The femoral triangle contains important structures in the upper thigh. It has boundaries of the inguinal ligament superiorly, the sartorius muscle laterally, and the adductor longus muscle medially. The floor contains muscles that aid in hip adduction. The femoral nerve provides sensation and motor function, and the femoral artery and vein are also located here, with the artery giving off deep branches. The structures of the femoral triangle are clinically relevant to conditions like varicose veins, hernias, and addressing muscle spasticity in cerebral palsy.
The medial compartment of the thigh contains four muscles - gracilis, adductor longus, adductor brevis, and the pubic part of adductor magnus. It also contains the profunda femoris artery and vein, and the obturator artery and vein. The obturator nerve innervates the muscles and sends articular branches to the hip.
The cubital fossa is located on the anterior surface of the elbow joint as a depression. It is bounded medially by the pronator teres muscle and laterally by the brachioradialis muscle. Its contents from medial to lateral include the median nerve, brachial artery, biceps tendon, and superficial radial nerve. The brachial pulse can be felt and blood pressure measured in this region. It is also a common site for venepuncture due to the median cubital vein. Damage to the cubital fossa contents can occur in supracondylar fractures of the humerus.
The femoral triangle is an anatomical area in the upper thigh bounded by the inguinal ligament, sartorius muscle, and adductor longus muscle. It contains major neurovascular structures including the femoral artery, vein, and nerve. Other structures passing through are the femoral canal containing lymph nodes and the genitofemoral nerve. Due to its superficial location and contents, the femoral triangle is clinically important for accessing the femoral artery during procedures and can develop femoral hernias.
The document summarizes the key anatomical structures of the gluteal region and inferior extremity. It describes 5 differences between the human superior and inferior extremities, including that the gluteal region acts as a transitional region between the trunk and lower extremity. It then provides details on the boundaries, skeleton, muscles like the gluteus maximus and medius, ligaments, vessels, nerves, and other structures found in the gluteal region.
The hip bone is formed by the fusion of three separate bones - the ilium, ischium, and pubis - in the pelvis. At puberty, these bones fuse together to form one large irregular bone. The hip bone articulates with the sacrum and forms the walls of the pelvis. It also connects with the opposite hip bone at the symphysis pubis. Several important structures pass through the foramina of the hip bone, including nerves, vessels, and muscles that connect to the lower limb.
The posterior compartment of the thigh contains the hamstring muscles (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and part of the adductor magnus), which are supplied by branches from the sciatic nerve. It also contains cutaneous nerves that innervate the skin (medial, posterior, and lateral cutaneous nerves) and veins that drain into the great and small saphenous veins. The blood supply comes from branches of the profunda femoris artery and drains into the profunda femoris vein.
Slideshow: Cubital Fossa
The Funky Professor videos can be viewed here;
http://publishing.rcseng.ac.uk/journal/video?doi=10.1308%2Fvideo.2016.1.10&videoTaxonomy=FUNK
The hip joint is a ball-and-socket synovial joint formed between the spherical head of the femur and the cup-shaped acetabulum of the hip bone. It is stabilized by strong ligaments and muscles surrounding the joint. Blood supply comes from branches of the femoral and obturator arteries. The joint allows for flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation of the lower limb.
The medial compartment of the thigh contains four muscles - gracilis, adductor longus, adductor brevis, and the pubic part of adductor magnus. It also contains the profunda femoris artery and vein, and the obturator artery and vein. The obturator nerve innervates the muscles and sends articular branches to the hip.
The cubital fossa is located on the anterior surface of the elbow joint as a depression. It is bounded medially by the pronator teres muscle and laterally by the brachioradialis muscle. Its contents from medial to lateral include the median nerve, brachial artery, biceps tendon, and superficial radial nerve. The brachial pulse can be felt and blood pressure measured in this region. It is also a common site for venepuncture due to the median cubital vein. Damage to the cubital fossa contents can occur in supracondylar fractures of the humerus.
The femoral triangle is an anatomical area in the upper thigh bounded by the inguinal ligament, sartorius muscle, and adductor longus muscle. It contains major neurovascular structures including the femoral artery, vein, and nerve. Other structures passing through are the femoral canal containing lymph nodes and the genitofemoral nerve. Due to its superficial location and contents, the femoral triangle is clinically important for accessing the femoral artery during procedures and can develop femoral hernias.
