, instruction formats, addressing modes, and characteristics of RISC and CISC architectures. It covers general register and stack organizations, different instruction formats like zero, one, two, and three address formats. It also covers various addressing modes and describes key differences between RISC and CISC designs like instruction complexity, number of registers, and use of microprogramming versus hardwired control units. The document discusses performance considerations for RISC versus CISC in terms of instructions per program and cycles per instruction.
Microprocessor presentation.pptx
This document discusses two types of microprocessor instruction sets: CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) and RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer). CISC has a larger and more complex instruction set which allows for shorter program lengths but requires more complex and expensive processors. RISC has a smaller and simpler instruction set, requiring longer program lengths but allowing for faster execution speeds and less expensive processors. The document provides examples of processors that use each instruction set type and compares their characteristics.
Risc processors
This document discusses RISC processors and compares them to CISC processors. It covers the history of RISC, including the development of RISC concepts in the 1970s. The key differences between RISC and CISC are that RISC uses fixed-length instructions that perform in one clock cycle, while CISC has variable-length instructions that may take multiple cycles. The document also outlines RISC design principles like simple instructions, register-to-register operations, and large register sets. Examples of popular RISC architectures like MIPS, SPARC, and ARM are provided.
Embedded System IoT_4.pptx ppt presentation
The document discusses the differences between CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) and RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) processors. CISC processors emphasize hardware optimization and include multi-clock complex instructions, while RISC processors emphasize software optimization and use single-clock reduced instructions. Some key advantages of CISC include shorter code length and lower memory requirements, while advantages of RISC include simpler design allowing faster execution and using fewer transistors. Overall, CISC tends to have longer execution times than RISC due to its more complex instruction set.
Hg3612911294
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A 64-Bit RISC Processor Design and Implementation Using VHDL
1. Introduction
In today technology digital hardware plays a very important role in field of electronic and computer engineering products today. Due
to fast growing and competition in the technological world and rapid rise of transistor demand and speediness of joined circuits and
steeps declines of the price cause by the improvement in micro-electronics application Machineries. The introduction of computer to
the society has affected so many things in the society in which almost all problems can be solve using computers. Many industries
today are requesting for system developers that have the skills and technical knowhow of designing the program logics. VHDL is one
of the most popular design applications used by designer to implement such task. Reduce instruction set computing (RISC) processor
play a vital role with RISC AND BIST features which most dominants patterns can provide, in systems testing of the circuits below
the tests which is important to the quality component of testing [1]. Although the Reduced instruction set have few instructions sets, as
its bit’s processing’s sizes increase then the test’s patterns become denser and the structure’s faults is kept great. In view to enable the
Operation of the most instructions as registers to registers operation, Arithmetic logic unit is studied and a detail test patterns is being
develop. This report is prepaid keeping in mind where specific application is automated and controlled. This report has 33 instruction
set with MICA architecture. This report will focus mainly on the meaning of
i. RISC processor,
ii. the design,
iii. the architecture,
iv. the data part and the instruction set of the design.
v. VHDL.
MODULE 1 MES.pptx
Students will learn about embedded systems and ARM processors. The key aspects covered include:
- The RISC design philosophy adapted by ARM and typical embedded system hardware/software.
- The ARM instruction set and how it differs from pure RISC to suit embedded applications.
- The major hardware components of an embedded system including the ARM processor, controllers, peripherals, memory, and buses.
- Embedded system memory characteristics like hierarchy, width and common memory types.
- How peripherals connect and interface with the external world.
Processors used in System on chip
The document provides information about the CISC and RISC instruction set architectures. It discusses key characteristics of CISC such as using microcode, building rich instruction sets, and high-level instruction sets. Characteristics of RISC architectures include uniform instruction format, identical general purpose registers, and simple addressing modes. The document also compares CISC and RISC, discusses the von Neumann architecture and its bottleneck, and provides an overview of the Harvard architecture and soft processors. It provides details about IBM's PowerPC architecture and the PPC405Fx embedded processor.
Microcontroller pic 16f877 architecture and basics
What is Microcontroller, Microcontroller vs Microprocessor, Development/Classi cation of microcontrollers, Harvard vs. Princeton Architecture, RISC AND CISC CONTROLLERS
Features of RISC, Microcontroller for Embedded Systems
10 x86 PC Embedded Applications, Choosing a Microcontroller
Criteria for Choosing a Microcontroller, Mechatronics, and Microcontrollers, A brief history of the PIC microcontroller, PIC Microcontrollers, Feature: PIC16F877, Simpli ed Features.
Necessity of 32-Bit Controllers
The document discusses 32-bit microcontroller design and architecture. It covers various CPU cores like ARM, PowerPC, MIPS and SH. It explains the advantages of 32-bit microcontrollers like performance, operating system support and sophisticated peripheral support. It also discusses RISC vs CISC architecture and features of ARM processors like ARM7 including thumb instruction set.
Risc and cisc casestudy
The document discusses microprocessors, RISC, and CISC architectures. It provides the following key points:
1. A microprocessor, also known as the CPU, is the central processing unit of computers and electronic devices that contains components like transistors to carry out instructions.
2. RISC architectures aim to simplify instruction sets to maximize efficiency through pipelining, using simple addressing modes and instruction formats with complex operations as sequences of simple instructions.
3. CISC architectures contain large, complex instruction sets ranging from simple to specialized to make efficient use of memory and simplify compiler development by mapping directly to high-level languages.
Computer architecture
Mr. Abash shah presented on computer architecture. Computer architecture refers to the functionality, organization and implementation of computer systems and includes instruction set architecture design, microarchitecture design, and logic design. The presentation covered the types of computer architectures - RISC and CISC. RISC has advantages like speed and simpler hardware, while CISC has advantages like upward compatibility but is more complex. The differences between RISC and CISC architectures were also outlined.
Computer Organization.pptx
This document discusses RISC and CISC architectures and how they have evolved. It explains that RISC aims to simplify instructions while CISC combines operations. Both seek to improve CPU performance but RISC reduces cycles per instruction while CISC minimizes instructions per program. It then covers characteristics of RISC like simple decoding and CISC like complex decoding. Pipelining is described as arranging hardware to simultaneously execute instructions to improve processor performance. The document ends by detailing the typical stages in a RISC processor's instruction pipeline.
risc_and_cisc.ppt
This document compares and contrasts RISC and CISC processor architectures. It describes CISC as having complex instruction decoding logic to support multiple addressing modes, a small number of general purpose registers, and special purpose registers. RISC architectures are described as having a reduced instruction set with simple one-cycle instructions, large numbers of registers, and separate load and store instructions that operate only between registers and memory. The document outlines that while CISC was more efficient for early programming approaches, RISC has advantages as hardware and software technologies advanced.
software engineering CSE675_01_Introduction.ppt
This document summarizes a presentation on computer architecture given by instructor Roger Crawfis. The presentation covered three aspects of computer design: instruction set architecture, computer organization, and computer hardware. It discussed RISC and CISC architectures and how Intel IA-32 processors adopted RISC-style implementations. The presentation also covered technology trends like Moore's Law and improvements in processor and graphics hardware performance over time. The goal of the course is to learn basic principles of processor and memory design using the MIPS instruction set architecture.
