The document discusses class diagrams and how to identify classes in object-oriented analysis and design. It defines key concepts like objects, classes, state, behavior, and identity. It explains that a class is a template for creating objects that share attributes and behaviors. The document provides guidelines for discovering different types of classes, specifically entity classes, boundary classes, and control classes. It also discusses stereotypes that can be applied to classes.
Object oriented architecture organizes software around discrete objects that incorporate both data structures and behavior. This contrasts with procedural approaches that emphasize "doing" things rather than data. Objects have identifiable characteristics and behaviors, and are instances of classes. Classes group objects that share common properties and relationships. Key principles of object oriented architecture include identification, classification, polymorphism, inheritance, and abstraction. Object oriented methodology for ERP uses the Object Modeling Technique which involves problem analysis, system design, object design, and implementation. OMT uses three models - the object model describing system objects and relationships, the dynamic model describing system changes over time, and the functional model describing data value transformations.
The objective is to explain how a software design may be represented as a set of interacting objects that manage their own state and operations and to introduce various models that describe an object-oriented design.
This document discusses key concepts in object-oriented programming including abstraction, encapsulation, classes, objects, inheritance, and polymorphism. It provides examples and definitions for basic terms like class, object, attribute, operation, and interface. The document also explains relationships like association, aggregation, generalization and how they are used to model real-world entities in an object-oriented system.
A class diagram shows the structure of a system by depicting classes, their attributes, operations, and relationships between classes. It is used for requirement capture, end-user interaction, and development. A class diagram depicts classes and their interrelationships through associations like generalization, aggregation, and composition. It also shows constraints and notes. An object diagram represents a concrete instance of a class diagram at a particular moment by showing specific objects.
Course material from my Object-Oriented Development course. This presentation covers all the key concepts and terminology needed for success in object-oriented development.
The document discusses key concepts in object-oriented software engineering including objects, classes, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction. It provides examples and definitions for each concept to illustrate how they are applied in object-oriented programming.
The document describes the steps to construct a domain class model:
1. The first step is to find relevant classes by identifying nouns from the problem domain. Classes often correspond to nouns and should make sense within the application domain.
2. The next steps are to prepare a data dictionary defining each class, find associations between classes corresponding to verbs, and identify attributes and links for each class.
3. The model is then organized and simplified using techniques like inheritance and packages. The model is iteratively refined by verifying queries and reconsidering the level of abstraction.
Object oriented architecture organizes software around discrete objects that incorporate both data structures and behavior. This contrasts with procedural approaches that emphasize "doing" things rather than data. Objects have identifiable characteristics and behaviors, and are instances of classes. Classes group objects that share common properties and relationships. Key principles of object oriented architecture include identification, classification, polymorphism, inheritance, and abstraction. Object oriented methodology for ERP uses the Object Modeling Technique which involves problem analysis, system design, object design, and implementation. OMT uses three models - the object model describing system objects and relationships, the dynamic model describing system changes over time, and the functional model describing data value transformations.
The objective is to explain how a software design may be represented as a set of interacting objects that manage their own state and operations and to introduce various models that describe an object-oriented design.
This document discusses key concepts in object-oriented programming including abstraction, encapsulation, classes, objects, inheritance, and polymorphism. It provides examples and definitions for basic terms like class, object, attribute, operation, and interface. The document also explains relationships like association, aggregation, generalization and how they are used to model real-world entities in an object-oriented system.
A class diagram shows the structure of a system by depicting classes, their attributes, operations, and relationships between classes. It is used for requirement capture, end-user interaction, and development. A class diagram depicts classes and their interrelationships through associations like generalization, aggregation, and composition. It also shows constraints and notes. An object diagram represents a concrete instance of a class diagram at a particular moment by showing specific objects.
Course material from my Object-Oriented Development course. This presentation covers all the key concepts and terminology needed for success in object-oriented development.
The document discusses key concepts in object-oriented software engineering including objects, classes, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction. It provides examples and definitions for each concept to illustrate how they are applied in object-oriented programming.
The document describes the steps to construct a domain class model:
1. The first step is to find relevant classes by identifying nouns from the problem domain. Classes often correspond to nouns and should make sense within the application domain.
2. The next steps are to prepare a data dictionary defining each class, find associations between classes corresponding to verbs, and identify attributes and links for each class.
3. The model is then organized and simplified using techniques like inheritance and packages. The model is iteratively refined by verifying queries and reconsidering the level of abstraction.
The document describes the key elements of a class diagram in UML including classes, attributes, operations, and relationships. A class represents a set of objects with shared characteristics like attributes and behaviors. Common relationships shown are association, aggregation, and generalization. An example class diagram for a Bank Account class is provided to illustrate these concepts.
Object oriented analysis and design using uml classes and objectsLikhithaMadddula
This document discusses key concepts in object-oriented analysis and design including classes, objects, relationships between classes and objects, and UML class diagrams. It defines objects as having attributes, behavior, and identity. Classes are described as representing groups of objects that share behaviors and attributes. Relationships between classes include generalization, aggregation, and association. The document also provides examples of class diagrams for a library management system to illustrate class relationships.
This document provides an overview of classes and objects in Python. It defines a class as a way to bind data and functions together. An object is an instance of a class and represents an entity with unique identity, state, and behaviors. The document discusses class attributes like __dict__, __doc__, and __name__. It also covers access specifiers like private, protected, and public and provides examples of declaring a class and defining methods in Python.
The document provides an overview of advanced features in the C# programming language, including interfaces, classes, structs, delegates, events, and other topics. It begins with learning objectives and an agenda, then reviews key object-oriented concepts. The remainder of the document describes interfaces, classes, structs, methods, properties, indexers, constants, fields, and other features in more detail.
Object relationship model of software engineering,a subtopic of object orient...julia121214
The document discusses the object-relationship model for modeling relationships between classes in object-oriented design. It explains that the first step is to understand the responsibilities of each class using CRC cards. The next step is to define collaborator classes that help achieve each responsibility, establishing connections between classes. Common relationship types like binary relationships are described, with the direction defined by which class acts as client or server. The document outlines steps for deriving an object relationship model from a CRC model by drawing collaborator objects, naming relationships, and determining cardinality.
The document discusses class diagrams and their components. A class diagram visually represents the structure of a system by showing classes, their attributes, operations or methods, and the relationships between classes. It includes boxes to represent classes with three parts - name, attributes, and operations. It also discusses the different types of relationships between classes including generalization, association, aggregation and composition.
