Ligaments of ankle joint (Ankle complex)Ajith lolita
this will be more informative for you.The collateral ligaments are fully explained in this PPT and it gives clear & prospect information about ankle complex.
Anatomy of ankle and foot is described briefly with clinical importance and photos.
Dr Junaid Ahmad Consultant Plastic Surgeon is best in Lahore. He offers Foot and Hand Trauma management. Call 03104037071
Ligaments of ankle joint (Ankle complex)Ajith lolita
this will be more informative for you.The collateral ligaments are fully explained in this PPT and it gives clear & prospect information about ankle complex.
Anatomy of ankle and foot is described briefly with clinical importance and photos.
Dr Junaid Ahmad Consultant Plastic Surgeon is best in Lahore. He offers Foot and Hand Trauma management. Call 03104037071
The thigh is the part of the leg that runs between the hip and the knee. It consists of three muscular compartments
Anterior thigh muscles: sartorius, rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius
Posterior thigh muscles: biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus
Medial thigh muscles: gracilis, pectineus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, obturator externus
The sciatic nerve is the longest and largest nerve in the human body. It runs from the lower back through the back of the leg, and down to the toes. Any type of pain and/or neurological symptoms that are felt along the sciatic nerve is referred to as sciatica.
In this presentation, I have drafted the complete pulley system of hand.
Types of pulleys : Anatomical Pulleys & its types
Cruciate Pulleys & its types.
I have covered all the important things which is relevant.
The thigh is the part of the leg that runs between the hip and the knee. It consists of three muscular compartments
Anterior thigh muscles: sartorius, rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius
Posterior thigh muscles: biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus
Medial thigh muscles: gracilis, pectineus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, obturator externus
The sciatic nerve is the longest and largest nerve in the human body. It runs from the lower back through the back of the leg, and down to the toes. Any type of pain and/or neurological symptoms that are felt along the sciatic nerve is referred to as sciatica.
In this presentation, I have drafted the complete pulley system of hand.
Types of pulleys : Anatomical Pulleys & its types
Cruciate Pulleys & its types.
I have covered all the important things which is relevant.
The Ankle Joint.pptx Dr Haki Selaj Residency in Orthopedic and Traumatology i...HakiSelaj1
it is one of the joints most often attacked by injury, in this case it is distorted. for this reason, accurate evaluation and diagnosis is required. for this reason, this presentation will help young doctors for access, exam tests and radiology around the TC joint
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
4. The articular surfaces are the
medial and lateral femoral
condyles (the intercondylar
notch in between)
The medial condyle has a
longer articular surface
The superior aspect of the
medial and lateral tibial
condyles
The posterior aspect of the
patella
5. Average is 17 mm
Narrow notch more likely to
tear ACL
6.
7. Sesamoid bone
Thickest articular cartilage
in body
Smaller medial facet
Q-angle
Controlled by Vastus
Medialis Obliquus (VMO)
and Vastus Lateralis
Obliquus (VLO)
8. The patella is controlled by the oblique
portions of the vastus medialis and vastus
lateralis.
The vastus medialis wastes within 24 hours
after an effusion of the knee
If the oblique fibers of the vastus medialis
are wasted, the patella tends
to sublux laterally on extension
of the knee. This results in
retropatellar pain
9.
