The document discusses key concepts in object-oriented systems development including classes, objects, attributes, methods, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, relationships between classes such as associations and aggregations, and object persistence. Object-oriented development models real-world entities as classes of objects that encapsulate both data and behavior and can be organized into inheritance hierarchies.
This ppt covers the object modeling techniques. It has four topics: object model, dynamic model, functional model and the relationship between these models.
Workshop on Basics of Software Engineering (DFD, UML and Project Culture)Dr Sukhpal Singh Gill
Three days workshop on Basics of Software Engineering at Thapar University, Patiala on 7th-9th, 2013. Workshop on Basics of Software Engineering (DFD, UML and Project Culture)
Download Complete Material - https://www.instamojo.com/prashanth_ns/
This Programming Using C++ contain 22 Units and each Unit contains 60 to 80 slides in it.
Course Outline...
• Introduction to Oops
• Structure of a program
• Iteration structures (loops)
• Scope of variables
• Write and execute C++ programs
• Use arrays and structures
• Pointers
• Arguments passed by value and by reference.
• Overloaded functions
• Inline functions
• Data Structures
• Unions
• Implement encapsulation and abstraction
• Use operators and decision-making constructs
• Work with arrays
• Implement polymorphism and inheritance
• Use exception handling and templates
• Implement linked lists
The objective is to explain how a software design may be represented as a set of interacting objects that manage their own state and operations and to introduce various models that describe an object-oriented design.
This ppt covers the object modeling techniques. It has four topics: object model, dynamic model, functional model and the relationship between these models.
Workshop on Basics of Software Engineering (DFD, UML and Project Culture)Dr Sukhpal Singh Gill
Three days workshop on Basics of Software Engineering at Thapar University, Patiala on 7th-9th, 2013. Workshop on Basics of Software Engineering (DFD, UML and Project Culture)
Download Complete Material - https://www.instamojo.com/prashanth_ns/
This Programming Using C++ contain 22 Units and each Unit contains 60 to 80 slides in it.
Course Outline...
• Introduction to Oops
• Structure of a program
• Iteration structures (loops)
• Scope of variables
• Write and execute C++ programs
• Use arrays and structures
• Pointers
• Arguments passed by value and by reference.
• Overloaded functions
• Inline functions
• Data Structures
• Unions
• Implement encapsulation and abstraction
• Use operators and decision-making constructs
• Work with arrays
• Implement polymorphism and inheritance
• Use exception handling and templates
• Implement linked lists
The objective is to explain how a software design may be represented as a set of interacting objects that manage their own state and operations and to introduce various models that describe an object-oriented design.
Software Engineering - Modelling Concepts + Class Modelling + Building the An...Prakhyath Rai
Software Engineering - Part 2 which describes the following topics:
Introduction, Modelling Concepts and Class Modelling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO Modelling history. Modelling as Design technique: Modelling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modelling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams.
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data Modelling Concepts.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
2. 2
System development refers to all activities that go into
producing information system solution.
System development activities consist of system
analysis, modeling, design, implementation, testing and
maintenance.
Object-Oriented (OO) systems development is a way to
develop software by building self-contained modules
that can be more easily:
Replaced
Modified
and Reused.
3. 3
A software system is a set of mechanism for performing
certain action on certain data.
Algorithm + Data structure = Program
4. 4
The code is subdivided into modules
Each module is made of procedures and data structures
Procedures operate on data, e.g. modifying them
e.g. the “C” programming language
There is no strong connection between procedures
Every procedure may possibly access any data and modify
it and data
5. 5
OO approach is more like creating a lot of helpers that
take on an active role, a spirit, that form a community
whose interactions become the application.
Models the problem to be solved as a set of interacting
objects, each carrying its own state and exhibiting its
own behavior
By separating concerns, this approach has proved to be
robust and useful to solve more complex programming
problems.
6. 6
The physical world is made of a set of objects that can
interact
Each of them presents
An identity (objects can be recognized)
A state (objects remember their history)
A behavior (objects react to external stimuli in a
predictable way)
7. 7
Faster development,
Increased quality
Raising the level of abstraction.
It adapts to
Changing requirements
Easier to maintain
More robust
Promote greater design
Code reuse
8. 8
Goals:
Define Objects and classes
Describe objects‘ methods, attributes and how objects
respond to messages,
Define Polymorphism, Inheritance, data abstraction,
encapsulation, and protocol,
Describe objects relationships,
Describe object persistence.
Understand meta-classes.