The document provides an overview of object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD). It discusses the key concepts in OOAD including the three main models - object model, dynamic model, and functional model. It also outlines the four phases of OOAD - object-oriented analysis, system design, object design, and implementation. Specific techniques like the Object Modeling Technique (OMT) and the Unified Modeling Language (UML) are also covered. The document provides details on various OOAD processes like class modeling, dynamic modeling, functional modeling, and relationships between classes like inheritance, association and aggregation.
This document provides information about MCA assignments for the first semester at SMU. It contains 6 questions related to system analysis and design. Students can send their semester and specialization details to help.mbaassignments@gmail.com or call 08263069601 to get fully solved assignments. The questions cover topics like types of systems, attributes, system development life cycle, data dictionary, data elements, data structure, data store, data flow, and training methods. Students are advised to answer all questions, with answers for 10-mark questions being around 400 words.
2.1 Data Mining-classification Basic conceptsKrish_ver2
This document discusses classification and decision trees. It defines classification as predicting categorical class labels using a model constructed from a training set. Decision trees are a popular classification method that operate in a top-down recursive manner, splitting the data into purer subsets based on attribute values. The algorithm selects the optimal splitting attribute using an evaluation metric like information gain at each step until it reaches a leaf node containing only one class.
The document discusses key concepts of object-oriented programming (OOP) in Java, including objects, classes, inheritance, polymorphism, abstraction, and encapsulation. It provides examples of classes like Student and Rectangle to demonstrate how objects are instantiated from classes and how methods can access and modify object attributes.
A New Theory of Classification and Feature Inference Learning: An Exemplar Fr...Robert Colner
A new model of human category learning is presented. Novel use of eye-tracking data to directly estimate model parameters.
Full abstract
In addition to supervised classification learning, people can also
learn categories by predicting the features of category members.
One account of feature inference learning is that it induces
a prototype representation of categories. Another is that it results
in a set of category-to-feature rules. Because neither
model provides an adequate account of existing data, we propose
instead that inference learning induces an anticipatory
learning strategy in which learners attend to aspects of training
items they think will be needed in the future, and by so doing
incidentally encode information about the category’s internal
structure. The proposal is formalized by an exemplar fragment
model (EFM) that represents partial exemplars, namely, those
parts that are attended during training. EFM’s attention weights
are approximated by eyetracking data, resulting in fewer free
parameters as compared to competing theories.
This document discusses the basics of creating a C++ class, including defining the class with public and private members, creating objects of the class type, and accessing class members both inside and outside the class. It explains that a class creates a user-defined data type and describes the general form of a C++ class with sections for private and public data and functions. It also covers defining member functions inside and outside the class and using the dot operator and scope resolution operator to access class members and functions.
This document proposes a generalized definition language for implementing an object-based fuzzy class model. It begins by reviewing related work on defining fuzzy classes and identifying limitations in existing approaches. It then summarizes the authors' previous work developing a generalized fuzzy class structure and model. The document introduces several new data types for representing different types of fuzzy attributes. Finally, it proposes a formal definition language for the fuzzy class model that utilizes the new data types to define fuzzy class structure and accurately represent fuzzy data types and attribute values. The language is intended to serve as a data definition language for object-based fuzzy database systems.
The document discusses conceptual data modeling using entity-relationship (E-R) models. It describes how E-R diagrams can be used to represent entities, attributes, relationships between entities, and constraints at a high conceptual level, abstracting away implementation details. The key aspects covered include entity types and sets, attributes, keys that uniquely identify entities, relationship types and sets between entities, and value sets or domains for attributes. E-R diagrams provide an intuitive way to conceptualize how data items relate to each other before logical or physical implementation in a database.
The document discusses software analysis and development techniques. It defines analysis as determining the essential features and relations of something. When developing software, it is important to gather requirements, analyze in context, and develop architecture. Scenarios can unify different views like logical, physical and development views. User stories describe features for developers to implement with unit tests. They should be short, testable, and broken into multiple stories if too large. Common techniques are use cases, CRC cards, and user stories, which each have strengths and weaknesses for requirements, design, paths, and estimation. Classes come from textual analysis of nouns in requirements and domain experience.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented programming concepts including classes, objects, encapsulation, abstraction, inheritance, and polymorphism. It discusses different programming languages like Java and C++ that use the object-oriented paradigm. Specific concepts covered include defining classes with attributes and methods, creating object instances of classes, encapsulating data within classes, and abstract data types. Examples are provided to illustrate classes like Account and Circle and their corresponding objects.
The document provides information about object-oriented programming concepts in C#, including classes, objects, methods, constructors, and constructor overloading. It consists of a lab manual with 16 topics on OOP concepts. Each topic is presented on its own page and includes definitions, explanations, examples, and code snippets in C# to illustrate the concept. Constructor overloading allows defining multiple constructors with the same name but different parameters to initialize objects in different ways.
This document provides an introduction to wireless communication and wireless application protocol (WAP). It discusses the benefits of wireless communication like freedom from wires and global coverage. It also covers some of the technical challenges in wireless communication like efficient use of spectrum, mobility support, and maintaining quality of service over unreliable links. It defines wireless communication and differentiates between wireless and mobile. It also describes various types of wireless technologies and their limitations.
This chapter discusses shared memory architecture and classifications of shared memory systems. It describes Uniform Memory Access (UMA), Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA), and Cache Only Memory Architecture (COMA). It also covers basic cache coherency methods like write-through, write-back, write-invalidate, and write-update. Finally, it discusses snooping protocols and cache coherency techniques used in shared memory systems.
The document describes the key elements of a class diagram in UML including classes, attributes, operations, and relationships. A class represents a set of objects with shared characteristics like attributes and behaviors. Common relationships shown are association, aggregation, and generalization. An example class diagram for a Bank Account class is provided to illustrate these concepts.
Object oriented analysis and design using uml classes and objectsLikhithaMadddula
This document discusses key concepts in object-oriented analysis and design including classes, objects, relationships between classes and objects, and UML class diagrams. It defines objects as having attributes, behavior, and identity. Classes are described as representing groups of objects that share behaviors and attributes. Relationships between classes include generalization, aggregation, and association. The document also provides examples of class diagrams for a library management system to illustrate class relationships.
This document provides an overview of classes and objects in Python. It defines a class as a way to bind data and functions together. An object is an instance of a class and represents an entity with unique identity, state, and behaviors. The document discusses class attributes like __dict__, __doc__, and __name__. It also covers access specifiers like private, protected, and public and provides examples of declaring a class and defining methods in Python.
The document provides an overview of advanced features in the C# programming language, including interfaces, classes, structs, delegates, events, and other topics. It begins with learning objectives and an agenda, then reviews key object-oriented concepts. The remainder of the document describes interfaces, classes, structs, methods, properties, indexers, constants, fields, and other features in more detail.