10. Lower most fibres of vastus
medialis
Partly arise adductor magnus
Straightens the pull on the quads
tendon and patella
Controls patella tracking during
flexion extension of the knee
Fibres atrophy quickly after knee
injury
10-15 ml of effusion inhibit VMO
VMO rehabilitation strength and
timing of contraction
13. Quadriceps tendon
The patella
The patellar ligament
Retinacular fibres all form the
anterior part of the capsule
The patellar ligament is the insertion
of the quadriceps tendon
14. Antero-inferiorly is attached to the
tuberosity of the tibia
On either side the retinacular fibres
pass upwards from the tuberosity in
a V-shaped manner to be attached
just below the articular margin
The deep infrapatellar bursa and
infrapatellar pad of fat lie posterior to
it, separating it from the tibia
15. Laterally, the attachment is just beyond
the articular margin
Laterally, it is attached above the groove
for the popliteus, below the lateral
epicondyle
There is a gap in the capsule to allow
the popliteus to emerge
16. Posterior
Superiorly, it is attached just
beyond the articular margin
and to the lower border of
the popliteal surface of the
femur, above the
intercondylar notch
17. Postero-inferiorly, the
capsule is attached to
the medial condyle of
the tibia
By a line running
above the groove for
the semimembranosus
tendon
Below the attachment
of the posterior
cruciate ligament
18. Medially, the capsule is
attached to the femur
just beyond the articular
margin of the condyle
Below the medial
epicondyle
20. Medial ligament
Pes anserinus consists
of:
Sartorius
Gracilis
Semitendinosus
Tibial inter-tendinous
bursa between them
21. Is attached superiorly to the
medial epicondyle of the femur
It blends with the capsule
Attached to the upper third of the
tibia, as far down as the tibial
tuberosity
It has a superficial and deep
portion
The deep portion, which is short,
fuses with the capsule
Attached to the medial meniscus
A bursa usually separates the
two parts
22. The tendons of
sartorius, gracilis and
semitendinosus cross its
tibial attachment where
another bursa is situated
The anterior part
tightens during the first
70–105°of flexion
23. Medial ligament, tightens in
extension
And at the extremes of medial
and lateral rotation
A valgus stress will put a strain
on the ligament
If gapping occurs when the knee
is extended, this is due to a tear
of posterior medial part of
capsule
If gapping only occurs at 15º
flexion, this is due to tear of
medial ligament
25. Semimembranosus into
the groove on posterior
aspect of medial tibial
condyle and its extensions
Upwards and lateral is
oblique popliteal ligament
Downwards and lateral
forms fascia covering
popliteus
Downwards and medially
fuses with medial ligament
26. Oblique popliteal ligament
passes upwards and laterally
Fuses with the fabella if
present
Capsule above lateral femoral
condyle
Pierced by middle genicular
vessels and nerve
Posterior division of obturator
nerve
Popliteal artery lies on it
Oblique Popliteal Ligament
27. Strengthens the posterior portion
of the capsule and prevents
extreme lateral rotation
It is an expansion from the
semimembranosus tendon close
to its insertion to the tibia
Branch from the posterior division
of the obturator nerve, pierces the
ligament, supplies cruciates and
articular twig to knee (referred
pain from pelvic peritoneum to
knee)
Oblique Popliteal Ligament
30. Posterior horn of
lateral meniscus
Arcuate complex
Popliteus
Lateral head of
gastrocnemius
31. Deep in interval between
iliotibial band and biceps
Lateral epicondyle of
femur
Midpoint superior surface
of fibula and the styloid
process of the fibula
It is a cord-like structure
that is separated from the
capsule by the tendon of
the popliteus
Surrounded by biceps
Fabbriciani & Oransky, 1992
Lateral Ligament
32. Deep to lateral collateral
ligament
Popliteus
Inferolateral genicular
vessels and nerve
33. Taut in extension
20°flexion, lateral ligament
complex more lax than
medial
Primary lateral restraint to
varus loading
Arcuate ligament is the edge
of capsule that arches above
the popliteus
34. Passes from the tip of the
styloid process
Just posterior to the lateral
ligament
Blends origin of the lateral
head of gastrocnemius and
oblique popliteal ligament
Edge of capsule arches over
popliteus and may give
partial origin to popliteus
35. Fabella lies at point
on the poster lateral
side of knee
Where
multidirectional
collagenous tensile
stress meet
8% - 10% osseous
90% - 92%
cartilagenous
Fabbricani & Oransky, 1992
36. Connects the periphery
of the menisci to the
tibia
They are the portion of
the capsule that is
stressed in rotary
movements of the knee
37. Origin inferior, popliteal
surface of tibia, above the
soleal line, fascia of
semimembranosus
Deep to arcuate popliteal
ligament
Enters capsule
Crosses lateral surface of
lateral meniscus
Attached by popliteal-
meniscal fibres which bound
hiatus
38. Enters hiatus
Crosses femoral
condyle
Deep to lateral
collateral ligament
Inserts into anterior
part of groove
Superior popliteal
recess
communicates joint
39. Femoral condyles
rotate medially around
taut ACL during the
locking mechanism of
the knee
Popliteus laterally
rotates the femur to
unlock the knee so
flexion can occur
40. The iliotibial tract is a thickening of the
deep fascia of the thigh, fascia lata
The tract is attached to Gerdy’s tubercle
on the anterolateral aspect of the lateral
tibial condyle
The superficial three quarters of the
gluteus maximus end in a thick tendinous
lamina which is inserted into the iliotibial
tract
The tensor fascia lata is also inserted into
the tract
Gives origin to the oblique fibres of the
vastus lateralis that help to stabilise the
patella
41. In full knee extension the tract
lies anteriorly to the line of
flexion of the knee,
As it is free of bony
attachments between the
lateral femoral epicondyle and
Gerdy’s tubercle
It is free to move posteriorly to
this axis on flexion of the knee
Standish & Wood, 1996.