CSE675_01_Introduction.ppt
This document summarizes a presentation on computer architecture given by instructor Roger Crawfis. The presentation covered three aspects of computer design: instruction set architecture, computer organization, and computer hardware. It discussed RISC and CISC architectures and how Intel IA-32 processors adopted RISC-style implementations. The presentation also covered technology trends like Moore's Law and improvements in processor and graphics hardware performance over time.
CSE675_01_Introduction.ppt
This document summarizes a presentation on computer architecture given by instructor Roger Crawfis. The presentation covered three aspects of computer design: instruction set architecture, computer organization, and computer hardware. It discussed RISC and CISC architectures and how Intel IA-32 processors adopted RISC-style implementations. The presentation also covered technology trends like Moore's Law and improvements in processor and graphics hardware performance over time.
11 2014
This document discusses the design of a 32-bit MIPS RISC processor using VHDL. It begins by introducing the MIPS instruction set and architecture. It then reviews related work on designing MIPS processors using VHDL. The proposed work will implement a 32-bit MIPS processor with three instruction formats (R, I, and J types) and a 5-stage pipeline (fetch, decode, execute, memory, writeback). It concludes that modeling the processor in VHDL allows formal verification and that a 32-bit MIPS RISC processor could achieve high speed if implemented on an FPGA.
CISC & RISC Architecture
This document discusses the history and characteristics of CISC and RISC architectures. It describes how CISC architectures were developed in the 1950s-1970s to address hardware limitations at the time by allowing instructions to perform multiple operations. RISC architectures emerged in the late 1970s-1980s as hardware improved, focusing on simpler instructions that could be executed faster through pipelining. Common RISC and CISC processors used commercially are also outlined.
Risc & cisk
This document compares RISC and CISC processor architectures. It discusses that CISC processors have more complex instructions that can perform multiple operations, while RISC processors have simpler instructions that are optimized to complete in one clock cycle. CISC was developed earlier when memory was expensive, to reduce the number of instructions, while RISC focuses on increasing processor speed. RISC has advantages of faster execution and simpler hardware design, while CISC allows for more compact code.
Processors selection
Various processor architectures are described in this presentation. It could be useful for people working for h/w selection and processor identification.
Homework 3 P11Is this relation a function (Write either Yes.pdf
Homework 3 P11
Is this relation a function? (Write either \"Yes\" or \"No\")
Write \"Does Not Exist\" if the quantities do not exist.
Solution
Yes this is a many one function. Different elements maps to a single element {0}.
The domain of the function is {-2,-8,-7,7,-3}.
The range of the function is {0}..
i have a runable code below that works with just guessing where the .pdf
i have a runable code below that works with just guessing where the ships are. i need help editing
this code to be able to have a player play against computer and taking turns playing battleship.
BattleShipGame.java
package battleship;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class BattleshipGame {
private Ocean ocean;
private boolean[][] availableSpot;
private Scanner sc;
public BattleshipGame() {
// define a new ocean and a new 2D array to store available coordinates
ocean = new Ocean();
availableSpot = new boolean[10][10];
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < 10; j++){
availableSpot[i][j] = true;
}
}
}
/**
* prints the game menu and info
* //param select
*/
public void print(int select){
String info;
switch (select) {
case 1: info = \"Welcome to the World of Battleship!\";
break;
case 2: info = \"Enter coordinates to fire: \";
break;
case 3: info = \"Shots fired: \"+ocean.getShotsFired()+\", Ships sunk:
\"+ocean.getShipsSunk();
break;
case 4: info = \"Congratulations! You win!\";
break;
case 99: info = \"Invalid input. Please re-enter:\";
break;
case 100: info = \"--------------------------------------------\";
break;
case 101: info = \"\ ============================================\";
break;
default: info = \"Error selection\";
break;
}
System.out.println(info);
}
/**
* check if the input is valid
* //param input
* //return boolean
*/
public boolean checkValidInput(String input){
ArrayList numList = new ArrayList();
for (int i=0;i<10;i++){
numList.add(\"\"+i);
}
String[] coordinates = input.split(\" \");
//returns false if there are not 2 strings
if (coordinates.length!=2){
return false;
}
//returns false if any of the strings is not a single digit number
for (String str: coordinates){
if (numList.contains(str)==false){
return false;
}
}
//returns false if the coordinates have already been shot at
int row = Integer.parseInt(coordinates[0]);
int column = Integer.parseInt(coordinates[1]);
if (this.availableSpot[row][column]==false){
return false;
}
return true;
}
/**
* get the coordinates to shoot at from the String input
* //param input
* //return int[] coordinates
*/
public int[] getCoordinates(String input){
int[] coordinates = new int[2];
String[] strList = input.split(\" \");
int row = Integer.parseInt(strList[0]);
int column = Integer.parseInt(strList[1]);
coordinates[0] = row;
coordinates[1] = column;
return coordinates;
}
/**
* play the battleship game
*/
public void play(){
print(101);
print(1);
ocean.placeAllShipsRandomly();
boolean isGameOver = ocean.isGameOver();
sc = new Scanner(System.in);
//print the ocean and start the game
ocean.print();
print(3);
while (!isGameOver){
print(2);
String input = sc.nextLine();
//check if input is valid
while (!checkValidInput(input)){
print(99);
input = sc.nextLine();
}
//get coordinates and fire
int[] coordinates = getCoordinates(input);
int row = coordinates[0];
int column = coordinates[1];
ocean.shootAt(row, column);
availableSpot[row][column] = false;
isGa.
More Related Content
Similar to Question 1. please describe an embedded system in less than 100 word.pdf
Microprocessor presentation.pptx
This document discusses two types of microprocessor instruction sets: CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) and RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer). CISC has a larger and more complex instruction set which allows for shorter program lengths but requires more complex and expensive processors. RISC has a smaller and simpler instruction set, requiring longer program lengths but allowing for faster execution speeds and less expensive processors. The document provides examples of processors that use each instruction set type and compares their characteristics.
Risc processors
This document discusses RISC processors and compares them to CISC processors. It covers the history of RISC, including the development of RISC concepts in the 1970s. The key differences between RISC and CISC are that RISC uses fixed-length instructions that perform in one clock cycle, while CISC has variable-length instructions that may take multiple cycles. The document also outlines RISC design principles like simple instructions, register-to-register operations, and large register sets. Examples of popular RISC architectures like MIPS, SPARC, and ARM are provided.
Embedded System IoT_4.pptx ppt presentation
The document discusses the differences between CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) and RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) processors. CISC processors emphasize hardware optimization and include multi-clock complex instructions, while RISC processors emphasize software optimization and use single-clock reduced instructions. Some key advantages of CISC include shorter code length and lower memory requirements, while advantages of RISC include simpler design allowing faster execution and using fewer transistors. Overall, CISC tends to have longer execution times than RISC due to its more complex instruction set.