Object relationship model of software engineering,a subtopic of object orient...julia121214
The document discusses the object-relationship model for modeling relationships between classes in object-oriented design. It explains that the first step is to understand the responsibilities of each class using CRC cards. The next step is to define collaborator classes that help achieve each responsibility, establishing connections between classes. Common relationship types like binary relationships are described, with the direction defined by which class acts as client or server. The document outlines steps for deriving an object relationship model from a CRC model by drawing collaborator objects, naming relationships, and determining cardinality.
The document discusses class diagrams and their components. A class diagram visually represents the structure of a system by showing classes, their attributes, operations or methods, and the relationships between classes. It includes boxes to represent classes with three parts - name, attributes, and operations. It also discusses the different types of relationships between classes including generalization, association, aggregation and composition.
The document provides an overview of object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD). It discusses the key concepts in OOAD including the three main models - object model, dynamic model, and functional model. It also outlines the four phases of OOAD - object-oriented analysis, system design, object design, and implementation. Specific techniques like the Object Modeling Technique (OMT) and the Unified Modeling Language (UML) are also covered. The document provides details on various OOAD processes like class modeling, dynamic modeling, functional modeling, and relationships between classes like inheritance, association and aggregation.
This document provides information about MCA assignments for the first semester at SMU. It contains 6 questions related to system analysis and design. Students can send their semester and specialization details to help.mbaassignments@gmail.com or call 08263069601 to get fully solved assignments. The questions cover topics like types of systems, attributes, system development life cycle, data dictionary, data elements, data structure, data store, data flow, and training methods. Students are advised to answer all questions, with answers for 10-mark questions being around 400 words.
2.1 Data Mining-classification Basic conceptsKrish_ver2
This document discusses classification and decision trees. It defines classification as predicting categorical class labels using a model constructed from a training set. Decision trees are a popular classification method that operate in a top-down recursive manner, splitting the data into purer subsets based on attribute values. The algorithm selects the optimal splitting attribute using an evaluation metric like information gain at each step until it reaches a leaf node containing only one class.
The document discusses key concepts of object-oriented programming (OOP) in Java, including objects, classes, inheritance, polymorphism, abstraction, and encapsulation. It provides examples of classes like Student and Rectangle to demonstrate how objects are instantiated from classes and how methods can access and modify object attributes.
A New Theory of Classification and Feature Inference Learning: An Exemplar Fr...Robert Colner
A new model of human category learning is presented. Novel use of eye-tracking data to directly estimate model parameters.
Full abstract
In addition to supervised classification learning, people can also
learn categories by predicting the features of category members.
One account of feature inference learning is that it induces
a prototype representation of categories. Another is that it results
in a set of category-to-feature rules. Because neither
model provides an adequate account of existing data, we propose
instead that inference learning induces an anticipatory
learning strategy in which learners attend to aspects of training
items they think will be needed in the future, and by so doing
incidentally encode information about the category’s internal
structure. The proposal is formalized by an exemplar fragment
model (EFM) that represents partial exemplars, namely, those
parts that are attended during training. EFM’s attention weights
are approximated by eyetracking data, resulting in fewer free
parameters as compared to competing theories.
This document discusses the basics of creating a C++ class, including defining the class with public and private members, creating objects of the class type, and accessing class members both inside and outside the class. It explains that a class creates a user-defined data type and describes the general form of a C++ class with sections for private and public data and functions. It also covers defining member functions inside and outside the class and using the dot operator and scope resolution operator to access class members and functions.
This document proposes a generalized definition language for implementing an object-based fuzzy class model. It begins by reviewing related work on defining fuzzy classes and identifying limitations in existing approaches. It then summarizes the authors' previous work developing a generalized fuzzy class structure and model. The document introduces several new data types for representing different types of fuzzy attributes. Finally, it proposes a formal definition language for the fuzzy class model that utilizes the new data types to define fuzzy class structure and accurately represent fuzzy data types and attribute values. The language is intended to serve as a data definition language for object-based fuzzy database systems.
The document discusses conceptual data modeling using entity-relationship (E-R) models. It describes how E-R diagrams can be used to represent entities, attributes, relationships between entities, and constraints at a high conceptual level, abstracting away implementation details. The key aspects covered include entity types and sets, attributes, keys that uniquely identify entities, relationship types and sets between entities, and value sets or domains for attributes. E-R diagrams provide an intuitive way to conceptualize how data items relate to each other before logical or physical implementation in a database.
The document discusses software analysis and development techniques. It defines analysis as determining the essential features and relations of something. When developing software, it is important to gather requirements, analyze in context, and develop architecture. Scenarios can unify different views like logical, physical and development views. User stories describe features for developers to implement with unit tests. They should be short, testable, and broken into multiple stories if too large. Common techniques are use cases, CRC cards, and user stories, which each have strengths and weaknesses for requirements, design, paths, and estimation. Classes come from textual analysis of nouns in requirements and domain experience.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented programming concepts including classes, objects, encapsulation, abstraction, inheritance, and polymorphism. It discusses different programming languages like Java and C++ that use the object-oriented paradigm. Specific concepts covered include defining classes with attributes and methods, creating object instances of classes, encapsulating data within classes, and abstract data types. Examples are provided to illustrate classes like Account and Circle and their corresponding objects.
The document provides information about object-oriented programming concepts in C#, including classes, objects, methods, constructors, and constructor overloading. It consists of a lab manual with 16 topics on OOP concepts. Each topic is presented on its own page and includes definitions, explanations, examples, and code snippets in C# to illustrate the concept. Constructor overloading allows defining multiple constructors with the same name but different parameters to initialize objects in different ways.
This document provides an introduction to wireless communication and wireless application protocol (WAP). It discusses the benefits of wireless communication like freedom from wires and global coverage. It also covers some of the technical challenges in wireless communication like efficient use of spectrum, mobility support, and maintaining quality of service over unreliable links. It defines wireless communication and differentiates between wireless and mobile. It also describes various types of wireless technologies and their limitations.
This chapter discusses shared memory architecture and classifications of shared memory systems. It describes Uniform Memory Access (UMA), Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA), and Cache Only Memory Architecture (COMA). It also covers basic cache coherency methods like write-through, write-back, write-invalidate, and write-update. Finally, it discusses snooping protocols and cache coherency techniques used in shared memory systems.
The document describes three scenarios: an Eastern State University course registration system, an automated teller machine (ATM), and a real estate business system. It provides background information on each scenario and tasks the reader with writing system behavior, actors, use cases, use case relationships, and use case diagrams for each system.