The document summarizes the key anatomical structures of the gluteal region and inferior extremity. It describes 5 differences between the human superior and inferior extremities, including that the gluteal region acts as a transitional region between the trunk and lower extremity. It then provides details on the boundaries, skeleton, muscles like the gluteus maximus and medius, ligaments, vessels, nerves, and other structures found in the gluteal region.
The hip bone is formed by the fusion of three separate bones - the ilium, ischium, and pubis - in the pelvis. At puberty, these bones fuse together to form one large irregular bone. The hip bone articulates with the sacrum and forms the walls of the pelvis. It also connects with the opposite hip bone at the symphysis pubis. Several important structures pass through the foramina of the hip bone, including nerves, vessels, and muscles that connect to the lower limb.
The posterior compartment of the thigh contains the hamstring muscles (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and part of the adductor magnus), which are supplied by branches from the sciatic nerve. It also contains cutaneous nerves that innervate the skin (medial, posterior, and lateral cutaneous nerves) and veins that drain into the great and small saphenous veins. The blood supply comes from branches of the profunda femoris artery and drains into the profunda femoris vein.
Slideshow: Cubital Fossa
The Funky Professor videos can be viewed here;
http://publishing.rcseng.ac.uk/journal/video?doi=10.1308%2Fvideo.2016.1.10&videoTaxonomy=FUNK
The hip joint is a ball-and-socket synovial joint formed between the spherical head of the femur and the cup-shaped acetabulum of the hip bone. It is stabilized by strong ligaments and muscles surrounding the joint. Blood supply comes from branches of the femoral and obturator arteries. The joint allows for flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation of the lower limb.
1. The clavicle is the only long bone that lies horizontally and has no medullary cavity. It is the first bone to start ossifying in the fetus and the last bone to finish ossifying at age 25.
2. The clavicle has two ends - the lateral end articulates with the acromion at the acromioclavicular joint, while the medial end articulates with the manubrium of the sternum at the sternoclavicular joint.
3. Fractures of the clavicle most commonly occur just lateral to the midpoint, where the two curves of the bone meet.
This document describes the anatomy of the popliteal fossa and its contents. It discusses the structures that form the boundaries of the popliteal fossa including the popliteal surface of the femur, knee joint capsule, oblique popliteal ligament, and popliteus muscle. It provides details on the popliteal artery, vein, tibial nerve and common fibular nerve within the fossa. It also mentions varicose veins, popliteal artery entrapment syndrome, and Baker's cysts as conditions that can affect the popliteal fossa.
1. The sacrum is a triangular bone formed by the fusion of 5 vertebrae located between the hip bones at the base of the spine.
2. It has anterior and posterior surfaces, with the anterior surface facing downward and forward into the pelvis.
3. The sacrum articulates superiorly with L5 and inferiorly with the coccyx and contains the sacral canal which houses the cauda equina and other structures.
The hip joint is a ball-and-socket synovial joint located between the femur and pelvis. It allows flexion, extension, abduction, and rotation of the thigh. The joint is stabilized by strong ligaments and surrounding muscles. It receives its main blood supply from the medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries and is innervated by nerves from the lumbar plexus.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the humerus bone and shoulder joint. It describes the proximal and distal features of the humerus, including the head, greater and lesser tubercles, and anatomical landmarks at the distal end like the capitulum and trochlea. It also outlines the muscles that act on the humerus to allow movements like flexion, extension, and rotation at the shoulder joint. The shoulder joint itself is described as a ball and socket joint formed by the humeral head articulating with the glenoid cavity, allowing a large range of motion. Key ligaments and bursae that support and cushion the joint are also mentioned.
The ankle joint is a hinge joint that connects the lower leg bones (tibia and fibula) to the foot bone (talus). It is stabilized by strong ligaments including the deltoid ligament medially and the anterior talofibular, calcaneofibular, and posterior talofibular ligaments laterally. The ankle joint allows for two motions: dorsiflexion and plantar flexion powered by various muscles to point the toes up or down. Common injuries include ankle sprains from excessive inversion or eversion stretching the ligaments.
This document discusses the anatomy and surgical approaches related to the thoracic spine. It provides details on:
- The anatomy of typical thoracic vertebrae including their vertebral bodies, facets, and transverse processes.