Hg3612911294
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A 64-Bit RISC Processor Design and Implementation Using VHDL
1. Introduction
In today technology digital hardware plays a very important role in field of electronic and computer engineering products today. Due
to fast growing and competition in the technological world and rapid rise of transistor demand and speediness of joined circuits and
steeps declines of the price cause by the improvement in micro-electronics application Machineries. The introduction of computer to
the society has affected so many things in the society in which almost all problems can be solve using computers. Many industries
today are requesting for system developers that have the skills and technical knowhow of designing the program logics. VHDL is one
of the most popular design applications used by designer to implement such task. Reduce instruction set computing (RISC) processor
play a vital role with RISC AND BIST features which most dominants patterns can provide, in systems testing of the circuits below
the tests which is important to the quality component of testing [1]. Although the Reduced instruction set have few instructions sets, as
its bit’s processing’s sizes increase then the test’s patterns become denser and the structure’s faults is kept great. In view to enable the
Operation of the most instructions as registers to registers operation, Arithmetic logic unit is studied and a detail test patterns is being
develop. This report is prepaid keeping in mind where specific application is automated and controlled. This report has 33 instruction
set with MICA architecture. This report will focus mainly on the meaning of
i. RISC processor,
ii. the design,
iii. the architecture,
iv. the data part and the instruction set of the design.
v. VHDL.
MODULE 1 MES.pptx
Students will learn about embedded systems and ARM processors. The key aspects covered include:
- The RISC design philosophy adapted by ARM and typical embedded system hardware/software.
- The ARM instruction set and how it differs from pure RISC to suit embedded applications.
- The major hardware components of an embedded system including the ARM processor, controllers, peripherals, memory, and buses.
- Embedded system memory characteristics like hierarchy, width and common memory types.
- How peripherals connect and interface with the external world.
Processors used in System on chip
The document provides information about the CISC and RISC instruction set architectures. It discusses key characteristics of CISC such as using microcode, building rich instruction sets, and high-level instruction sets. Characteristics of RISC architectures include uniform instruction format, identical general purpose registers, and simple addressing modes. The document also compares CISC and RISC, discusses the von Neumann architecture and its bottleneck, and provides an overview of the Harvard architecture and soft processors. It provides details about IBM's PowerPC architecture and the PPC405Fx embedded processor.
Microcontroller pic 16f877 architecture and basics
What is Microcontroller, Microcontroller vs Microprocessor, Development/Classi cation of microcontrollers, Harvard vs. Princeton Architecture, RISC AND CISC CONTROLLERS
Features of RISC, Microcontroller for Embedded Systems
10 x86 PC Embedded Applications, Choosing a Microcontroller
Criteria for Choosing a Microcontroller, Mechatronics, and Microcontrollers, A brief history of the PIC microcontroller, PIC Microcontrollers, Feature: PIC16F877, Simpli ed Features.
Necessity of 32-Bit Controllers
The document discusses 32-bit microcontroller design and architecture. It covers various CPU cores like ARM, PowerPC, MIPS and SH. It explains the advantages of 32-bit microcontrollers like performance, operating system support and sophisticated peripheral support. It also discusses RISC vs CISC architecture and features of ARM processors like ARM7 including thumb instruction set.
Risc and cisc casestudy
The document discusses microprocessors, RISC, and CISC architectures. It provides the following key points:
1. A microprocessor, also known as the CPU, is the central processing unit of computers and electronic devices that contains components like transistors to carry out instructions.
2. RISC architectures aim to simplify instruction sets to maximize efficiency through pipelining, using simple addressing modes and instruction formats with complex operations as sequences of simple instructions.
3. CISC architectures contain large, complex instruction sets ranging from simple to specialized to make efficient use of memory and simplify compiler development by mapping directly to high-level languages.
Computer architecture
Mr. Abash shah presented on computer architecture. Computer architecture refers to the functionality, organization and implementation of computer systems and includes instruction set architecture design, microarchitecture design, and logic design. The presentation covered the types of computer architectures - RISC and CISC. RISC has advantages like speed and simpler hardware, while CISC has advantages like upward compatibility but is more complex. The differences between RISC and CISC architectures were also outlined.
Computer Organization.pptx
This document discusses RISC and CISC architectures and how they have evolved. It explains that RISC aims to simplify instructions while CISC combines operations. Both seek to improve CPU performance but RISC reduces cycles per instruction while CISC minimizes instructions per program. It then covers characteristics of RISC like simple decoding and CISC like complex decoding. Pipelining is described as arranging hardware to simultaneously execute instructions to improve processor performance. The document ends by detailing the typical stages in a RISC processor's instruction pipeline.
risc_and_cisc.ppt
This document compares and contrasts RISC and CISC processor architectures. It describes CISC as having complex instruction decoding logic to support multiple addressing modes, a small number of general purpose registers, and special purpose registers. RISC architectures are described as having a reduced instruction set with simple one-cycle instructions, large numbers of registers, and separate load and store instructions that operate only between registers and memory. The document outlines that while CISC was more efficient for early programming approaches, RISC has advantages as hardware and software technologies advanced.
software engineering CSE675_01_Introduction.ppt
This document summarizes a presentation on computer architecture given by instructor Roger Crawfis. The presentation covered three aspects of computer design: instruction set architecture, computer organization, and computer hardware. It discussed RISC and CISC architectures and how Intel IA-32 processors adopted RISC-style implementations. The presentation also covered technology trends like Moore's Law and improvements in processor and graphics hardware performance over time. The goal of the course is to learn basic principles of processor and memory design using the MIPS instruction set architecture.
CSE675_01_Introduction.ppt
This document summarizes a presentation on computer architecture given by instructor Roger Crawfis. The presentation covered three aspects of computer design: instruction set architecture, computer organization, and computer hardware. It discussed RISC and CISC architectures and how Intel IA-32 processors adopted RISC-style implementations. The presentation also covered technology trends like Moore's Law and improvements in processor and graphics hardware performance over time.
CSE675_01_Introduction.ppt
This document summarizes a presentation on computer architecture given by instructor Roger Crawfis. The presentation covered three aspects of computer design: instruction set architecture, computer organization, and computer hardware. It discussed RISC and CISC architectures and how Intel IA-32 processors adopted RISC-style implementations. The presentation also covered technology trends like Moore's Law and improvements in processor and graphics hardware performance over time.
11 2014
This document discusses the design of a 32-bit MIPS RISC processor using VHDL. It begins by introducing the MIPS instruction set and architecture. It then reviews related work on designing MIPS processors using VHDL. The proposed work will implement a 32-bit MIPS processor with three instruction formats (R, I, and J types) and a 5-stage pipeline (fetch, decode, execute, memory, writeback). It concludes that modeling the processor in VHDL allows formal verification and that a 32-bit MIPS RISC processor could achieve high speed if implemented on an FPGA.
CISC & RISC Architecture
This document discusses the history and characteristics of CISC and RISC architectures. It describes how CISC architectures were developed in the 1950s-1970s to address hardware limitations at the time by allowing instructions to perform multiple operations. RISC architectures emerged in the late 1970s-1980s as hardware improved, focusing on simpler instructions that could be executed faster through pipelining. Common RISC and CISC processors used commercially are also outlined.