This document provides an overview of digital audio compression techniques. It discusses how audio compression removes redundant or irrelevant information to reduce required storage space and transmission bandwidth. It describes how psychoacoustic modeling is used to eliminate inaudible components based on principles of masking. Spectral analysis is performed using transforms or filter banks to determine masking thresholds. Noise allocation quantizes frequency components to minimize noise while meeting thresholds. Additional techniques like predictive coding, coupling/delta encoding, and Huffman coding provide further compression. The encoding process involves analyzing, quantizing, and packing audio data into frames for storage or transmission.
The document discusses planning and scheduling for projects. It covers fundamental engineering principles like problem analysis and developing solutions. Objectives for planning include effective time management, optimizing event sequences, and defining necessary resources. Common project scheduling tools like Gantt charts and PERT charts are explained. Gantt charts show task durations and dependencies on a calendar. PERT charts focus more on dependencies than calendar time. Estimating task durations is discussed. Function point analysis is presented as a method to estimate project size and effort independently of programming language. The process for calculating unadjusted function points and value adjustment factors is outlined.
Planning and scheduling involves fundamental engineering principles of first analyzing a problem and then developing a solution to meet defined needs. Key objectives include effective time management, optimizing the sequence of events, and defining necessary resources to ensure timely project progress. Gantt charts and PERT charts are common tools used to plan and schedule projects, with Gantt charts focusing more on calendar timelines and PERT charts emphasizing task dependencies. Function point analysis is an alternative technique for estimating the time and effort required for a software project based on identifying and weighting various user-requested application components and functionalities.
The document discusses activity diagrams in UML. It explains that activity diagrams model procedural flows of actions and can depict use case flows at a more detailed level. The basics of activity diagrams are covered, including actions, the initial state, and the final state. Beyond the basics, the document discusses decision points, merge points, and swim lanes. Decision points use guards to control the flow. Merge points connect decision paths. Swim lanes assign columns to different objects to clarify flows between them.
A reference to a set of Viewpoints: Viewpoints that receive the
assistant services. service.
Responsibilities: Responsibilities of the Constraints: Constraints on providing the
viewpoint. service.
Assumptions: Assumptions made about Implementation: How the service is
the viewpoint. implemented.
Relationships: Relationships to other Status: Current status of the service
viewpoints. (proposed, approved etc).
Priorities: Viewpoint priorities.
Issues: Viewpoint issues.
Rationale: Reason for the viewpoint.
This document introduces object-oriented design concepts. It discusses how software design can be represented using interacting objects that manage their own state and operations. Various models for describing object-oriented design are introduced, including class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and state machine diagrams. Design patterns are also introduced as a way to reuse knowledge about solving common design problems.
The document discusses modeling concepts in object-oriented systems using the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It covers:
- Classes which represent abstractions in the system with names, attributes, operations, and responsibilities. Common techniques for modeling classes include modeling the system vocabulary, distribution of responsibilities, and non-software things.
- Relationships between classes including dependencies, generalizations, and associations. Associations can have names, roles, multiplicity, and indicate aggregation.
- Common modeling mechanisms in UML including notes, stereotypes, and tags which allow extending the language for domain-specific concepts.
The document discusses the differences between software analysis and design. It provides details on:
- Analysis focuses on clarifying requirements and exploring the problem domain to identify concepts and analysis classes.
- Design starts with exploring the solution domain to formulate the system design using tools like class and object diagrams.
- Key outcomes of analysis include requirement specifications while design outcomes include low-level system design documentation.
- Analysis involves system analysts and end users while design involves system architects and developers.
This document provides an introduction to object-oriented programming concepts including classes, objects, relationships between classes and objects, and modeling with UML diagrams. It discusses key OOP concepts like encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. It also explains the object-oriented development life cycle including analysis, design, and implementation phases. Specific examples of class diagrams are provided for a library management system to illustrate class relationships and modeling.
This document provides an outline for a lecture on software design and architecture. It discusses key concepts like classes and objects, visibility, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and design patterns. The document also includes disclaimers about the source of the material and its intended educational use.
The document describes an admission process management system that aims to automate and computerize the student admission process. It discusses how the current manual system is costly, time-consuming, and difficult to use, while the proposed automated system would be more feasible in terms of cost, time, and effort. The system would use modern technologies like ASP.NET and SQL Server and require only a single operator, reducing costs. It also provides an attractive user interface to make the system easy for operators and users to work with, with fast response times.
The document discusses the Unified Modeling Language (UML) which is a general-purpose modeling language used to visualize, specify, construct, and document software systems. UML uses graphical notation to represent the design of software projects including concepts like use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and more. It provides a standard way to visualize a system from different perspectives including structural and behavioral views.
Object-oriented programming (OOP) uses objects that contain data and methods. The four pillars of OOP are abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. Abstraction hides unnecessary details, encapsulation shields an object's internal representation, inheritance allows subclasses to inherit attributes of superclasses, and polymorphism enables processing objects differently depending on their type. Classes define objects and contain data fields and methods, with objects being instances of classes that allocate space in memory. Access control in Java includes private, public, default, and protected access types.
Here are the steps to model an ATM using responsibility-driven design:
1. Identify the major objects involved in an ATM transaction:
- ATM
- Card
- User
- Bank Database
2. For each object, list its key attributes and responsibilities on a note card. For example:
- ATM card: card number, pin, balance
- Responsibilities: authenticate user, dispense cash
3. Arrange the note cards on a surface to show which objects collaborate by sending messages. For example,
- The ATM sends messages to the bank database to check balances and authorize transactions.
- The user sends messages to the ATM card to input their pin and request cash
The document provides an overview of object-oriented analysis and design concepts including: objects, classes, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and messaging. Classes define objects that have attributes and behaviors. Encapsulation involves collecting attributes into classes and hiding some attributes. Inheritance allows subclasses to inherit attributes and methods from parent classes. Polymorphism enables the same message to have different behaviors depending on the receiving object's class.
This document provides an introduction to object-oriented system design. It defines key object-oriented concepts like objects, classes, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. It also outlines the processes of object-oriented analysis, design, and programming. Finally, it provides examples of how these concepts are implemented in C++, including how to define classes and create objects.
SE18_Lec 06_Object Oriented Analysis and DesignAmr E. Mohamed
The document discusses key concepts in object-oriented systems development including classes, objects, attributes, methods, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, relationships between classes such as associations and aggregations, and object persistence. Object-oriented development models real-world entities as classes of objects that encapsulate both data and behavior and can be organized into inheritance hierarchies.
