The document describes different coastal landforms formed by erosion processes. It discusses how headlands and bays form along coastlines with variations in rock hardness. Headlands project out and are more exposed to wave erosion, while bays form in areas of softer rock. As cliffs erode, waves cut notches and undercut the base, eventually leading to cliff collapse and the formation of wave-cut platforms. Within resistant cliff rocks, erosion enlarges weaknesses like faults to form caves, which can eventually be cut through to form arches or isolate stacks from the headland.

1. Distinctive landforms result from different processes. NT page 150 – 153 CGP pg 65

2. Lesson objectives: Landforms resulting from erosion To describe and explain the characteristics and formation of:- headlands and bays cliffs and wave cut platforms caves, arches and stacks

3. Headlands and bays

4. Why have the bays been eroded more than the headlands? Why are headlands now more vulnerable to erosion than bays? How do headlands protect bays from erosion?

6. Bay and Headland

8. An example of headlands and bays on the Dorset coastline … chalk clay limestone Swanage Bay

9. Headlands and bays Headlands and bays form along coastlines where there are alternating outcrop of harder and softer rock Destructive waves erode the areas of softer rock more rapidly to form bays The waves cannot wear away the resistant rock and so headlands are left sticking out into the sea. Headlands will be exposed to the full force of the waves and will be more vulnerable to erosion Headlands also protect the adjacent bays from destructive waves

10. Cliffs and wave cut platforms Cliffs begin to form when destructive waves erode the bottom of the rock face between the high and low water marks. The waves undercut the face forming a wave- cut notch. The rock above hangs over the notch. With continued erosion the notch increases in size and eventually the overhang collapses. Waves remove all the rock debris from the collapsed cliff The new exposed rock face is exposed to wave attack and cliff collapse. Over time the cliff face and coastline retreat inland As the cliff retreats a wave cut platform is created at the foot of the cliff. This is a gently sloping area between high and low watermarks Because wave erosion is concentrated where the waves break between the high and low water marks, the rock below is little affected and is left as an area of flat rocks.

11. Wave cut platform formed between the high and low tides as the waves only attack the cliff and pass over the platform

12. Wave cut platform at Southerndown, South Wales

13. Caves, Arches and Stacks Cliffs are likely to form where the coastline consists of resistant rock. Within resistant rocks there are points of weakness – faults, joints Solution, abrasion and hydraulic action by the waves will widen any weakness to form a cave . If a cave forms in a headland the cave might be widened and deepened until the sea cuts through to form a natural arch . Waves will continue to erode the foot of the arch until its roof becomes too heavy to be supported. When the roof collapses it will leave part of the headland isolated as a stack Eventually due to continued erosion the stack will collapse to leave a stump

15. 1 2 3 4 This is a cave (‘Stair Hole’). This is an arch (‘Durdle Door’). This is a stack (Old Harry’s Rocks). These are stumps .

16. Caves, arches, stacks and stumps 1. The waves erode FAULTS (cracks) in the headland. 2. The waves eventually erode through the headland to form an ARCH . 3. The arch becomes unsupported and collapses to form a STACK . 4. A STUMP is formed from the collapsed stack. C D B A Match the image with the most appropriate label. 1 2 3 4

17. If these photos were taken of one headland over time, which of these landforms would be the first to be formed?

19. Exposed lines of weakness in ______ allow Hydraulic Action to form _____small along the base of the cliff. Over time the cave will continue to grow through _______ ______ and meet another cave on the other side of the headland forming a small ______. ______ will continue and undercut the base of the arch until it eventually falls due to lack of support and _______. This leaves behind a stack which will eventually collapse due to ___________and gravity to leave a _____. erosion stump undercutting gravity caves Hydraulic Action arch cliffs

20. Stack : an isolated pillar of rock detached from a headland by wave erosion Stages : Joints Cave Arch Stack Needle Stump Processes : Hydraulic action Corrasion/abrasion Attrition Corrosion/solution Also : Weathering Mass movement Examples : Needles (Isle of Wight) Examples : Old Harry Rocks (Jurassic Coast) The Needles (Isle of Wight Deil’s Heid (Arbroath)

21. Image courtesy of Andrew Stacey www.stacey.peak-media.co.uk Wave-cut platform : a sloping rocky shelf found at the foot of a retreating cliff and exposed at low tide. This is Broad Bench in Kimmeridge Bay on the Jurassic Coast Processes : Hydraulic action Corrasion Undercutting Rockfall headland Words to use: Wave-cut notch abrasion Retreating cliff