- The ligaments connecting the ribs to the thoracic vertebrae.
- Three common surgical approaches - the anterior (trans-thoracic) approach, posterolateral (costotransversectomy) approach, and posterior approach. Each approach is described in terms of indications, patient positioning, incision details, and important anatomic structures to identify and retract.
- Considerations for each approach like potential complications and the structures at risk of injury.
The cubital fossa is a triangular depression located on the anterior side of the elbow. It is bounded by the brachioradialis muscle laterally, the pronator teres muscle medially, and an imaginary line connecting the medial and lateral epicondyles superiorly. The floor is formed by the brachialis muscle. The main contents of the cubital fossa are the biceps brachii tendon laterally, the brachial artery in the middle, and the median nerve medially. The brachial artery often bifurcates into the radial and ulnar arteries within the cubital fossa. The median nerve passes deep between the two heads of the pronator teres muscle when
The femoral sheath is a funnel-shaped fascial structure that encloses the upper 3.75 cm of the femoral vessels. It has anterior and posterior walls formed by the downward prolongations of the fascia transversalis and fascia iliaca, respectively. The interior is split into three compartments by septa - the lateral compartment contains the femoral artery and nerve, the middle contains the femoral vein, and the medial compartment is relatively empty.
The popliteal fossa is a diamond-shaped space located behind the knee. It contains the popliteal artery and vein, the tibial and common peroneal nerves, and popliteal lymph nodes. The boundaries of the fossa include muscles like the biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and gastrocnemius. The contents of the fossa are vulnerable due to the fossa's location and proximity to the surface.
The document describes the muscles of the thigh and gluteal region. It discusses:
1. The thigh region is divided into four compartments - anterior, medial, posterior, and lateral. The anterior compartment contains muscles that flex the hip and extend the knee. The medial compartment contains adductor muscles. The posterior compartment contains hamstring muscles that extend the hip and flex the knee.
2. The gluteal region contains the gluteal muscles - gluteus maximus, medius, and minimus. It also contains smaller lateral rotator muscles.
3. Several important structures pass through openings in the pelvis. The sciatic nerve passes through the greater and lesser sciatic foramina.
The femoral artery is the main artery of the lower limb. It enters the femoral triangle behind the inguinal ligament and runs downwards through the femoral triangle and adductor canal before becoming the popliteal artery. It has many branches that supply structures in the thigh like the profunda femoris artery. The femoral artery can be palpated in the femoral triangle and is often used for procedures like angiography due to being superficial in this region.
The popliteal fossa contains important neurovascular structures. It is bounded by the femur and tibia. The tibial nerve and common peroneal nerve pass through the fossa along with the popliteal artery and vein. Lymphatic drainage from the lower leg travels to lymph nodes in the popliteal fossa. The relationships between the nerves, veins and artery change along the course of the fossa, with the nerves being most superficial and the artery deepest.
The back of the thigh and popliteal fossaOmar Moatamed
This document discusses the anatomy of the back of the thigh. It describes the bony landmarks, muscles including the hamstrings, sciatic nerve, and contents of the popliteal fossa. The key structures covered are the hamstring muscles, sciatic nerve, popliteal artery and vein, tibial and common peroneal nerves, and popliteal lymph nodes.
The adductor canal is a 15cm long tunnel located in the thigh that serves as a passageway for structures between the anterior thigh and posterior leg. It contains the femoral artery, femoral vein, nerve to vastus medialis, and saphenous nerve. The walls are formed by the vastus medialis, adductor longus and magnus muscles. The adductor canal blocks the saphenous nerve and nerve to vastus medialis, providing sensory anesthesia to the medial thigh, knee, and lower leg.
The brain contains a series of ventricles that circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serve important functions. There are four ventricles total - two lateral ventricles located within the cerebral hemispheres, the third ventricle within the diencephalon, and the fourth ventricle between the pons, medulla, and cerebellum. CSF is produced by the choroid plexus and circulates through the connected ventricles via openings like the foramen of Monro before being absorbed, acting as a cushion and transporting substances to and from the brain.
rectus sheath, the sheath covering rectus muscle of anterior abdominal wall, formation of the sheath, the muscles involved in ts formation, and the contents the sheath is covering
This document describes the muscles of the scapular region including the deltoid, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis, and teres major. It discusses the origin, insertion, nerve supply and action of each muscle. It also describes the rotator cuff muscles that form a musculotendinous cuff around the shoulder joint, providing stability. The document outlines the quadrangular space and upper and lower triangular spaces in the scapular region and their clinical relevance. It concludes with a discussion of important anastomoses of arteries around the scapula.