This document discusses various UML diagrams including class diagrams, domain models, associations, attributes, and sequence diagrams. It provides guidance on how to draw class diagrams from different perspectives (conceptual, specification, implementation). It also covers how to create domain models by finding conceptual classes, description classes, and relationships. Sequence diagrams and their relationship to use cases is explained, specifically how system sequence diagrams show the system events for a use case scenario.
This document discusses object-oriented concepts and modeling. It begins by listing three textbooks on these topics. It then provides an overview of object-oriented concepts like objects, classes, inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation. It describes the stages of object-oriented analysis, design and implementation. It discusses the three main models used in object-oriented modeling: class models, state models, and interaction models. Finally, it covers object-oriented themes like abstraction, encapsulation, and polymorphism and the purposes of modeling.
Object oriented analysis emphasizes investigating the problem domain to identify relevant objects and their relationships. The key goals are to define relevant classes and their attributes, operations, relationships, and behaviors through iterative refinement. Various analysis methods take different approaches, but generally involve use case modeling, class modeling, and behavior modeling.
This document provides an introduction to key concepts in object-oriented programming, including classes, objects, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. Classes define the attributes and behaviors of objects. Objects are instantiated from classes and have their own distinct attribute values. Encapsulation involves collecting attributes and behaviors within a class and allowing some to remain hidden. Inheritance allows new classes to extend existing classes and reuse attributes and methods. Polymorphism enables the same message to produce different behaviors depending on the receiving object's class.
SE_Lec 06_Object Oriented Analysis and DesignAmr E. Mohamed
This document discusses object-oriented (OO) system development. It describes how OO development builds self-contained modules that can be more easily replaced, modified, and reused. The key aspects of OO development covered include objects, classes, inheritance, encapsulation, polymorphism, and relationships between objects. The document also compares structured and OO approaches to programming.
Object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) involves finding objects or concepts in the problem domain during analysis and defining software objects and how they collaborate during design. The document discusses various OOAD concepts like the unified modeling language (UML), use case diagrams, class diagrams, state diagrams, and design patterns. It provides definitions and examples of these concepts and explains tasks like requirements analysis, architecture design, and modeling object relationships, behaviors, and interactions during analysis and design.
Object oriented thinking focuses on modeling real world objects and their interactions. Objects contain attributes and behaviors, and interact by sending and receiving messages. Classes define common properties and behaviors for objects through templates. Class hierarchies allow for generalization and specialization of classes. Object oriented design leads to reusable, maintainable, and scalable systems through concepts like encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction.
Fyp list batch-2009 (project approval -rejected list)Mr SMAK
This document lists 29 final year projects for computer science students in the BS (CS) Batch of 2009 at Sir Syed University of Engineering & Technology in Karachi, Pakistan. It provides the roll numbers, names, project titles and assigned supervisors for each group of students. The remarks column notes whether project ideas were accepted, rejected or required revisions and additional consultation with supervisors.
The document contains 8 questions for an assignment on wireless application protocol. The questions cover topics such as comparing circuit-switched and packet-switched networks, frequency division multiplexing of voice channels, spread spectrum techniques, calculating bandwidth requirements for frequency division multiplexing with guard bands, advantages and disadvantages of bursty versus continuous data transmission in wireless systems, and disadvantages of wireless LANs compared to wired LANs. The last question discusses applications where the disadvantages of wireless LANs may be outweighed or override the advantages of wireless mobility.
The document summarizes the evolution of wireless networks from 1G to 4G. 1G networks used analog signals and standards like NMT, AMPS, and TACS. 2G introduced digital cellular and standards like GSM, CDMA, and IS-136. 2.5G provided upgrades like GPRS, EDGE, and CDMA2000 1x to support higher data rates. 3G networks supported broadband data and included W-CDMA and CDMA2000. 4G aims to provide fully integrated IP services with speeds over 100 Mbps.
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) allows devices to access the Internet over wireless networks. There are three main categories of protocols for managing shared access to wireless networks: fixed assignment, demand assignment, and random assignment. Fixed assignment divides resources like frequency bands or time slots and allocates them exclusively. Demand assignment allocates resources only to nodes that need them. Random assignment does not preallocate resources and relies on collision detection and retransmission to manage shared access. Common protocols that fall under these categories include FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, ALOHA, and CSMA.
Wireless cellular networks divide geographic areas into cells served by base stations to allow for frequency reuse. As users travel between cells, their calls are handed off seamlessly. Cellular systems improve capacity by allocating unique frequency groups to each cell and reusing the same frequencies in cells sufficiently distant from each other. Larger networks connect multiple base stations and mobile switching centers to facilitate roaming and complete calls between mobile and fixed users.
This chapter discusses shared memory architecture and classifications of shared memory systems. It describes Uniform Memory Access (UMA), Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA), and Cache Only Memory Architecture (COMA). It also covers bus-based symmetric multiprocessors and basic cache coherency methods like write-through, write-back, write-invalidate, and write-update. Finally, it discusses snooping protocols for maintaining cache coherency, including write-invalidate and write-through, write-invalidate and write-back, write-once, write-update and partial write-through, and write-update and write-back.
This document discusses parallel computer memory architectures, including shared memory, distributed memory, and hybrid architectures. Shared memory architectures allow all processors to access a global address space, but lack scalability. Distributed memory assigns separate memory to each processor requiring explicit communication between tasks. Hybrid architectures combine shared memory within nodes and distributed memory between nodes for scalability.
This document discusses parallel computers and architectures. It defines parallel computers as collections of processing elements that cooperate and communicate to solve problems fast. It then examines questions about parallel computers, different types of parallelism, and opportunities for parallel computing in scientific and commercial applications. Finally, it discusses fundamental issues in parallel architectures, including naming, synchronization, latency and bandwidth, and different parallel frameworks and models like shared memory, message passing, and data parallelism.
This document provides an overview of parallel computing and parallel processing. It discusses:
1. The three types of concurrent events in parallel processing: parallel, simultaneous, and pipelined events.
2. The five fundamental factors for projecting computer performance: clock rate, cycles per instruction (CPI), execution time, million instructions per second (MIPS) rate, and throughput rate.
3. The four programmatic levels of parallel processing from highest to lowest: job/program level, task/procedure level, interinstruction level, and intrainstruction level.
This document discusses key concepts and terminologies related to parallel computing. It defines tasks, parallel tasks, serial and parallel execution. It also describes shared memory and distributed memory architectures as well as communications and synchronization between parallel tasks. Flynn's taxonomy is introduced which classifies parallel computers based on instruction and data streams as Single Instruction Single Data (SISD), Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD), Multiple Instruction Single Data (MISD), and Multiple Instruction Multiple Data (MIMD). Examples are provided for each classification.