As the tract crosses the lateral
epicondyle of the femur a
bursitis may develop as the
result of a ‘long-leg syndrome’
42. The iliotibial band acts as an
extensor of the knee when the
knee is flexed from 0°to 30°and
as a flexor when the knee is
flexed more than 40°, due to the
change in the transverse axis
which occurs at
30–40°flexion.
The pelvic tilt is a mechanism for
tightening the iliotibial band. The
pull of the band stabilises the
knee in extension, as well as
helping to resist extension and
adduction of the hip of the weight-
bearing leg
43. Flexion and extension
take place between the
femoral condyles and
the upper surface of the
menisci
Rotation occurs between
lower surface of the
menisci and upper
surface of the tibia
44. Contraction of the quadriceps
results in extension
The anterior cruciate becomes
taut
And medial rotation of the
femur occurs around the taut
anterior cruciate to
accommodate the longer
surface of the medial condyle
45. Femoral condyles rotate
medially around taut ACL
during the locking
mechanism of the knee
Popliteus laterally rotates
the femur to unlock the
knee
So flexion can occur
Then the hamstrings flex
the knee
46.
47.
48. Anatomically named by
their tibial attachments
Clinically femoral are
called origin
Covered by synovial
membrane on anterior
and on both sides which
is reflected from capsule,
I.e. oblique popliteal
ligament
Bursa between them on
lateral aspect
anterior
lateral
49. Synovial membrane
covers the anterior and
sides of the cruciates
Not covered on
posterior aspect
Anterior and Posterior
Cruciates Ligament
50. Anterior cruciate is
attached to anterior aspect
of the superior surface of
the tibia behind
Anterior horn of medial
meniscus in front of the
anterior horn of the lateral
meniscus
Passes upwards and
laterally to the posterior
aspect of medial surface
of lateral femoral condyle
Anterior Cruciate
54. Tibial attachment is in
antero-posterior axis of
tibia
Femoral attachment is in
longitudinal axis of femur
Forms 40°with its long
axis
90°twist of fibres from
extension to flexion
Anterior Cruciate Ligament
55. Anteromedial fibres
have the most
proximal femoral
attachment
Contribute to
anteromedial stability
Intermediate to
straight and
anteromedial
Posterolateral aids in
anteromedial stability
Anterior Cruciate Ligament
56. ACL are vertical in
extension
90°flexion are
horizontal
PCL are more
vertical in 90°flexion
Anterior Cruciate Ligament
57. At 0°of flexion the fibres of
the ACL are more vertical
At 90°flexion they are in the
horizontal plane
Fibres of the PCL are more
vertical with flexion and
increasing flexion,
> 90°becomes pivot
PCL is least affective at
30°flexionHunziker et al 1992, Covey 2001
Cruciate
58.
59. PCL
Provides 94% of
restraint to posterior
displacement
ACL
Provides 86% of
restraint to anterior
displacement
Anterior and Posterior Cruciate
60. Middle genicular
artery
Inferior medial
genicular
Inferior lateral
genicular arteries via
infrapatellar fat pad
Only one main
artery
Middle genicular
enters upper third
Anterior Cruciate Ligament
Blood Supply
61. Strongest ligament
Shorter
More vertical
Less oblique
Twice as strong as
ACL
Posterior
Posterior Cruciate
62. PCL is the strongest
ligament of the knee
It is shorter
More vertical
Less oblique
Twice as strong as
ACL
Closely applied to the
centre of rotation of
knee
It is the principal
stabiliser
Hunziker et al.,1992
Posterior Cruciate
63. The tibial attachment of
the PCL was on the
sloping posterior portion
of the tibial
intercondylar area
Anterior to tibial
articular margin
Blends with periosteum
and capsule
Extended 11.5-17.3 mm
distal to the tibial
plateau
Javadpour & O’Brien, 1992
65. Anatomically the fibres pass
anteriorly and medially and
proximally
It is attached on the antero-
inferior part of the lateral
surface of the medial
femoral condyle
The area for the PCL is
larger than the ACL
It expands, more on the
apex of the intercondylar
notch than on the inner wall
Hunziker et al.1992
.