The thigh region lies between the hip and knee joints. It contains a single bone, the femur. The thigh is divided into anterior, medial, and posterior compartments by intermuscular septa. The anterior compartment contains muscles that flex the hip and extend the knee, while the posterior compartment contains muscles that extend the hip and flex the knee. The femoral triangle located in the upper anterior thigh contains the femoral nerve, artery and vein. The adductor canal on the medial thigh contains the femoral vessels and continues below as they pass into the leg. Major muscles of the thigh include the quadriceps femoris, sartorius, gracilis, and adductors.
The document describes the anatomy of the anterior thigh. It discusses the fascia lata, cutaneous nerves, and muscles in the anterior compartment, including the quadriceps femoris and sartorius. It also describes the femoral triangle and its contents, including the femoral nerve, artery, and vein.
1. The clavicle is the only long bone that lies horizontally and has no medullary cavity. It is the first bone to start ossifying in the fetus and the last bone to finish ossifying at age 25.
2. The clavicle has two ends - the lateral end articulates with the acromion at the acromioclavicular joint, while the medial end articulates with the manubrium of the sternum at the sternoclavicular joint.
3. Fractures of the clavicle most commonly occur just lateral to the midpoint, where the two curves of the bone meet.
This document describes the anatomy of the popliteal fossa and its contents. It discusses the structures that form the boundaries of the popliteal fossa including the popliteal surface of the femur, knee joint capsule, oblique popliteal ligament, and popliteus muscle. It provides details on the popliteal artery, vein, tibial nerve and common fibular nerve within the fossa. It also mentions varicose veins, popliteal artery entrapment syndrome, and Baker's cysts as conditions that can affect the popliteal fossa.
1. The sacrum is a triangular bone formed by the fusion of 5 vertebrae located between the hip bones at the base of the spine.
2. It has anterior and posterior surfaces, with the anterior surface facing downward and forward into the pelvis.
3. The sacrum articulates superiorly with L5 and inferiorly with the coccyx and contains the sacral canal which houses the cauda equina and other structures.
The hip joint is a ball-and-socket synovial joint located between the femur and pelvis. It allows flexion, extension, abduction, and rotation of the thigh. The joint is stabilized by strong ligaments and surrounding muscles. It receives its main blood supply from the medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries and is innervated by nerves from the lumbar plexus.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the humerus bone and shoulder joint. It describes the proximal and distal features of the humerus, including the head, greater and lesser tubercles, and anatomical landmarks at the distal end like the capitulum and trochlea. It also outlines the muscles that act on the humerus to allow movements like flexion, extension, and rotation at the shoulder joint. The shoulder joint itself is described as a ball and socket joint formed by the humeral head articulating with the glenoid cavity, allowing a large range of motion. Key ligaments and bursae that support and cushion the joint are also mentioned.
The ankle joint is a hinge joint that connects the lower leg bones (tibia and fibula) to the foot bone (talus). It is stabilized by strong ligaments including the deltoid ligament medially and the anterior talofibular, calcaneofibular, and posterior talofibular ligaments laterally. The ankle joint allows for two motions: dorsiflexion and plantar flexion powered by various muscles to point the toes up or down. Common injuries include ankle sprains from excessive inversion or eversion stretching the ligaments.
This document discusses the anatomy and surgical approaches related to the thoracic spine. It provides details on:
- The anatomy of typical thoracic vertebrae including their vertebral bodies, facets, and transverse processes.
- The ligaments connecting the ribs to the thoracic vertebrae.
- Three common surgical approaches - the anterior (trans-thoracic) approach, posterolateral (costotransversectomy) approach, and posterior approach. Each approach is described in terms of indications, patient positioning, incision details, and important anatomic structures to identify and retract.
- Considerations for each approach like potential complications and the structures at risk of injury.