This document provides an overview of a course on parallel computing for undergraduates. It outlines the theoretical and practical components of the course, including concepts that will be covered pre- and post-midterm. It also details assessment criteria, reading resources, and codes of conduct for the class.
This document discusses parallel computer memory architectures, including shared memory, distributed memory, and hybrid architectures. Shared memory architectures allow all processors to access a global address space, but lack scalability. Distributed memory assigns separate memory to each processor requiring explicit communication between tasks. Hybrid architectures combine shared memory within nodes and distributed memory between nodes for scalability.
The document outlines a project plan structure covering 5 sections: 1) the software engineering process model and team roles, 2) risk analysis and management methods, 3) tasks and scheduling, 4) resources, costs and estimates, and 5) monitoring and management methods to track the project. A sample project plan is attached for reference.
The document outlines guidelines for formatting a final year project proposal. It includes sections for the project title, student names and roll numbers, main text formatting, headings formatting, figures and tables, and references. Guidelines are provided for font type, size, indentation, spacing, capitalization, and other formatting rules to maintain a consistent structure and appearance.
Students of the final year 2009 batch at Sir Syed University of Engineering & Technology are advised to submit 3 copies of their final year project proposals by March 03, 2012. The proposals can be in the areas of artificial intelligence, expert systems, communication & networking, 3D applications, mobile computing, or web applications. Proposals should be submitted to faculty members Naheed Khan, Shardha Nand, Asharaf Ali Waseem, or M. Kashif Khan. Projects must be completed by groups of 3 to 4 students, who will later defend their proposal to the final year project committee.
This document outlines 29 potential projects for university students to undertake with SUPARCO. The projects range from designing components of small satellites to analyzing aerodynamic properties to developing encryption systems. SUPARCO will provide funding and engineering support for selected projects. Students will gain hands-on experience working on challenges relevant to SUPARCO's objectives.
The document outlines the timeline and assessment policy for final year projects (FYP) for computer science students graduating in 2009 from Sir Syed University of Engineering & Technology in Karachi, Pakistan. Key dates are provided for submitting registration forms, proposals, requirements documents, design documents, progress reviews, reports and presentations. The assessment policy breaks down the project into components like requirements, design, presentations and reviews, allocating marks between supervisor and evaluation committee assessments with the total project marks equalling 200.
The document describes several final year project ideas including predictive analytics, a soccer playing agent team for Robocup simulation, the game of Hex, intelligent web search using semantic knowledge, plagiarism detection, text compression using LZW method, searching multiple search engines, tracking website access statistics, mobile phone location services, and image analysis tools. The projects involve developing algorithms and applications in areas such as predictive modeling, artificial intelligence, games, search engines, data compression, and computer vision.
This document provides information about the final year project orientation for the computer science batch of 2009 at a university. It discusses the importance of the final year project, introduces the project committee members, outlines the project process and methodology, lists important deadlines and policies, and provides examples of potential project ideas. The goals are to apply knowledge and skills learned, work on problems faced in the real world, and gain experience that can help in future careers or entrepreneurship. Students are encouraged to be innovative and passionate in their projects.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
Created out of a necessity for superior performance in Kaggle competitions, Albumentations has grown to become a widely used tool among data scientists and machine learning practitioners.
This case study covers various aspects, including:
People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
Challenges: The hurdles in monetizing open-source projects and measuring user engagement.
Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
Community Building: Strategies for making adoption easy, iterating quickly, and fostering a vibrant, engaged community.
Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
Vladimir Iglovikov brings his extensive experience as a Kaggle Grandmaster, ex-Staff ML Engineer at Lyft, sharing valuable lessons and practical advice for anyone looking to enhance the adoption of their open-source projects.
Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
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Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
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- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
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The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
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* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
National Security Agency - NSA mobile device best practices
L ab # 07
1. Advance Software Engineering LAB # 06
LAB # 04
OBJECTIVE:
• Class Diagrams.
The Class Diagram's Purpose
The purpose of the class diagram is to show the static structure of the system being modeled.
The diagram specifically shows the entities in the system as in "discrete things," not to be
confused with "database entities" ‐‐ along with each entity's internal structure and
relationships with other entities in the system. Because class diagrams only model the static
structure of a system, only types of entities are shown on a class diagram; specific instances are
not shown. For example, a class diagram would show an Employee class, but would not show
actual employee instances such as Donald Bell, Mike Perrow, or Jimmy Buffett. Developers
typically think of the class diagram as a diagram specifically meant for them, because they can
use it to find out details about the system's coded classes or soon‐to‐be‐coded classes, along
with each class's attributes and methods. Class diagrams are particularly useful for business
modeling, too. Business analysts can use class diagrams to model a business's current assets
and resources, such as account ledgers, products, or geographic hierarchy.
Finding Classes
• What Is an Object?
• State, Behavior, and Identity
• What Is a Class?
• Stereotypes and Classes
• Discovering Classes
• Documenting Classes
• Packages
• Objects and Classes in the ESU Course Registration Problem
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• Class Diagrams
• Summary
What is an Object?
An object is a representation of an entity, either real-world or conceptual. An object can
represent something concrete, such as Joe's truck or my computer, or a concept such as a
chemical process, a bank transaction, a purchase order, Mary's credit history, or an interest rate.
An object is a concept, abstraction, or thing with well-defined boundaries and meaning for an
application. Each object in a system has three characteristics: state, behavior, and identity.
State, Behavior, and Identity
The state of an object is one of the possible conditions in which it may exist. The state of an
object typically changes over time, and is defined by a set of properties (called attributes), with
the values of the properties, plus the relationships the object may have with other objects. For
example, a course offering object in the registration system may be in one of two states: open
and closed. If the number of students registered for a course offering is less than 10, the state of
the course offering is open. When the tenth student registers for the course offering, the state
becomes closed. Behavior determines how an object responds to requests from other objects and
typifies everything the object can do. Behavior is implemented by the set of operations for the
object. In the registration system, a course offering could have the behaviors add a student and
delete a student. Identity means that each object is unique—even if its state is identical to that of
another object. For example, Algebra 101, Section 1, and Algebra 101, Section 2 are two objects
in the Course Registration System. Although they are both course offerings, they each have a
unique identity. In the UML, objects are represented as rectangles and the name of the object is
underlined as shown in
Figure 4‐1. Figure 4‐1. UML Notation for an Object IT‐
SC 48
What is a Class?
