A 28-year-old male presents with a profound rounded back (kyphosis) with a 95 degree curvature of the thoracic spine. His posture has progressively worsened and he suffers from low back pain likely due to compensation in his lumbar spine. X-rays and MRI are planned to evaluate the degree of curvature and identify any vertebral abnormalities. Treatment options include exercises, bracing, and surgery to reduce the curvature if it exceeds 75 degrees. The goals of surgery are to straighten the spine, maintain correction, and alleviate back pain.

2. CONTENT ..
Treatment
investigation
ANATOMY
SOEPEL
SS
Definition
Causes

3. SOEPEL:
• subject:
28 year old male has a profound roundback (increased kyphosis in the thoracic spine measuring 95
degrees). his posture has progressively worsened. he suffers from low back pain which is most likely
due to compensation of the lumbar spine into hyperlordosis.

4. SOEPEL ..
Object:
Increased kyphosis in the thoracic spine measuring 95 degrees.
EVALUATION (DD):
Kyphosis, Hip flexion contracture, lordosis.
PLAN:
X-ray, MRI.

5. SOEPEL ..
ELABORATION:
Exercise, surgery.
LEARNING GOAL:
Kyphosis

6. ANATOMY ..

7. CONT. MOVEMENT

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12. CONT.

13. CONT.

15. DEFINITION …
is abnormal curving of the spine that causes a bowing or rounding of the back, which
leads to a hunchback or slouching posture.

16. CAUSES ..
• Osteoporosis.
• Disk degeneration.
• Cancer and cancer treatments.
• Scheuermann's disease.
• Birth defects.

18. TYPES ..
• Postural kyphosis:
it is commonly attributed to slouching and is reversible by correcting muscular
imbalances. ( By combination of neuromuscular re-education and exercise) .
• Scheuermann’s kyphosis: can cause varying degrees of pain. Can affect other area of spin. The
cannot consciously correct posture because the apex of the curve is very rigid.

19. CONT.
• Congenital kyphosis: Vertebrae may be malformed or fused together and can cause further
progressive kyphosis as the child develops.
• Nutritional kyphosis can result from nutritional deficiencies, especially during childhood, such as
vitamin D deficiency which causes Rickets, a softening of the bones that results in curving of the
spine and limbs under the child’s body weight.

20. INVESTIGATION ..
• History and physical examination .
• X-rays. plain x-rays are used to determine the degree of curvature and can detect deformities of the
vertebrae, which helps identify the type of kyphosis.
• CT-scan.
• MRI: if suspects a tumor or infection

21. TREATMENT ..
Nonsurgical treatment:
an initial program of conservative treatment that includes exercises and anti-inflammatory medications
(for discomfort) is recommended for patients with scheuermann's kyphosis. if the patient is still
growing, the doctor may prescribe a brace. the patient typically wears the brace until skeletal maturity
is reached.

22. CONT.
Surgical treatment:
• surgery may be recommended if the kyphotic curve exceeds 75°. the goals of surgery are:
• to reduce the degree of curvature by straightening and fusing the abnormal spinal segments together
• to maintain the improvement over time
• to alleviate significant back discomfort, if present preoperatively