The cubital fossa is a triangular depression located on the anterior side of the elbow. It is bounded by the brachioradialis muscle laterally, the pronator teres muscle medially, and an imaginary line connecting the medial and lateral epicondyles superiorly. The floor is formed by the brachialis muscle. The main contents of the cubital fossa are the biceps brachii tendon laterally, the brachial artery in the middle, and the median nerve medially. The brachial artery often bifurcates into the radial and ulnar arteries within the cubital fossa. The median nerve passes deep between the two heads of the pronator teres muscle when
The femoral sheath is a funnel-shaped fascial structure that encloses the upper 3.75 cm of the femoral vessels. It has anterior and posterior walls formed by the downward prolongations of the fascia transversalis and fascia iliaca, respectively. The interior is split into three compartments by septa - the lateral compartment contains the femoral artery and nerve, the middle contains the femoral vein, and the medial compartment is relatively empty.
The popliteal fossa is a diamond-shaped space located behind the knee. It contains the popliteal artery and vein, the tibial and common peroneal nerves, and popliteal lymph nodes. The boundaries of the fossa include muscles like the biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and gastrocnemius. The contents of the fossa are vulnerable due to the fossa's location and proximity to the surface.
The document describes the muscles of the thigh and gluteal region. It discusses:
1. The thigh region is divided into four compartments - anterior, medial, posterior, and lateral. The anterior compartment contains muscles that flex the hip and extend the knee. The medial compartment contains adductor muscles. The posterior compartment contains hamstring muscles that extend the hip and flex the knee.
2. The gluteal region contains the gluteal muscles - gluteus maximus, medius, and minimus. It also contains smaller lateral rotator muscles.
3. Several important structures pass through openings in the pelvis. The sciatic nerve passes through the greater and lesser sciatic foramina.
The femoral artery is the main artery of the lower limb. It enters the femoral triangle behind the inguinal ligament and runs downwards through the femoral triangle and adductor canal before becoming the popliteal artery. It has many branches that supply structures in the thigh like the profunda femoris artery. The femoral artery can be palpated in the femoral triangle and is often used for procedures like angiography due to being superficial in this region.
The popliteal fossa contains important neurovascular structures. It is bounded by the femur and tibia. The tibial nerve and common peroneal nerve pass through the fossa along with the popliteal artery and vein. Lymphatic drainage from the lower leg travels to lymph nodes in the popliteal fossa. The relationships between the nerves, veins and artery change along the course of the fossa, with the nerves being most superficial and the artery deepest.
The back of the thigh and popliteal fossaOmar Moatamed
This document discusses the anatomy of the back of the thigh. It describes the bony landmarks, muscles including the hamstrings, sciatic nerve, and contents of the popliteal fossa. The key structures covered are the hamstring muscles, sciatic nerve, popliteal artery and vein, tibial and common peroneal nerves, and popliteal lymph nodes.
The adductor canal is a 15cm long tunnel located in the thigh that serves as a passageway for structures between the anterior thigh and posterior leg. It contains the femoral artery, femoral vein, nerve to vastus medialis, and saphenous nerve. The walls are formed by the vastus medialis, adductor longus and magnus muscles. The adductor canal blocks the saphenous nerve and nerve to vastus medialis, providing sensory anesthesia to the medial thigh, knee, and lower leg.
The brain contains a series of ventricles that circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serve important functions. There are four ventricles total - two lateral ventricles located within the cerebral hemispheres, the third ventricle within the diencephalon, and the fourth ventricle between the pons, medulla, and cerebellum. CSF is produced by the choroid plexus and circulates through the connected ventricles via openings like the foramen of Monro before being absorbed, acting as a cushion and transporting substances to and from the brain.
rectus sheath, the sheath covering rectus muscle of anterior abdominal wall, formation of the sheath, the muscles involved in ts formation, and the contents the sheath is covering
This document describes the muscles of the scapular region including the deltoid, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis, and teres major. It discusses the origin, insertion, nerve supply and action of each muscle. It also describes the rotator cuff muscles that form a musculotendinous cuff around the shoulder joint, providing stability. The document outlines the quadrangular space and upper and lower triangular spaces in the scapular region and their clinical relevance. It concludes with a discussion of important anastomoses of arteries around the scapula.