Risc & cisk
This document compares RISC and CISC processor architectures. It discusses that CISC processors have more complex instructions that can perform multiple operations, while RISC processors have simpler instructions that are optimized to complete in one clock cycle. CISC was developed earlier when memory was expensive, to reduce the number of instructions, while RISC focuses on increasing processor speed. RISC has advantages of faster execution and simpler hardware design, while CISC allows for more compact code.
Processors selection
Various processor architectures are described in this presentation. It could be useful for people working for h/w selection and processor identification.
Similar to Question 1. please describe an embedded system in less than 100 word.pdf (20)
A 64-Bit RISC Processor Design and Implementation Using VHDL
A 64-Bit RISC Processor Design and Implementation Using VHDL
Microcontroller pic 16f877 architecture and basics
Microcontroller pic 16f877 architecture and basics
More from armcomputers
Homework 3 P11Is this relation a function (Write either Yes.pdf
Homework 3 P11
Is this relation a function? (Write either \"Yes\" or \"No\")
Write \"Does Not Exist\" if the quantities do not exist.
Solution
Yes this is a many one function. Different elements maps to a single element {0}.
The domain of the function is {-2,-8,-7,7,-3}.
The range of the function is {0}..
i have a runable code below that works with just guessing where the .pdf
i have a runable code below that works with just guessing where the ships are. i need help editing
this code to be able to have a player play against computer and taking turns playing battleship.
BattleShipGame.java
package battleship;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class BattleshipGame {
private Ocean ocean;
private boolean[][] availableSpot;
private Scanner sc;
public BattleshipGame() {
// define a new ocean and a new 2D array to store available coordinates
ocean = new Ocean();
availableSpot = new boolean[10][10];
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < 10; j++){
availableSpot[i][j] = true;
}
}
}
/**
* prints the game menu and info
* //param select
*/
public void print(int select){
String info;
switch (select) {
case 1: info = \"Welcome to the World of Battleship!\";
break;
case 2: info = \"Enter coordinates to fire: \";
break;
case 3: info = \"Shots fired: \"+ocean.getShotsFired()+\", Ships sunk:
\"+ocean.getShipsSunk();
break;
case 4: info = \"Congratulations! You win!\";
break;
case 99: info = \"Invalid input. Please re-enter:\";
break;
case 100: info = \"--------------------------------------------\";
break;
case 101: info = \"\ ============================================\";
break;
default: info = \"Error selection\";
break;
}
System.out.println(info);
}
/**
* check if the input is valid
* //param input
* //return boolean
*/
public boolean checkValidInput(String input){
ArrayList numList = new ArrayList();
for (int i=0;i<10;i++){
numList.add(\"\"+i);
}
String[] coordinates = input.split(\" \");
//returns false if there are not 2 strings
if (coordinates.length!=2){
return false;
}
//returns false if any of the strings is not a single digit number
for (String str: coordinates){
if (numList.contains(str)==false){
return false;
}
}
//returns false if the coordinates have already been shot at
int row = Integer.parseInt(coordinates[0]);
int column = Integer.parseInt(coordinates[1]);
if (this.availableSpot[row][column]==false){
return false;
}
return true;
}
/**
* get the coordinates to shoot at from the String input
* //param input
* //return int[] coordinates
*/
public int[] getCoordinates(String input){
int[] coordinates = new int[2];
String[] strList = input.split(\" \");
int row = Integer.parseInt(strList[0]);
int column = Integer.parseInt(strList[1]);
coordinates[0] = row;
coordinates[1] = column;
return coordinates;
}
/**
* play the battleship game
*/
public void play(){
print(101);
print(1);
ocean.placeAllShipsRandomly();
boolean isGameOver = ocean.isGameOver();
sc = new Scanner(System.in);
//print the ocean and start the game
ocean.print();
print(3);
while (!isGameOver){
print(2);
String input = sc.nextLine();
//check if input is valid
while (!checkValidInput(input)){
print(99);
input = sc.nextLine();
}
//get coordinates and fire
int[] coordinates = getCoordinates(input);
int row = coordinates[0];
int column = coordinates[1];
ocean.shootAt(row, column);
availableSpot[row][column] = false;
isGa.
Find Tukey-Kramer resultsa. Group 1 to Group 2 Different Not D.pdf
Find Tukey-Kramer results:
a. Group 1 to Group 2: Different / Not Different
b. Group 1 to Group 3: Different / Not Different
c. Group 1 to Group 4: Different / Not Different
d. Group 2 to Group 3: Different / Not Different
e. Group 2 to Group 4: Different / Not Different
f. Group 3 to Group 4: Different / Not
DifferentDesign1Design2Design3Design4206.32217.08226.77230.55207.94221.43224.79227.95
206.19218.04229.75231.84204.45224.13228.51224.87209.65211.82221.44229.49203.81213.90
223.85231.10206.75221.28223.97221.53205.68229.43234.30235.45204.49213.54219.50228.35
210.86214.51233.00225.09
Solution
The SPSS ANOVA output for the given data is
Multiple Comparisons
Response
Tukey HSD
(I) Design
(J) Design
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Sig.
95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound
Upper Bound
1.00
2.00
-11.90200*
1.93911
.000
-17.1245
-6.6795
3.00
-19.97400*
1.93911
.000
-25.1965
-14.7515
4.00
-22.00800*
1.93911
.000
-27.2305
-16.7855
2.00
1.00
11.90200*
1.93911
.000
6.6795
17.1245
3.00
-8.07200*
1.93911
.001
-13.2945
-2.8495
4.00
-10.10600*
1.93911
.000
-15.3285
-4.8835
3.00
1.00
19.97400*
1.93911
.000
14.7515
25.1965
2.00
8.07200*
1.93911
.001
2.8495
13.2945
4.00
-2.03400
1.93911
.722
-7.2565
3.1885
4.00
1.00
22.00800*
1.93911
.000
16.7855
27.2305
2.00
10.10600*
1.93911
.000
4.8835
15.3285
3.00
2.03400
1.93911
.722
-3.1885
7.2565
*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
a. Group 1 to Group 2: Different / Not Different
The Significant value =0.000, so conclude that these groups are significantly different.
b. Group 1 to Group 3: Different / Not Different
The Significant value =0.000, so conclude that these groups are significantly different.
c. Group 1 to Group 4: Different / Not Different
The Significant value =0.000, so conclude that these groups are significantly different.
d. Group 2 to Group 3: Different / Not Different
The Significant value =0.001, This value is less than 0.05 so conclude that these groups are
significantly different at 5% level.
e. Group 2 to Group 4: Different / Not Different
The Significant value =0.000, so conclude that these groups are significantly different.
f. Group 3 to Group 4: Different / Not Different
The Significant value =0.722, A high p-value indicates to accepting the null hypothesis. so
conclude that these groups are not significantly different.
Multiple Comparisons
Response
Tukey HSD
(I) Design
(J) Design
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Sig.
