L3 ap landofrms of coastal erosion
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This document discusses different coastal landforms produced by erosion, including headlands and bays, cliffs and wave cut platforms, and caves, arches, stacks, and stumps. Headlands and bays form along coastlines with alternating bands of hard and soft rock. The geology of the coast determines the shape. Headlands project out to sea with steep slopes, while bays are low-lying areas between headlands that have retreated. Cliffs are formed as waves erode the base between high and low tides, creating a wave cut platform. Over time, the cliff collapses due to lack of support and gravity. This leaves a wave cut notch and smooth platform. Exposed
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The document discusses different classifications of coastlines based on geology and energy levels. There are three main types of coastlines: transverse coasts which develop when rock strata is perpendicular to the shoreline; longitudinal/concordant coasts which develop when rock strata runs parallel to the shoreline; and coastlines classified by energy levels including high energy, low energy, and protected coastlines based on wave activity. Geology is the overriding factor in coastal morphology, with rock type and structure influencing coastal landforms.
Wave Cut Platform
A wave-cut platform is a narrow, flat area formed at the base of sea cliffs due to erosion from destructive waves during storms. Destructive waves undermine the cliff face through hydraulic action and corrasion, creating a wave-cut notch. Continued erosion enlarges the notch until the cliff above collapses, exposing a flat terrace known as a wave-cut platform. As the cliff continues retreating inland, the platform grows wider.
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1. Early theories of landscape evolution included catastrophism and uniformitarianism. Davis later proposed the cycle of erosion, which described fixed stages of landscape development over time.
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3. King further developed these ideas, arguing landscapes evolve through parallel slope retreat and may culminate in a pediment under certain conditions. Modern geomorphology views landscapes as intricate systems influenced by various dynamic factors and processes.
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The document discusses different types of river deltas, which are areas of sediment deposited at river mouths where flowing water enters a slower body of water. Deltas form when the river's sediment load deposition rate exceeds the erosion rate in areas where rivers discharge into seas or lakes with little wave action. Common delta types include arcuate deltas with rounded edges, cuspate deltas resembling teeth, and bird's foot deltas with many branching sediment-bounded channels fanning out.
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Wave Cut Platform
A wave-cut platform is a narrow, flat area formed at the base of sea cliffs due to erosion from destructive waves during storms. Destructive waves undermine the cliff face through hydraulic action and corrasion, creating a wave-cut notch. Continued erosion enlarges the notch until the cliff above collapses, exposing a flat terrace known as a wave-cut platform. As the cliff continues retreating inland, the platform grows wider.
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Periglacial processes occur in areas surrounding glaciers where freeze-thaw action takes place. This leads to the formation of various landforms through processes like solifluction, frost heaving, and mass movement. Permafrost and seasonal thawing causes saturated soil to flow downhill, forming lobes and terraces. Patterned ground also results from frost action pushing stones upwards until they roll downhill into organized patterns.
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This document discusses the formation and characteristics of waves. It begins by introducing the learning objective of understanding how and where waves form and their characteristics. It then defines waves as ripples in the sea caused by the transfer of energy from wind blowing over the surface. The document provides information on how waves are formed by wind and by earthquakes or volcanic eruptions. It also describes what happens as waves approach the coast, including that there is little horizontal water movement until waves break on the shore. Terms like swash and backwash are defined. The document includes diagrams, questions, and a comparison of constructive and destructive waves.
Pangaea
1. The document discusses Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift and the existence of the supercontinent Pangaea approximately 225 million years ago that broke up into the continents as we know them today.
2. It describes the movement of tectonic plates under the earth's surface which slowly causes the drifting of continents at a rate of 1-10 cm per year and can result in earthquakes when plates collide or move laterally against each other.
3. The different types of plate interactions are explained, including subduction that occurs when an oceanic plate collides with a continental plate.
Coastal features of erosion
1) The document is a PowerPoint presentation about coastal features created by erosion. It contains sections on objectives, rationale, waves, coastal erosion, and various landforms created by erosion like headlands and bays, cliffs and wave-cut platforms, and caves, arches, stacks and stumps.
2) It explains the two types of waves - constructive waves that build beaches and destructive waves that erode coastlines. Coastal erosion occurs as wind and water wear away sediments from the land.
3) Various landforms along coastlines have been formed by these erosive processes, including headlands that jut into the sea and indented areas between them called bays, cliffs and the flat areas
[Instant revision] geography
Plate tectonics explains earthquakes and volcanoes, which occur at plate boundaries where plates are moving together or apart. Earthquakes are caused by seismic waves from faults deep in the earth, while volcanoes form where weaknesses in the crust allow magma to reach the surface. Despite hazards, volcanoes are attractive to live near due to fertile soil and tourism opportunities from hot springs and geysers.
L1 ap drainage basin and river processes
The five main river processes that shape the river landscape are erosion, transportation, deposition, mass movement, and weathering. Erosion processes include hydraulic action from water force, abrasion from rocks hitting the river bed, solution where rocks dissolve in water, and attrition where rocks wear down from bumping together. Transportation involves traction moving large rocks along the river bed, saltation bouncing small sediment particles, and suspension carrying very fine particles in the water. Deposition occurs when the river drops its sediment load due to decreasing velocity or volume. Mass movement comprises soil creep on slopes, landslides from undercutting, and debris flows like liquid down hills. Weathering includes mechanical, chemical, and biological processes breaking down rock and sediment.