The thigh region lies between the hip and knee joints. It contains a single bone, the femur. The thigh is divided into anterior, medial, and posterior compartments by intermuscular septa. The anterior compartment contains muscles that flex the hip and extend the knee, while the posterior compartment contains muscles that extend the hip and flex the knee. The femoral triangle located in the upper anterior thigh contains the femoral nerve, artery and vein. The adductor canal on the medial thigh contains the femoral vessels and continues below as they pass into the leg. Major muscles of the thigh include the quadriceps femoris, sartorius, gracilis, and adductors.
The document describes the anatomy of the anterior thigh. It discusses the fascia lata, cutaneous nerves, and muscles in the anterior compartment, including the quadriceps femoris and sartorius. It also describes the femoral triangle and its contents, including the femoral nerve, artery, and vein.
The document describes the anatomy of the shoulder region. It discusses the bones that make up the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula. It then describes the major muscles of the shoulder girdle, including the deltoid, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, teres major, and subscapularis muscles. It provides details on the origins, insertions, nerve supplies and actions of these muscles. It also discusses the rotator cuff and its role in stabilizing the shoulder joint. Finally, it outlines some important neurovascular structures in the shoulder region, including the suprascapular nerve and axillary nerve.
Thigh - Anterior Compartment Anatomy contains many muscles and important Triangle the Femoral triangle. This slide gives you a diagramatic representation of the Ant.Compt and also Apllied anatomy facilitating Integrated Teaching.
The document describes the anatomy of the anterior thigh muscles. It discusses the origin, insertion, innervation and action of muscles like the quadriceps, sartorius, adductors, gracilis, pectineus, iliopsoas and psoas. It also covers the anatomy of related structures like femoral triangle, compartments and nerves of the thigh.
1. The document describes the muscles of the upper limb including their origins, insertions, and actions. It discusses the muscles of the pectoral girdle, back, thorax, shoulder, arm, forearm, hand, and their roles in moving the respective joints.
2. The arteries and veins of the upper limb are outlined, including the branches of the axillary, brachial, radial, and ulnar arteries. The lymphatic drainage and lymph nodes of the axilla and arm are also described.
3. The formation and branches of the brachial plexus are explained. Key nerves like the median, ulnar, radial, musculocutaneous and axillary nerves
The document describes the anatomy of the upper limb muscles, including:
1) Muscles that move the pectoral girdle and scapula, stabilize the scapula, and direct scapular movement.
2) Muscles of the back, thorax, shoulder, arm, forearm, hand, and their actions.
3) Major nerves of the brachial plexus including the musculocutaneous, median, ulnar, radial, and axillary nerves and their distributions.
The document summarizes the major arteries and veins of the upper and lower limbs. It describes the branches and flow of the axillary, brachial, radial, ulnar, femoral, popliteal, anterior tibial, posterior tibial arteries and accompanying veins. Key veins include the basilic, cephalic and great saphenous veins.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the spine. It discusses the conceptual overview including the functions and components of the spine. It describes the regional anatomy including the intervertebral discs, ligaments, muscles and fascia of the back. It also discusses the blood supply, lymph drainage and surface anatomy as it relates to the spine. Key features include the long vertebral column and short spinal cord, as well as the intervertebral foramina and spinal nerves.
The femoral sheath encloses the femoral vessels as they pass through the femoral canal. It has 3 compartments - lateral for the femoral artery, intermediate for the femoral vein, and medial containing the femoral canal. The femoral canal contains the femoral ring, a opening closed by the femoral septum. The femoral nerve provides sensation to the anterior thigh as it passes through the femoral triangle. Femoral hernias occur when abdominal contents protrude through the femoral ring.
This document describes the anatomy of the front of the thigh. It details the cutaneous nerves, muscles in the anterior compartment including the pectineus, sartorius and quadriceps femoris. It describes the femoral triangle containing the femoral vessels and nerve. The adductor canal containing the continuation of the femoral artery and vein is also summarized. Finally, the courses and branches of the femoral artery and vein are outlined.
The document describes the major arteries of the lower limb, including their origins, courses, and branches. It discusses the common iliac, external iliac, femoral, profunda femoris, popliteal, anterior tibial, posterior tibial, and peroneal arteries. Key points include that the femoral artery becomes the popliteal artery in the thigh and then divides into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries in the leg. The popliteal artery gives off muscular branches and the profunda femoris in the thigh.
femoral triangle, boundaries and contents of femoral triangle. femoral shetah. compartments of femoral sheath. ddfemoral canal. contets of femoral canal. femoral hernia. definition. causes. sign and symptoms. and treatment of femoral hernia.