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A class is a description of a group of objects with common properties (attributes), common
behavior (operations), common relationships to other objects, and common semantics. Thus, a
class is a template to create objects. Each object is an instance of some class and objects cannot
be instances of more than one class. For example, the Course Offering class may be defined with
the following characteristics:
• Attributes—location, time offered.
• Operations—retrieve location, retrieve time of day, add a student to the offering.
Algebra 101, Section 1, and Algebra 101, Section 2 are objects belonging to the Course Offering
class. Each object would have a value for the attributes and access to the operations specified by
the Course Offering class.
A good class captures one and only one abstraction—it should have one major theme. For
example, a class that has the capability of maintaining information about a student and the
information about all the course offerings that the student has taken over the years is not a good
class since it does not have one major theme. This class should be split into two related classes:
Student and Student History. Classes should be named using the vocabulary of the domain. The
name should be a singular noun that best characterizes the abstraction. Acronyms may be used if
the acronym has the same meaning for all involved, but if an acronym has different meanings for
different people then the full name should always be used. If a class is named with an acronym,
the full name should also be contained in the class documentation.
It is often hard to distinguish between an object and a class. Why is Algebra 101, Section 1 an
object and not a class? What makes it different from Algebra 101, Section 2? The answers to
these questions are very subjective. By looking at their structure and behavior, it can be seen that
both have the same structure and behavior. They are only different course offerings for a
semester. In addition, it may be noted that there are many other "things" in the Course
Registration System that have the same structure and behavior (e.g., Music 101, Section1;
History 101, Section 1; and History 101, Section 2). This leads to the decision to create a Course
Offering class.
In the UML, classes are represented as compartmentalized rectangles. The top compartment
contains the name of the class, the middle compartment contains the structure of the class
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(attributes), and the bottom compartment contains the behavior of the class (operations). A class
is shown in Figure 4-2.
Figure 4‐2.
UML Notation for a Class
NOTE
1. Right-click to select the Logical View in the browser. IT-SC 49
2. Select the New:Class menu choice. A class called New Class is placed in the browser.
3. While the new class is still selected, enter the name of the class.
The browser view of a class is shown in Figure 4-3.
Stereotypes and Classes
We previously talked about stereotypes for relationships in use case diagrams. Classes can also
have stereotypes. As before, a stereotype provides the capability to create a new kind of
modeling element. Here, we can create new kinds of classes. Some common stereotypes for a
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class are entity, boundary, control, utility,
and exception. The stereotype for a class is
shown below the class name enclosed in
guillemets (<< >>). If desired, a graphic
icon or a specific color may be associated
with a stereotype. In Rational Rose 2000,
icons for the Rational Unified Process
stereotypes of control, entity, and boundary
are supplied. These stereotypes are shown in Figure 4-4 along with an example of a class with a
stereotype of exception.
Discovering Classes
A cookbook for finding classes does not exist. As Grady Booch has been known to say, "This is
hard!" The Rational Unified Process advocates finding the classes for a system under
development by looking for boundary, control, and entity classes. These three stereotypes
conform to a "model-view-controller" point of view and allow the analyst to partition the system
by separating the view from the domain from the control needed by the system. Since the
analysis and design process is iterative, the list of classes will change as time moves on. The
initial set of classes probably will not be the set of classes that eventually gets implemented.
Thus, the term candidate class is often used to describe the first set of classes found for a system.
Entity Classes
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An entity class models information and associated behavior that is generally long lived. This
type of class may reflect a real-world entity or it may be needed to perform tasks internal to the
system. They are typically independent of their surroundings; that is, they are not sensitive to
how the surroundings communicate with the system. Many times, they are application
independent, meaning that they may be used in more than one application. The first step is to
examine the responsibilities
documented in the flow of events for the identified use cases (i.e., what the system must do).
Entity classes typically are classes that are needed by the system to accomplish some
responsibility. The nouns and noun phrases used to describe the responsibility may be a good
starting point. The initial list of nouns must be filtered because it could contain nouns that are
outside the problem domain, nouns that are just language expressions, nouns that are redundant,
and nouns that are descriptions of class structures. Entity classes typically are found early in the
Elaboration Phase. They are often called "domain" classes since they usually deal with
abstractions of real-world entities.
Boundary Classes
Boundary classes handle the communication between the system surroundings and the inside of
the system. They can provide the interface to a user or another system (i.e., the interface to an
actor). They constitute the surroundings-dependent part of the system. Boundary classes are used
to model the system interfaces. Each physical actor/scenario pair is examined to discover
boundary classes. The boundary classes chosen in the Elaboration Phase of development are
typically at a high level. For example, you may model a window but not model each of its
dialogue boxes and buttons. At this point, you are documenting the user interface requirements,
not implementing the interface.
User interface requirements tend to be very vague—the terms user-friendly and flexible seem to
be used a lot. But user-friendly means different things to different people. This is where
prototyping and storyboarding techniques can be very useful. The customer can get the "look and
feel" of the system and truly capture what user-friendly means. What is then captured as the
structure and behavior of the boundary class. During design these classes are refined to take into
consideration the chosen user interface mechanisms—how they are to be implemented.
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Boundary classes are also added to facilitate communication with other systems. During design,
these classes are refined to take into consideration the chosen communication protocols.
Control Classes
Control classes model sequencing behavior specific to one or more use cases. Control classes
coordinate the events needed to realize the behavior specified in the use case. You can think of a
control class as "running" or "executing" the use case—they represent the dynamics of the use
case. Control classes typically are application-dependent classes.
In the early stages of the Elaboration Phase, a control class is added for each actor/use case pair.
The control class is responsible for the flow of events in the use case. The use of control classes
is very subjective. Many authors feel that the use of control classes results in behavior being
separated from data. This can happen if your control classes are not chosen wisely. If a control
class is doing more than sequencing, then it is doing too much! For example, in the Course
Registration System, a student selects course offerings and if the course offering is available, the
student is added to it. Who knows how to add the student—the control class or the course
offering? The right answer is the course offering. The control class knows when the student
should be added; the course offering knows how to add the student. A bad control class would
not only know when to add the student but how to add the student. The addition of a control class
per actor/use case pair is only an initial cut—as analysis and design continues, control classes
may be eliminated, split up, or combined.
NOTE
1. Right-click to select the class in the browser and make the shortcut menu visible.
2. Select the Open Specification menu choice.
3. Select the General tab.
4. Click the arrow in the Stereotype field to make the drop-down menu visible and select
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the desired stereotype or, to create a new stereotype, enter the name of the stereotype in the
Stereotype field.
5. Click the OK button to close the Specification.
The Specification for the Student class is shown in Figure 4-5. If the default language for a
model is set to a language other than analysis (Tools: Options menu choice, Notation tab), then a
tab for that language will be added to the class specification.