9. 9
The term object was first formally utilized in the Similar
language to simulate some aspect of reality.
An object is an entity.
It knows things (has attributes)
It does things (provides services or has methods)
Note:
Attributes or properties represented by data type and
describe object‘s state (data)
Methods define objects behavior and specify the way in
which an Object‘s data are manipulated.
10. 10
It Knows things (attributes)
I am an Employee.
I know my name, social security number and my address.
Attributes
I am a Car.
I know my color,
manufacturer, cost,
owner and model.
It does things (methods)
I know how to compute my payroll.
11. 11
In an object-oriented system, everything is an object:
numbers, arrays, records, fields, files, forms, an
invoice, etc.
An Object is anything, real or abstract, about which we
store data and those methods that manipulate the data.
Conceptually, each object is responsible for itself.
A window object is responsible for things like opening,
sizing, and closing itself.
12. 12
When developing an O-O application, two basic
questions always arise.
What objects does the application need?
What functionality should those objects have?
14. 14
Represent named properties of a UML class
UML class can have many attributes of different names
Attribute name is generally a short noun or a noun
phrase written in lowerCase-first text
Attribute declaration may include visibility, type and
initial value: +attributeName : type = initial-value
15. 15
Represent named services provided by a UML class
UML class can have many operations of different
names
Operation name is generally a short verb or a verb
phrase written in lowerCase-first text
Operation may include visibility, parameters, and
return type: +opName(param1 : type = initial_value)
: return-type
16. 16
Three levels of class, attribute and operation visibility:
• private (-), available only to the current class
• protected (#), available to the current and inherited
classes
• public (+), available to the current and other classes
17. 17
Each class represents a set of objects that share the
same attributes, operations, relationships, and
semantics
For each of the class attributes, objects can have
specific attribute values
For each of the class operations, objects may have
different implementations
18. 18
Represent a relation between a parent (a more abstract
class) and a child (a more specific class)
Generally referred to as a “is-a-kind-of” relationship
Child objects may be used instead of parent objects
since they share attributes and operations; the opposite
is not true
19. 19
An object-oriented system organizes classes into
subclass-super hierarchy.
At the top of the hierarchy are the most general classes
and at the bottom are the most specific
A subclass inherits all of the properties and methods
(procedures) defined in its super class.
20. 20
Inheritance is a relationship between classes where one
class is the parent class of another (derived) class.
Inheritance allows classes to share and reuse behaviors
and attributes.
The real advantage of inheritance is that we can build
upon what we already have and,
Reuse what we already have.
23. 23
OO systems permit a class to inherit from more than
one superclass.
24. 24
Information hiding is a principle of hiding internal data
and procedures of an object.
By providing an interface to each object in such a way
as to reveal as little as possible about its inner
workings.
Encapsulation protects the data from corruption.
25. 25
Objects perform operations in response to messages.
For example, you may communicate with your
computer by sending it a message from hand-help
controller.
26. 26
Consider a payroll program that processes employee
records at a small manufacturing firm. This company
has three types of employees:
Managers: Receive a regular salary.
Office Workers: Receive an hourly wage and are eligible
for overtime after 40 hours.
Production Workers: Are paid according to a piece rate.
27. 27
Structured Approach
FOR EVERY EMPLOYEE DO
BEGIN
IF employee = manager THEN
CALL computeManagerSalary
IF employee = office worker THEN
CALL computeOfficeWorkerSalary
IF employee = production worker THEN
CALL computeProductionWorkerSalary
END
34. 34
The concept of association represents relationships
between objects and classes. For example a pilot can
fly planes
Association can be binary, between two classes, or n-
ary, among more than two classes
Can include association name, direction, role names,
multiplicity, and aggregation type
35. 35
Represent a specific, whole/part structural relationship
between class objects
Composition [is entirely made of]: (closed diamond)
represents exclusive relationship between two class
objects (e.g., a faculty cannot exist without nor be a part
of more than one university)
Aggregation [is part of]: (open diamond) represents
nonexclusive relationship between two class objects (e.g.,
a student is a part of one or more faculties)
36. 36
Objects have a lifetime. An object can persist beyond
application session boundaries, during which the object
is stored in a file or a database, in some file or database
form.
37. 37
Everything is an object.
How about a class?
Is a class an object?
Yes, a class is an object! So, if it is an object, it must
belong to a class.
Indeed, class belongs to a class called a Meta-Class or
a class' class.
Meta-class used by the compiler. For example, the
meta-classes handle messages to classes, such as
constructors and "new.“