Posterior Cruciate
66. Three functional bands
Names vary
Anterior or anterolateral is
larger
Central
Taut in flexion
Posterior or posteromedial
taut in extension
Posterior oblique bundle
Hunziker et al 1992
Posterior Cruciate Ligament
67. Insertions of the PCL
Passes through four
zones
Ligament
Fibrocartilage
Tidemark of mineralised
fibrocartilage
Bone in less than 1 mm
Cooper & Misol, 1970; Fabbriciani & Oransky, 1992
Attachment of PCL
68. Posterior oblique bundle
Most posterior fibres
Attached to
posterosuperior part of
femur
Posterior medial part on
intercondylar area of
tibia
Longest fibres
Tense in full extension
Fredrick & O’Brien, 1992; Hunziker et al.,1992
Posterior Cruciate Ligament
69. Proximal fibres on femur
Posterior fibres on the tibia
are longest
Undergo least change
Posterior Cruciate
70. The PCL is located
near the longitudinal
axis of the knee
Medial to the centre of
the knee
Vertical in frontal
plane
30°to 35°in sagittal
More horizontal in
sagittal with increased
flexion
Posterior Cruciate
71. PCL provides 94% of
restraint to posterior
displacement of the tibia
Prevents external rotation of
tibia more at 90°than at 30°
ACL 86% of restraint to
anterior displacement
Posterior Cruciate
73. Posterior cruciate is
supplied by four
branches
Distributed fairly
evenly over its course
Subcortical vascular
network at bony
attachments
Don’t contribute much
to ligaments
Sick & Koritke, 1960
Blood Supply of Cruciates
74. Main is middle genicular
artery enters upper third
of PCL
Synovium surrounding
PCL also supplies the PCL
Contributions inferior
medial, inferior lateral
genicular arteries via
infrapatellar fat pad
Periligamentous and intra-ligamentous
plexus
Very little from bony attachment
Arnoczky 1987
Blood Supply of PCL
75. Branches of tibial
and obturator
nerves
Mechanoreceptors
Proprioceptive
action
Posterior Cruciate Ligament
Nerve Supply
76. Branches of tibial
nerve
Middle genicular nerve
Obturator nerve (post)
Branches of the tibial
nerve enter via the
femoral attachment of
each ligament
Nerve fibres are found
with the vessels in the
intravascular spaces
Nerve Supply of Cruciates
77. Three types
Found near the femoral
attachment
Around periphery
Superficially, but well below the
synovial lining.
Where maximum bending
occurs
Ruffini endings
And ones resemble golgi
tendon organs
Paccinian
Proprioceptive function
78. Mechanoreceptors
resembling golgi tendons
Running parallel to the
long axis of the ligament
Found near the femoral
attachment
Around the periphery,
where maximum bending
occurs
Posterior division of
obturator nerve
79. There is a gradual change in
stiffness between the flexible
ligamentous tissue and bone
There is a transitional zone of
fibrocartilage between
collagen and bone
This helps to prevent the
concentration of stress at the
attachment site
Beynnon, 2000; Hunziker et al.,1992
Posterior Cruciate Ligament
Bony Attachment
80. Menisci are made of
fibro cartilage
Wedge shaped on
cross section
Medial is comma
shaped with the wide
portion posteriorly
Lateral is smaller, two
horns closer together
round
They are intracapsular
and intra synovial
anterior
81. Anterior to posterior
Medial, anterior horn is
attached to the
intercondylar area in
front of the ACL and
the anterior horn of the
lateral meniscus
Posterior horn of
lateral, posterior horn
of medial and PCL
Medial is more fixed
Lateral more mobile
anterior
82. Medial is attached to the
deep portion of medial
collateral ligament
Lateral is separated from
lateral ligament by the
inferolateral genicular
vessels and nerve
The popliteus, which is
attached to lateral
meniscus
Posterior horn gives
origin to meniscofemoral
ligament
83. Coronary ligaments
are the portion of the
capsule attached to
the periphery of
meniscus, which
connects it to the tibia
Synovial membrane,
stops at the upper
border of the
meniscus
Lines the deep aspect
of the coronary
ligament
84. Blood supply at the
periphery only
Flexion and extension
takes place at the
upper surface of the
menisci
Rotation occurs
between the lower
surface of the menisci
and the tibia anterior
85. Shock absorption
Redistributes forces
Spread synovial fluid
Minimal effect on stability
On rotation menisci move with
femur
Lateral moves 20 - 24 mm
Medial less mobile 10 -15 mm
Lateral meniscus bears more
load
Function of Menisci
86. Anterior and posterior arise
from posterior horn of
lateral meniscus
Anterior attached to femur
anterior to PCL
Posterior attached
posterior to PCL
More variations in posterior
87. The Anterior meniscofemoral
(Humphrey) is attached to
lateral aspect of the medial
femoral condyle in front of the
PCL
The posterior (Wrisberg) is
attached posterior to the PCL
The posterior meniscofemoral
ligament is usually present
Vary in size
88.