5. depositional features
This document discusses the characteristics and formation of three river depositional landforms: levées, flood plains, and estuaries. It includes definitions and descriptions of each landform, as well as explanations of how they are formed through deposition during flooding. The document aims to help students explore and understand these key river features. It provides learning materials like worksheets and questions to aid comprehension.
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L2 consumption patterns
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Freshwater availability varies globally due to its uneven distribution and factors like population growth, climate change, and development levels that impact supply and demand. Aquifers underground store freshwater, but some are being drained faster than replenished. While three percent of water is fresh, two thirds is frozen and one percent is available for human use.
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China faces significant challenges with sustainable water management due to having only 7% of the world's freshwater resources but over 19.5% of the global population. To address this, China is taking several steps including implementing more efficient irrigation techniques for agriculture, building new reservoirs and water transfer projects, treating more wastewater, and raising public awareness of water conservation issues.
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The document discusses sustainable management and use of water. Over 80 million more people are added to the global population each year, placing increasing demands on water resources. Agriculture and increasing meat consumption in countries like China also impact water usage. Two million tons of human waste is dumped into rivers daily. Individuals can help by planting drought-tolerant plants and using water-efficient appliances. Organizations in places like Las Vegas recycle water from hotels through advanced filtration systems. The government implements initiatives around limiting outdoor watering and pricing to encourage conservation.
L4 attitudes and desal ap
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2. Desalination is a technology that can resolve water shortages by removing salt from seawater to make it suitable for drinking. It involves reverse osmosis, where pressure is used to squeeze water molecules through a semi-permeable membrane, leaving salt behind. It is commonly used in dry, coastal regions like Spain, Australia, and Saudi Arabia.
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The document defines and classifies natural resources. It distinguishes between biotic factors like living organisms and abiotic factors like non-living things. Resources are also classified as renewable like solar energy or non-renewable like fossil fuels. Humans exploit resources through activities like overgrazing, overfishing, deforestation, and overusing water. This causes changes like soil erosion, declining fish populations, loss of biodiversity, and depleted aquifers. Humans also exploit energy resources but burning fossil fuels pollutes the environment and contributes to issues like acid rain.
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L3 ap landofrms of coastal erosion
- 1. What coastal landforms are produced by erosion?
- 2. Coastal EROSION landformsCoastal EROSION landforms videovideo herehere
- 3. 1) HEADLANDS AND BAYS1) HEADLANDS AND BAYS
- 9. Bay and HeadlandBay and Headland
- 11. 1. Headlands and Bays1. Headlands and Bays Headlands and Bays form along coasts which have alternating ______ of ____ and soft rock. The ______ of the coast is the most important factor controlling the _____ of the coast. Headland = where land projects out into the sea, usually with steep _____ e.g. Durlston Head (_______). Bay = low land, between the __________ , where the coast has ____________. Usually has a ______. E.g. Swanage Bay (sandstone) Retreated Cliffs Chalk headlands geology shape hard bands beach
- 13. 2) Cliffs and wave cut platforms2) Cliffs and wave cut platforms
- 14. How are cliffs and wave-cut platforms formed?
- 15. Wave cut platformWave cut platform formed between theformed between the high and low tides ashigh and low tides as the waves onlythe waves only attack the cliff andattack the cliff and pass over thepass over the platformplatform
- 18. • Watch this cliff collapse
- 19. 2) Cliffs and wave cut platforms2) Cliffs and wave cut platforms • Waves ____ the base of the cliff between low and high tide to form a _____ ___ ______ and then over time the cliff ________ due to lack of support and _______ . As most of the cliff gets washed out to sea a _______ is left in its place, a wave cut platform. It is often _______ due to abrasion. • platform gravity Erode collapses wave cut notch smooth
- 21. 3) Caves, Arches, Stacks and3) Caves, Arches, Stacks and StumpsStumps
- 22. Caves, Arches, Stacks and stumpsCaves, Arches, Stacks and stumps
- 32. Explain to your neighbour what willExplain to your neighbour what will happen at A over time.happen at A over time. A
- 34. Explain to your neighbour what willExplain to your neighbour what will happen at this stack over time.happen at this stack over time.
- 36. Explain to your partnerExplain to your partner what will happen to Awhat will happen to A over time.over time.
- 37. Copy out the diagram with the labelsCopy out the diagram with the labels into your books!into your books!
- 38. Formation of Arches, Stacks andFormation of Arches, Stacks and StumpsStumps Exposed lines of weakness in the ______ allow Hydraulic Action to form small _____ along the base of the cliff. Over time the cave will continue to grow through _______ ______ and meet another cave on the other side of the headland forming a small ______ . ______ will continue and undercut the base of the arch until it eventually falls due to lack of support and _______. This leaves behind a stack which will eventually collapse due to ___________ and gravity to leave a _____. erosion stump undercutting gravity caves Hydraulic Action arch cliffs
- 40. Task!Task! • Use the play doh to model and EXPLAIN the four stages of formation of caves, arches, stacks and stumps. REFER TO PROCESSES OF EROSION • Take a photo on your iPad and print out to stick into your notes.
- 41. Use the play doh to explain the formation of arches, stacks, stumps Take a photo with your iPad and print off and stick into your notes as part of hwk
- 42. HWKHWK 1. Print the photo (on iPad) of your annotated1. Print the photo (on iPad) of your annotated model and stick into your notes.model and stick into your notes. 2. Complete the map skills sheet on Showbie2. Complete the map skills sheet on Showbie
Editor's Notes
- Annotate Rock types – clay in foreground, chalk in background
- Add this writing to one of the headland slides on the handout