95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound
Upper Bound
1.00
2.00
-11.90200*
1.93911
.000
-17.1245
-6.6795
3.00
-19.97400*
1.93911
.000
-25.1965
-14.7515
4.00
-22.00800*
1.93911
.000
-27.2305
-16.7855
2.00
1.00
11.90200*
1.93911
.000
6.6795
17.1245
3.00
-8.07200*
1.93911
.001
-13.2945
-2.8495
4.00
-10.10600*
1.93911
.000
-15.3285
-4.8835
3.00
1.00
19.97400*
1.93911
.000
14.7515
25.1965
2.00
8.07200*
1.93911
.001
2.8495
13.2945
4.00
-2.03400
1.93911
.722
-7.2565
3.1885
4.00
1.00
22.00800*
1.93911
.000
16.7855
27.2305
2.00
10.10600*
1.93911
.000
4.8835
15.3285
3.00
2..
Female copperhead snakes have the ability to reproduce both sexually.pdf
Female copperhead snakes have the ability to reproduce both sexually and asexually. In your
opinion, which method is best for the species in general and why? include the following in your
post:
Discuss asexual and sexual reproduction in terms of genetic diversity. How is meiosis related to
genetic diversity?
Use one of Gregor Mendel\'s ideas to support your opinion.
Solution
Female copperhead snakes have the ability to reproduce both sexually and asexually. While
asexual reproduction involves only one organisms, sexual reproduction requires both a male and
a female.
According to my opinion, the best reproduction method for this species is sexual reproduction.
The reason is that after several years the species would lose its ability to thrive in a given
environment. This ultimately would lead to an extinction of the species after many years, and
would leave this particular species open to other prey because of its ability to survive.
Sexual vs Asexual in terms of genetic diversity and meiosis relationship:
The process of sexual reproduction involves two parents, each contributing one gamete. Gametes
are produced by a process called meiosis, which starts by the duplication of chromosomes,
followed by two rounds of cell divisions and halving of the chromosome number. Gametes have
half the chromosome number of other adult cells of organism. A key feature of meiosis is the
excahnge of chromosome pieces which occurs in the first division of this process, called
recombination or crossing over. Recombination is a very improtant source of genetic variation
between individuals of sexually reproducting species, and the driving force for the process of
nature selection.
Gregor Mendel known as the father of Genetics came up with different ideas or theories relating
to genetics in offspring. His theory that best fits my opinion is the blending theory of inheritance.
The Blending theory of inheritance states, the original parental traits were lost or absorbed by the
blending in the offspring..
Explain some of the commonly held misconceptions about cloning. Why .pdf
Explain some of the commonly held misconceptions about cloning. Why do you think people
have these kinds of misconceptions?
Solution
There remains several misconceptions about cloning , as-
1.cloning can create carbon copy of the original,
2.it is against the nature, as it reduce biological diversity
3.people create clone for selfish reasons,
4.clones will have shorter life span.
5.human clones will be used as organ donors.
the cause of misconcept of people due to lack of knowledge about cloning, and may be we are
afraid of its consequences whih we think go against us, beside that there are also several ethical
issues..
Describe nN when the number of positive divisors of n is i) p2 for .pdf
The document describes two cases for the number of positive divisors (n) of a number: i) n is a prime number (p) squared, and ii) n is 105. It then provides a proof by contradiction that there are an infinite number of prime numbers. It assumes a finite number of primes p1, p2, ..., pn, and defines a new number N that is not divisible by any of the assumed finite primes, reaching a contradiction.
Describe one derived trait in humans (Homo sapiens).SolutionThe.pdf
Describe one derived trait in humans (Homo sapiens).
Solution
The latest chapter of human evolution begins with the emergence of Homo sapiens. The anatomy
of Homo sapiens is unique among hominin species and appears first in East Africa, dating to
roughly 160 thousand years ago. These unique features—including changes in the skull and
postcranial skeleton (skeleton minus skull) - suggest changes in brain size and architecture and
an adaptation to tropical environments. These anatomical changes are linked to cognitive and
behavioral changes that are equally unique among hominin species. In particular, the
archaeological evidence of behaviors thought to be unique to Homo sapiens, which appear first
in Africa around 170 ka, highlight the importance of symbolism, complex cognitive behaviors,
and a broad subsistence strategy (the strategy used to procure food). The evolution of Homo
sapiens is vitally important to defining our species in the broader context of human evolution and
also has key to understanding the human condition, past and present.
Food: All Homo sapiens were once hunter-gatherers living on wild plants and animals. It was
only about 11,000 years ago that humans began to domesticate plants and animals although wild
foods still remained important in the diet. Our species has a wide-ranging and essentially
omnivorous diet. This has enabled us to utilise the food resources found in the wide variety of
environments we inhabit.
Settlement: Early Homo sapiens often inhabited caves or rock shelters if these were available.
More recently, especially within the last 20,000 years, natural shelters were enhanced with walls
or other simple modifications. In open areas, shelters were constructed using a range of
framework materials including wooden poles and the bones of large animals, such as mammoths.
These structures were probably covered with animal hides and the living areas included fire
hearths.
Living sites were much larger than those occupied by earlier humans and a comparison with
modern traditional peoples suggests that clans consisted of between 25 and 100 members.
Other significant morphological changes included: the evolution of a power and precision grip; a
reduced masticatory system; a reduction of the canine tooth; and the descent of the larynx and
hyoid bone, making speech possible. An important physiological change in humans was the
evolution of hidden oestrus, or concealed ovulation, which may have coincided with the
evolution of important behavioural changes, such as pair bonding. Another significant
behavioural change was the development of material culture, with human-made objects
becoming increasingly common and diversified over time. The relationship between all these
changes is the subject of ongoing debate..
Consider the table below How many featuresattributes are in this s.pdf
Consider the table below: How many features/attributes are in this sample? Classify each of
attributes as binary, discrete, or continuous. Also classify them as qualitative(nominal or ordinal)
or quantitative (interval or ratio).
Solution
a)
Here we have 7 attributes those are Item, Year, Model, Price, Mileage, Colour, Transmission
b)
Transmission is an binary attribute becuase it had only two values as Auto and Manual
Model, Colour are discrete attributes
Price, Year, Mileage are Continuous attributes.
Chickens vary in color. Black and white color variation can be traced.pdf
Chickens vary in color. Black and white color variation can be traced to a single co-dominant
gene in which black chickens and white chickens are each homozygous for the black (BB) and
white (bb) allele, respectively, while speckled hens are heterozygous (Bb) Cause of Variation If
one of the alleles was ancestral, what is the most likely event that caused the other allele
encoding a color variant to arise in chickens? During which cellular process did this most event
most likely occur? Name one enzyme that was involved in this cellular process. Selection and
the maintenance of variation Generate a hypothesis for why this variation in chicken color may
be present today (do not consider the hypothetical situation in Q2b) Hypothetically, say that
speckled hens lay twice as many eggs, and thus produce twice as many offspring as either white
or black hens. If this were the case, briefly explain one possible reason that black and white
chickens are still produced.
Solution
Codominance is observed when two different alleles of a specific single-gene trait are both
expressed simultaneously. It follows non-Mendelian inheritance patterns. Both the dominant
alleles coexist and work together to express both phenotypes in equal measures. This would lead
to the phenotype having characteristics of both alleles.
For example, feather colour in hens may be white, black or speckled (it has both white feathers
and black feathers). The alleles can be shown as W for white and B for black.