In human anatomy, the thigh is the area between the hip (pelvis) and the knee. Anatomically, it is part of the lower limb. The single bone in the thigh is called the femur.
The neck muscles are divided into 4 layers. The first layer includes the trapezius and latissimus dorsi muscles. The second layer includes the splenius, levator scapulae, rhomboideus major and minor, and serratus posterior superior and inferior muscles. The third layer is the erector spinae muscle. The fourth layer includes the multifidus, rotatores, interspinales, intertransversii and sub occipital muscles. The back muscles are divided into 3 groups: superficial muscles around the shoulder, intermediate muscles for respiration, and deep muscles of the vertebral column.
This document describes the major arteries, veins and lymphatic drainage of the lower limb. It discusses the gluteal, internal pudendal, obturator, femoral, profunda femoris, popliteal, anterior tibial, posterior tibial arteries and their branches. It also describes the great saphenous vein, small saphenous vein, femoral vein and lymphatic drainage of the lower limb.
The document describes the anatomy of the gluteal region and posterior thigh. It discusses the surface anatomy landmarks and major muscles in this region, including their origins, insertions, innervation, and actions. The gluteus maximus, medius, and minimus muscles and their roles in hip extension and abduction are summarized. Other muscles described include the pyriformis, gemelli, obturator internus, quadratus femoris, and hamstring muscles. The neurovascular structures of the gluteal region including the superior and inferior gluteal nerves and arteries are also outlined.
This document discusses the femoral sheath and femoral hernia. It describes the anatomy of the femoral sheath, including its walls and compartments containing the femoral vessels. The document notes structures that pierce the sheath and its relationship to the saphenous opening. It defines a femoral hernia as the protrusion of intestine through the femoral ring. Risk factors for femoral hernia are described as well as complications like strangulation. The treatment of femoral hernia, including widening the ring or pushing contents back, is also summarized.
The popliteal fossa is bounded above by the biceps femoris tendon and semimembranosus muscle. Its roof is formed by the fascia lata pierced by the short saphenous vein. The popliteal fossa contains the popliteal artery, popliteal vein, tibial and common peroneal nerves, and popliteal lymph nodes. The popliteal artery is the deepest structure and divides distally into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries. The popliteal vein lies superficial to the artery and drains into the femoral vein.
This document summarizes the surgical anatomy of the inguinal canal. It describes the internal and external inguinal rings and boundaries of the canal. It discusses inguinal hernias, including types of indirect and direct hernias. The document also summarizes laparoscopic views of the posterior wall and peritoneal reflections, identifying structures like the inferior epigastric artery, internal ring, and cord structures. Potential spaces in the region are described along with ligaments like the iliopubic tract. Dangerous areas for dissection are identified, including the triangle of doom and corona mortis.
The vagus nerve is the 10th cranial nerve that has both motor and sensory components. It arises from the medulla and has an extensive distribution through the head, neck, thorax, and abdomen. It provides both parasympathetic output and visceral sensation. Some key functions include innervating the pharynx, larynx, heart, lungs, esophagus and stomach. Lesions can cause hoarseness of voice, dysphagia, or loss of gag reflex depending on the location along the nerve.
The temporomandibular joint is a synovial joint that connects the mandible to the temporal bone. It is a modified hinge joint that allows for depression and elevation of the mandible as well as protrusion, retraction, and side-to-side movements during chewing. The joint is comprised of the articular tubercle of the temporal bone above and the condyle of the mandible below. An articular disc divides the joint cavity into two compartments. Various ligaments and muscles are involved in stabilizing the joint and producing its movements.
The document summarizes the development of the integumentary system. It states that the skin and its derivatives like hair, nails, sweat glands, and mammary glands develop from both the surface ectoderm and underlying mesoderm. It describes the development process of each structure in detail. For example, it notes that the epidermis forms from the surface ectoderm and develops four layers by the end of the fourth month, while the dermis develops from the mesoderm and forms dermal papillae containing blood vessels and sensory receptors in the third and fourth months. The document also lists several pigmentary, hair, and gland disorders as examples of conditions related to integumentary system development.