Figure 4-5. Setting a Class Stereotype
Packages
If a system contained only a few classes, you could manage them easily. Most systems are
composed of many classes, and thus you need a mechanism to group them together for ease of
use, maintainability, and reusability. This is where the concept of a package is useful. A package
in the logical view of the model is a collection of related packages and/or classes. By grouping
classes into packages, we can look at the "higher" level view of the model (i.e., the packages) or
we can dig deeper into the model by looking at what is contained by the package.
Each package contains an interface that is realized by its set of public classes—those classes to
which classes in other packages talk. The rest of the classes in a package are implementation
classes—classes do not communicate with classes in other packages. If the system is complex,
packages may be created early in the Elaboration Phase to facilitate communication. For simpler
systems, the classes found early in analysis may be grouped into one package—the system itself.
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As analysis and design progress, the concept of a package will be used to group the classes that
are needed to carry out the architectural decisions made for the system.
In the UML, packages are represented as folders. A package is shown in Figure 4-7.
Figure 4-7. UML Notation for a Package
1. Right-click to select the Logical View in the browser.
2. Select the New:Package menu choice.
3. While the package is still selected, enter the name of the package.
A package created via the browser is shown in Figure 4-8.
Figure 4-8. Package Created in the Browser
As packages are created, classes in the model are relocated.
NOTE
1. Click to select the class in the browser.
2. Drag the class to the desired package.
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3. Repeat the steps for each class that is to be relocated.
Objects and Classes in the ESU Course Registration Problem
We will look at the Add a Course Offering to Teach scenario, which is one of the subflows of the
Select Courses to Teach use case. The main capability provided by this scenario is the ability for
the professor to select a course offering to teach for a given semester. Although we are looking at
this process in a step-by-step manner, many of these steps may occur concurrently in the real
world.
Identify Boundary Classes
This use case interacts only with the Professor actor. The action specified in this scenario is only
one capability provided by the use case (the use case also states that the Professor can modify a
selection, delete a selection, review a selection, and print a selection). This means that something
in the system must provide the ability for the Professor to select a capability. A class containing
all the options available to the Professor as stated in the use case is created to satisfy this need.
This class is called Professor Course Options. Additionally, we can identify a class that deals
with the addition of a new Course Offering for the Professor. This class is called Add A Course
Offering.
Identify Entity Classes
This scenario deals with Courses, their Course Offerings, and the Professor assignment. We can
identify three entity classes: Course, CourseOffering, and Professor.
Identify Control Classes
We will add one control class to handle the flow of events for the use case. This class is called
ProfessorCourseManager. The identified classes (with stereotypes set to entity, control, or
boundary) have been added to the model as shown in Figure 4-10. Since there is already an actor
named Professor, Rational Rose will notify you that Professor now exists in multiple namespaces
when you create the Professor class.
Create Packages
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The next step is to group classes into packages. At this time, we have identified six classes:
Course, Course Offering, Professor, Professor Course Options, Add A Course Offering, and
Professor Course Manager. They fall into three logical groups—things unique to the university,
things that contain information about people, and things that are interfaces to actors. We can
identify packages: Interfaces, University Artifacts, and People Info. The classes are relocated to
the identified packages. The packages along with their contained classes are shown in Figure 4-
11.
Figure 4-11. Packages in the Browser
Class Diagrams
As more and more classes are added to the model, a textual representation of the classes is not
sufficient. Class diagrams are created to provide a picture or view of some or all of the classes in
the model. The main class diagram in the logical view of the model is typically a picture of the
packages in the system. Each package also has its own main class diagram, which typically
displays the "public" classes of the package. Other diagrams are created as needed. Some typical
uses of other diagrams are the following:
• View of all the implementation classes in a package
• View of the structure and behavior of one or more classes
• View of an inheritance hierarchy
NOTE
Rose automatically creates the Main class diagram in the Logical View of the model.
To add packages to the Main class diagram:
1. Double-click on the Main diagram in the browser to open the diagram.
2. Click to select the package in the browser.
3. Drag the package onto the diagram.
4. Repeat the preceding steps for each package that is to be added to the diagram.
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NOTE
1. Double-click on the package on a class diagram.
2. Rose will "open" the package and create (or display) the main class diagram for the
package.
3. Click to select a class in the browser and drag the class onto the diagram. (Note: The
stereotype display of a class may be set using the Format: Stereotype display menu
choice.)
4. Repeat step 3 for each additional class that is to be placed on
the diagram.
The main class diagram for the University Artifacts package is
shown in Figure 4-13. Notice that the Course Offering class is not on the diagram. This is an
"implementation" class in the package and we decided not to show it on the main diagram of the
package. As more packages and classes are added to the model, additional diagrams are created
as needed.
Figure 4-13. University Artifacts Package Main Class Diagram
To set the default visibility display:
1. Select the Tools:Options menu choice.
2. Select the Diagram tab.
3. Select the Show Visibility checkbox to set the default to show the visibility of all
classes.
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To set the visibility for a selected class:
1. Right-click to select the class on a diagram and make the shortcut menu visible.
2. Click to select or deselect the Options:Show Visibility menu
choice.
Figure 4-14. Class Diagram with Package Visibility
Summary
An object is a computer representation of an entity, either real world or invented. An object is a
concept, abstraction, or thing with sharp boundaries and meaning for an application. Each object
in a system has three characteristics: state, behavior, and identity. The state of an object is one of
the possible conditions in which it may exist. Behavior determines how an object acts and reacts
to requests from other objects. Identity states that each object is unique—even if its state is
identical to that of another object. A class is a description of a group of objects with common
properties (attributes), common behavior (operations), common relationships to other objects
(associations and aggregations), and common semantics. In the UML a class is drawn as a
compartmented rectangle. The compartments show the class name, its structure, and its behavior.
As classes are created, they should also be documented. The documentation should state the
purpose of the class and not the structure of the class. Stereotypes provide the capability to create
a new type of modeling element. Stereotypes must be based on elements that are part of the
UML meta model. During analysis, three common stereotypes for a class are entity, boundary,
and control. These stereotypes are useful in defining the classes needed for a system under
development. A package in the logical view of the model is a collection of related packages
and/or classes. By grouping classes into packages, we can look at the "higher" level view of the
model (i.e., the packages) or we can dig deeper into the model by looking at what is contained by
the package. Class diagrams are created to provide a picture or view of some or all of the classes
in the model. Class diagrams may also be created in the use case view of the model. These
diagrams typically are attached to use cases and contain a view of the classes participating in the
use case.
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