There are three possible genotypes: WW, BB and BW.
There are also three possible phenotypes: WW = white, BB = black, and BW = speckled.
The event which may have caused the allele ecoding a color varient could be that, When genes
are far apart on the chromosome they can segregate independantly. This is due to crossing over.
this event occurs during meiotic division.Mutations are caused due to this and give rise to
variations.
In birds and mammals, unpigmented pigment cell precursors known as melanoblasts migrate
from the neural crest to the epidermis and into developing feather or hair follicles. Mature
pigment cells known as melanocytes synthesize melanin pigment, package it into melanosomes
and then transfer those melanosomes to keratinocytes for deposition into developing feathers and
hairs.Though mammals and birds have only one pigment cell type, the melanocyte, these cells
can produce either eumelanin (black/brown) or pheomelanin (yellow/red) and can switch rapidly
between the synthesis of these two pigment types
Increased production of eumelanin and a corresponding reduction in pheomelanin synthesis
generates a melanic phenotype, which may be dark brown or entirely black. This switch is
primarily controlled by the interaction of two genes: the melanocortin receptor 1 (Mc1r) and
agouti.
which are affected by mutations and polymorphisms.Melanism is the pattern,Mc1r is the gene
inchicken (Gallus gallus).
{c}Problem Run For Charity (charityrun.c)Charity Runs are a pop.pdf
{c}
Problem: Run For Charity (charityrun.c)
Charity Runs are a popular way for organizations to raise awareness and get fit at the same time.
However, these events can be tough to organize. The Princess Half Marathon Weekend, for
example, has as many as 40,000 runners raising money and awareness for the Children’s Miracle
Network Hospitals. People can run both 5ks and 10ks and there’s even a children’s race.
After nearly a semester of C programming, you\'ve decided that you\'d like to donate your skills
to create a program that organizes the typical activities for charity run weekend. In particular,
your program will help manage the following:
1) Individual Registration
2) Team Registration
3) Running Events
4) Donation Totals
Your program will log the number of teams and individual who are signed up for the different
races, process the racing events to see who has the fastest times, and track the total amount of
money raised by teams and individuals for charity.
Header Specification
To facilitate grading, include in your header comment which portions of the assignment you
have completed. You must complete all portions in order to earn full credit, but partial credit is
available for completing some of the steps. The primary steps are as follows:
(1) Processing Individual Registrations
(2) Processing Team Registrations
(3) Processing the running events
(4) Calculating total donations
If your comment is accurate, meaning that you pass the appropriate tests cases corresponding to
your choice, you\'ll earn 10 points. If your comment is roughly accurate, meaning that you
sincerely attempted the items you listed, and most of them work minus a tiny bug, then you\'ll
get 5 of these points. If your comment isn\'t accurate to a reasonable degree, you\'ll get 0 of these
points.
The reason this is here is because it\'s very important to communicate to others accurately what
you\'ve accomplished and what is left to accomplish. This sort of honesty and ability to appraise
your own work is a critical skill in a job.
Program Details
Individual RegistrationDetails
There are a two registration windows: early registration and regular registration. Prices for
registering early and regularly will be given. Each individual will have a unique number and
must be processed separately to record their name, age, running event, and donations raised. The
maximum number of runners for our program will be 10000.
Team RegistrationDetails
Teams may be created and registered to sign up several participators at once. Teams may only
sign up during early registration, have between 5 and 50 members, and must pay the team
registration fee for every member on the team. Teams should be recorded with their name and
number of members. Each member of the team still needs to be recorded with their name, age,
running event, and donations raised. We can organize at most 200 teams.
Running EventsDetails
There will be three running events: a 5k race, a 10k race, and a marathon race. For ea.
write a program that given a list of 20 integers, sorts them accordi.pdf
write a program that given a list of 20 integers, sorts them according to insert sort. java
Solution
public class InsertionSort {
/**
* method to sort the array elements using insertion sorts *
*
* @param array
* @return
*/
public static int[] insertionSort(int array[]) {
int n = array.length;
for (int j = 1; j < n; j++) {
int key = array[j];
int i = j - 1;
while ((i > -1) && (array[i] > key)) {
array[i + 1] = array[i];
i--;
}
array[i + 1] = key;
}
return array;
}
/**
* method to print the array elements
*
* @param input
*/
private static void printNumbers(int[] input) {
for (int i = 0; i < input.length; i++) {
System.out.print(input[i] + \", \");
}
System.out.println(\"\ \");
}
/**
* @param args
*/
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] input = { 3, 26, 67, 35, 9, -6, 43, 82, 10, 54, 14, 22, 21, 32,
121, 231, 12, 98, 77, 65 };
System.out.println(\"Before Sorting\");
printNumbers(input);
input = insertionSort(input);
System.out.println(\"Before Sorting\");
printNumbers(input);
}
}
OUTPUT:
Before Sorting
3, 26, 67, 35, 9, -6, 43, 82, 10, 54, 14, 22, 21, 32, 121, 231, 12, 98, 77, 65,
Before Sorting
-6, 3, 9, 10, 12, 14, 21, 22, 26, 32, 35, 43, 54, 65, 67, 77, 82, 98, 121, 231,.
Why is the 16S rRNA gene a preferred marker for the identification, .pdf
Why is the 16S rRNA gene a preferred marker for the identification, classification, and
evolutionary history of microbes? Detail your answer based on 5 main characteristics of this
gene. In other words, for each of the 5 characteristics listed, provide a reason for why that is
important to make this gene a preferred one for this type of study. Lastly, are “functional” genes,
such as antibiotic resistant genes not appropriate to study evolutionary history of microbes?
the 5 things may include, its availability, its length, and its conserved and variable regions, and it
being acquired by vertical transfer. im hoping for this to be explained in a little more detail
because i dont really get the veritcal transder part of the bp (length) part.
thanks
Solution
Several aspects of the 16S rRNA gene make it a preferred marker for the identification,
classification, and evolutionary history of microbes. Firstly, because it is widespread among
prokaryotes. Secondly, it\'s size (1,550 bp long) and the high degree of functional conservation.
It is large enough to provide statistically valid measurements. The clock-like mutation rates
throughout prokaryotic evolution are the result of it’s high degree of functional conservation.
The Third aspect of the16S rRNA gene is that it is composed of both variable and conserved
regions. The conserved regions can be used for designing amplification primers across taxa
whereas, the nine hypervariable regions (V1-V9) can be effectively used for the comparative
taxonomy. Lastly, it is the most common gene to be used for constructing phylogenetic
relationships in prokaryotes as it is acquired by vertical transfer. It is universal in bacteria so
relationships can be measured among all bacteria but recently it has been argued that 16s rRNA
genes can also be transferred by horizontal gene transfer. It is important to make this gene a
preferred one for this type of study because 16S rRNA gene sequences analysis allow better,
accurate, robust and reproducible bacterial identification than that obtained by phenotypic
testing. The phenotypic test results are less subjective. It can identify poorly described, rarely
isolated, aberrant strains, and can also recognize novel pathogens. “Functional” genes, such as
antibiotic resistant genes are considered inappropriate to study the evolutionary history of
microbes because it is generally acquired by horizontal or lateral gene transfer. Many bacteria
become resistant by acquiring genes via horizontal gene transfer. Such genes in the organism
may show different rates of evolution or even show different evolutionary history. Often
Evolutionists point out the development of antibiotic resistance by bacteria as a validation of
evolutionary change but molecular analysis of the genetic events that lead to antibiotic resistance
do not support this assumption..