89. Increase with age
Compact lobules
With fibro-elastic
interlobular septa
Septa well vascularised
Provide firmness,
deformability and elastic
recoil
Williams & Warick,1980
90. Superiorly
Fills the space between the
inferior pole of the patella
The ligamentum patella and
deep infrapatella bursa
Attached to intercondylar
notch via ligamentum
mucosum
Williams & Warick,1980
91. Posteriorly
Covered by synovial
membrane
Forms alar folds
Femoral condyles
Intercondylar notch
by ligamentum
mucosum
Attached to anterior
horns of menisci
Proximal tibia
Williams & Warick,1980
92. Blood supply inferior
genicular arteries
Also supply the lower
part of the ACL from
network of synovial
membrane of fat pad
Centre of fat pad
limited blood supply
Lateral arthroscopic
approach to avoid
injury
Kohn et al., 1995; Eriksson et al., 1980
93. Can only expand anteriorly
Inflammation of IFP
Bulges on either side of
patellar tendon
Synovial membrane is
compressed by femoral
condyles
Pain and inflammation
95. Hyperextension injury
Genu recurvatum and
tilted inferior pole of patella
Tenderness distal to
patella
Beyond margins of the
patella
Brukner & Khan, 2000; Garret et al., 2000
96. Anterior extra
capsular disorders
Patellar fracture
Patellar tendon
rupture
Deep infrapatellar
bursitis
Patellar tendonosis
98. ACL repair with patellar tendon
may result in fibrosis of fat pad
and pain
Delays rehabilitation
Inflammation of IFP may be
process leading to fibrosis
Murakami et al., 1995
99.
100. The synovial membrane
is very extensive
It lines the inner aspect
of the capsule and the
non-articular structures
inside the capsule,
except posteriorly where
it is carried forwards to
cover the anterior and
sides of the cruciate
ligaments
101. It covers the infrapatellar pad of
fat, forming the alar folds
The ligamentum mucosum is
attached to the intercondylar
notch at the apex of the alar fold
The alar folds increase the
surface area of the synovial
membrane via the infrapatellar
pad of fat,
Which fill the changing spaces
during movement of the joint and
help to redistribute the synovial
fluid
102. The synovial membrane is
continuous with:
The suprapatellar bursa
which extends a hand’s
breadth above the patella.
This bursa always appears
distended when there is a
haemarthrosis or traumatic
synovitis in the knee joint
Many other bursae, e.g.
around the popliteus and
under the medial head of
the gastrocnemius
103. A suprapatellar plica may
separate the suprapatellar
bursa from the synovial
membrane of the knee joint
Plicae folds may also be
found on either side of the
patella
110. Valgus / External rotation
Posterior horn of medial
meniscus trapped by
posterior condyles
111.
112. • Medial meniscus has higher incidence but
less morbidity
• Traumatic tears
• Twisting on a planted, flexed knee
• Atraumatic tears
• Degenerative wear and tear
Editor's Notes
Anterior on femur
Posterior Cutaneous nerve of thigh <Posterior Cutaneous of calf