Why do SSDs benefit from a scheduler like noopSolutionThe def.pdf
Why do SSDs benefit from a scheduler like noop?
Solution
The default I/O scheduler for Linux is Completely Fair Queueing, and is a virtuous all-round
scheduler. Mutual wisdom holds that CFQ is needless or sub-optimal on systems that disrupt the
normal assumptions, such as hardware RAID cards equipped by a write-cache, or SSDs. In these
cases, the noop scheduler is recommended. The noop scheduler does nothing overlooking the
chance to optimize our disk admissions.
All our VPS hypervisors take hardware RAID cards with a write-cache, consequently we set out
to see if there were any improvements to be had from changing to the noop scheduler. Seeing by
way of we’d required it to roll out any large-scale alterations, we utilized Puppet to help us
discover some appropriate test subjects. By loading a custom Feature fact into our manifests, we
could clutch all the PCI IDs for RAID cards and see what representations were installed in
dissimilar servers. every smart RAID cards had the similar PCI ID, which parallels to the PERC
H700 and H800 hardware..
which of the following types of orgnisms possess the enzyme catalase.pdf
which of the following types of orgnisms possess the enzyme catalase?
A) obligate aerobe
B) obligate anaerobe
C) facultative anaerobe
D) both A & B
Solution
answer is A.
obligate aerobes are able to use oxygen as terminal electron acceptor during respiration contain
catalase.
obligate anaerobes even though possess catalase, it is very rare and in less quantities. facultative
anaerobes which ferment and does not respire using oxygen are also catalase negative.
facultative anaerobes under aerobic conditions possess catalase for aerobic respiration.
Which of the five factors of production is most important for creati.pdf
Which of the five factors of production is most important for creating wealth?
Solution
The five factors of prodution are Land, Labor, Capital, Entrepreneurship and Knowledge
Entrepreneurship and knowledge is the most important factor for creating wealth as it helps in
combining all other factors of production to achieve desired results..
What is the good producing business What is the good producing.pdf
What is the good producing business?
What is the good producing business? 16) In a regulated monopoly,-- - prices are set by
government mandate no single firm can grow large enough to influence prices across the market
C) firms that excel in one or more aspects can gain some control over pricing D) individual firms
can have considerable control over pricing E) suppliers can charge as much as they want, at least
until people stop buying unemployment is the natural movement of workers into and out of jobs,
such as when a person quits one job without first lining up a new job. A) Structural Intrinsic
Frictional D) Cyclical E) Seasonal 18) The number of units of one currency that must be
exchanged for a unit of the second currency is known as the exchange rate between the
currencies. TRUE or FALSE 19) Which of the following is a main feature of protectionism? A)
high levels of risks for domestic industries B) increased risk for local workers C) compromise on
national security D) governmental intervention in trade E) formation of trade blocs between
nations 20) An embargo is a complete ban on the import or export of certain products or even all
trade between certain countries TRUE or FALSE 21) Taxes, surcharges, or duties levied against
imported goods are known as A) import sanctions B) embargoes C) tariffs D) import quotas E)
restrictive import standards
Solution
Goods producing business - DUNKIN DONUTS produces coffee and donuts.
There is something tangible that you can see, feel, touch, eat, or walk out of the store with it in
your possession.
it\'s probably that manufacturing deals with the product (designing, building, etc.).
What is the future of PKI Acceptance of PKI solutions—and product s.pdf
What is the future of PKI? Acceptance of PKI solutions—and product sales—has fallen short of
early estimates. What would the “killer app” for PKI sales look like?
Will biometrics involve encryption? How are biometric technologies dependent on the use of
cryptography?
Solution
Answer :
future of PKI :
1) The future of public key infrastructure is stronger and it remains the most practical cost
effective solutions and the ever growing security things.
2) The pki inter related network and electronic things.
3) The future of PKI is very bright, fruitful, trust management and using phones..
An easy temperament is best characterized asoptionshigh so.pdf
An \"easy\" temperament is best characterized as:
options:
high sociability and low adaptability.
high emotionality and high adaptability.
high contentment and high adaptability.
what is considered an \"easy\" temperament depends on the parents.
high activity and low emotionality.
Solution
Answer:
d) what is considered an \"easy\" temperament depends on the parents.
Temperament is an individual\'s characteristic level of emotional excitability or intensity,
heredity plays an important part in creating temperament..
A protein that was isolated by a team of university scien4sts is sus.pdf
A protein that was isolated by a team of university scien4sts is suspected to be expressed on a yet
to be iden4fied lymphocyte. With your group partners – outline a series of experiments that you
would design to iden4fy the cells expressing the protein.
Solution
Most of the genes expressed as proteins and proteins involved in cell function. Lymphocytes are
the part of leucocyte present in the lymphatic system.They are some experiments to identify the
cells expressing the protein.They are differential protein expression using 2-d gel electrophoresis
and by gene expression profiling, serial analysis of gene expression..
A laser beam strikes one end of a slab of material of length L = 42..pdf
A laser beam strikes one end of a slab of material of length L = 42.0 cm and thickness t=3.10
mm. Itenters the material at the center striking it at an angle of incidence of 50.0 degrees. The
index of refraction of the slab is n = 1.48. How many internal reflections the light makes from
the top and bottom of the slab before exiting at the other end.
Solution
As the beam enters the slab
n1*sin A1 = n2*sin A2
1*sin 50 = 1.48*sin A2
A2 = arcsin(sin 50/1.48) = 31.2 deg
the beam then stirkes at the top of slab at x1
x1 = 1.55*10^-3/tan 31.2 = 2.56*10^-3 m (from the left end)
After that the beam strike at slab each time it has traveled a distance of 2x1
Since the slab is 42 cm long, total distance to travel after first reflection = 42 cm - x1
(42 cm - x1)/2x1 = (42*10^-2 - 2.56*10^-3)/(2*2.56*10^-3) = 81.53 reflections
Since the number of reflection will be integer, So total number of reflections will be 82..
More from armcomputers (20)
Homework 3 P11Is this relation a function (Write either Yes.pdf
Homework 3 P11Is this relation a function (Write either Yes.pdf
i have a runable code below that works with just guessing where the .pdf
i have a runable code below that works with just guessing where the .pdf
Find Tukey-Kramer resultsa. Group 1 to Group 2 Different Not D.pdf
Find Tukey-Kramer resultsa. Group 1 to Group 2 Different Not D.pdf
Female copperhead snakes have the ability to reproduce both sexually.pdf
Female copperhead snakes have the ability to reproduce both sexually.pdf
Explain some of the commonly held misconceptions about cloning. Why .pdf
Explain some of the commonly held misconceptions about cloning. Why .pdf
Describe nN when the number of positive divisors of n is i) p2 for .pdf
Describe nN when the number of positive divisors of n is i) p2 for .pdf
Describe one derived trait in humans (Homo sapiens).SolutionThe.pdf
Describe one derived trait in humans (Homo sapiens).SolutionThe.pdf
Consider the table below How many featuresattributes are in this s.pdf
Consider the table below How many featuresattributes are in this s.pdf
Chickens vary in color. Black and white color variation can be traced.pdf
Chickens vary in color. Black and white color variation can be traced.pdf
{c}Problem Run For Charity (charityrun.c)Charity Runs are a pop.pdf
{c}Problem Run For Charity (charityrun.c)Charity Runs are a pop.pdf
write a program that given a list of 20 integers, sorts them accordi.pdf
write a program that given a list of 20 integers, sorts them accordi.pdf
Why is the 16S rRNA gene a preferred marker for the identification, .pdf
Why is the 16S rRNA gene a preferred marker for the identification, .pdf
Why do SSDs benefit from a scheduler like noopSolutionThe def.pdf
Why do SSDs benefit from a scheduler like noopSolutionThe def.pdf
which of the following types of orgnisms possess the enzyme catalase.pdf
which of the following types of orgnisms possess the enzyme catalase.pdf
Which of the five factors of production is most important for creati.pdf
Which of the five factors of production is most important for creati.pdf
What is the good producing business What is the good producing.pdf
What is the good producing business What is the good producing.pdf
What is the future of PKI Acceptance of PKI solutions—and product s.pdf
What is the future of PKI Acceptance of PKI solutions—and product s.pdf
An easy temperament is best characterized asoptionshigh so.pdf
An easy temperament is best characterized asoptionshigh so.pdf
A protein that was isolated by a team of university scien4sts is sus.pdf
A protein that was isolated by a team of university scien4sts is sus.pdf
A laser beam strikes one end of a slab of material of length L = 42..pdf
A laser beam strikes one end of a slab of material of length L = 42..pdf
Recently uploaded
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar KanvariaWhat is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Aberdeen
RPMS TEMPLATE FOR SCHOOL YEAR 2023-2024 FOR TEACHER 1 TO TEACHER 3
RPMS Template 2023-2024 by: Irene S. Rueco
Community pharmacy- Social and preventive pharmacy UNIT 5
Covered community pharmacy topic of the subject Social and preventive pharmacy for Diploma and Bachelor of pharmacy
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptxMohd Adib Abd Muin, Senior Lecturer at Universiti Utara Malaysia
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama UniversityAkanksha trivedi rama nursing college kanpur.
Natural birth techniques are various type such as/ water birth , alexender method, hypnosis, bradley method, lamaze method etcWalmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP Module
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
ANATOMY AND BIOMECHANICS OF HIP JOINT.pdf
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)Academy of Science of South Africa
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.Recently uploaded (20)
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
RPMS TEMPLATE FOR SCHOOL YEAR 2023-2024 FOR TEACHER 1 TO TEACHER 3
RPMS TEMPLATE FOR SCHOOL YEAR 2023-2024 FOR TEACHER 1 TO TEACHER 3
Community pharmacy- Social and preventive pharmacy UNIT 5
Community pharmacy- Social and preventive pharmacy UNIT 5
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
Pride Month Slides 2024 David Douglas School District
Pride Month Slides 2024 David Douglas School District
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
Liberal Approach to the Study of Indian Politics.pdf
Liberal Approach to the Study of Indian Politics.pdf
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
Question 1. please describe an embedded system in less than 100 word.pdf
- 1. Question 1. please describe an embedded system in less than 100 words. You will need to cover all the major characteristics of the embedded system to earn full points. Question 2. please explain RISC and CISC and give the advantages and disadvantages of both. Solution 1.An embedded system is a combination of computer hardware and software and some additional parts, either mechanical or electronic—designed to perform a dedicated function. Example of embedded system is Digital Watch It contains a simple, inexpensive 4-bit processor and its own on-chip ROM. The only other hardware elements of the watch are the inputs (buttons) and outputs (display and speaker).It consists of a software, which when carefully designed, allows enormous flexibility and helps to create a reasonably reliable product at extraordinarily low production cost. other examples are:Microwave oven, cordless phones, ATMS etc 2) RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) RISC stands for Reduced Instruction Set Computer. To execute each instruction, if there is separate electronic circuitry in the control unit, which produces all the necessary signals, this approach of the design of the control section of the processor is called RISC design.It is also called hard-wired approach. Examples of RISC processors: IBM RS6000, MC88100 DEC’s Alpha 21064, 21164 and 21264 processors Features of RISC Processors: The standard features of RISC processors are listed below: RISC processors use a small and limited number of instructions. RISC machines mostly uses hardwired control unit. RISC processors consume less power and are having high performance. Each instruction is very simple and consistent. RISC processors uses simple addressing modes. RISC instruction is of uniform fixed length. CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) CISC stands for Complex Instruction Set Computer. If the control unit contains a number of micro-electronic circuitry to generate a set of control signals and each micro-circuitry is
- 2. activated by a micro-code, this design approach is called CISC design. Examples of CISC processors are: Intel 386, 486, Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium III Motorola’s 68000, 68020, 68040, etc. Features of CISC Processors: The standard features of CISC processors are listed below: CISC chips have a large amount of different and complex instructions. CISC machines generally make use of complex addressing modes. Different machine programs can be executed on CISC machine. CISC machines uses micro-program control unit. CISC processors are having limited number of registers. Advantages of CISC Architecture: 1)Microprogramming is easy to implement and much less expensive than hard wiring a control unit. 2)It is easy to add new commands into the chip without changing the structure of the instruction set as the architecture uses general-purpose hardware to carry out commands. 3)This architecture makes the efficient use of main memory since the complexity (or more capability) of instruction allows to use less number of instructions to achieve a given task. 4)The compiler need not be very complicated, as the microprogram instruction sets can be written to match the constructs of high level languages. Disadvantages of CISC Architecture: 1)A new or succeeding versions of CISC processors consists early generation processors in their subsets (succeeding version). Therefore, chip hardware and instruction set became complex with each generation of the processor. 2)The overall performance of the machine is reduced due to the different amount of clock time required by different instructions. 3)This architecture necessitates on-chip hardware to be continuously reprogrammed. 4)The complexity of hardware and on-chip software included in CISC design to perform many functions. Advantages of RISC Architecture: 1)The performance of RISC processors is often two to four times than that of CISC processors because of simplified instruction set. 2)This architecture uses less chip space due to reduced instruction set which helps to place extra functions like floating point arithmetic units or memory management units on the same chip. 4)The per-chip cost is reduced by this architecture that uses smaller chips consisting of more components on a single silicon wafer.
- 3. 5)The execution of instructions in RISC processors is high due to the use of many registers for holding and passing the instructions as compared to CISC processors. Disadvantages of RISC Architecture: 1)The performance of a RISC processor depends on the code that is being executed. The processor spends much time waiting for first instruction result before it proceeds with next subsequent instruction 2) RISC processors require very fast memory systems to feed various instructions. Typically, a large memory cache is provided on the chip in most RISC based systems.