The eyes develop from four sources during the 22nd day of intrauterine life. Optic grooves form on the forebrain which become optic vesicles that induce lens placodes in the surface ectoderm. The vesicles and placodes invaginate to form the optic cup and lens vesicle. The optic cup differentiates into the neural retina while the lens vesicle forms the lens. The surrounding mesenchyme develops into supporting structures like the choroid, sclera, cornea and vitreous body. Key genes like PAX6 and SHH regulate eye development through epithelial-mesenchymal interactions between the optic cup and surrounding tissues. Abnormalities can result in conditions like coloboma, catar
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2. INTRODUCTION
The femoral triangle is a
depressed, intermuscular
space in the anteromedial
aspect of the proximal
thigh, lying immediately
distal to the inguinal
ligament.
7. Sartorius :
Longest strap muscle
Anterior compartment of
thigh
Spirals obliquely
Origin: Anterior superior iliac
spine & notch below it.
Insertion: upper part of
subcutaneous medial surface of
shaft of tibia.
Details of Muscles Associated with Femoral triangle
8. Nerve supply: nerve to
sartorius from anterior
division of femoral nerve
Actions:
Flexion, abduction and
lateral rotation at hip joint
Flexion and medial
rotation at knee joint in
semi-flexed position.
9.
10. Adductor longus:
Triangular shape
Origin: Round tendon
from angle between pubic
crest and symphysis.
Insertion: Medial lip of
linea aspera in middle third
of femoral shaft.
11. Nerve supply: Anterior
division of obturator nerve.
Actions:
Adduction and medial
rotation of Hip joint
Assist in flexion of hip
joint.
12. Pectineus:
Quadrilateral
Same plane with adductor
longus
Origin: pecten pubis and
bone in front of it.
Insertion: vertical line from
lesser trochanter to linea
aspera.
13. Nerve supply: Since it is a composite muscle has dual nerve supply
Ventral stratum: from trunk of femoral nerve
Dorsal stratum: from the anterior division of obturator nerve
and accessory obturator nerve when present.
Actions: Flexion and adduction at Hip joint.
14. Psoas major:
Long fusiform shape
Muscle of posterior abdominal wall
Origin:
1. Anterior surface and lower border
of transverse process of all lumbar
vertebra
2. Through 5 fleshy slips from bodies
and intervertebral disc of lumbar
vertebrae
3. From tendinous arches bridging the
sides of lumbar vertebrae.
Insertion: Anterior surface of tip of
lesser trochanter of the femur.
15. Nerve Supply: ventral rami of L1, L2
& L3 Spinal nerve.
Actions:
Acting from above- Chief Flexor
of hip joint with Iliacus.
Acting from below- Flexes the
trunk.
When foot of ground also acts as
lateral rotator of hip
When foot on ground medial
rotator of hip.
Electromyography shows no rotator
action of psoas but in conditions of
fractured neck of femur distal
fragment is rotated laterally by it.
16. Iliacus:
Triangular shaped
Origin:
Upper 2/3rd of Iliac fossa
Ventral sacroiliac
ligament
Adjoining ala of sacrum
Insertion: Into psoas tendon
and shaft of femur for about
2.5cm front and below lesser
trochanter.
17. Nerve Supply: trunk of femoral nerve
Actions:
Acting with psoas major it is the chief flexor of hip joint.
Assists in medial rotation of hip joint
18. Femoral artery & its branches
Femoral vein & its tributaries
Deep inguinal lymph nodes
Femoral nerve and its
branches
A part of lateral femoral
cutaneous
Femoral branch of Genito-
femoral nerve
Fibro-fatty tissues
Contents
Proximal 3-4cm in femoral
sheath
19.
20. Femoral artery course and its
branches:
Continuation of external iliac
Enters femoral triangle at mid
inguinal point.
Leaves femoral triangle at its
apex.
Enters the adductor canal
then leaves through adductor
hiatus to become popliteal
artery (5th osseo-aponeurotic
opening in adductor magnus)
21. Branches:
3 superficial , 3 deep and
few muscular branches
Superficial epigastric
Superficial circumflex
iliac
Superficial external
pudendal
Deep external
pudendal
Profunda femoris
Descending genicular
22. Profunda femoris and its
branches:
Arises from femoral artery 3.5
cm below inguinal ligament
Spirals medially and leaves
triangle between pectineus and
adductor longus
Descends behind adductor
longus
Pierces adductor magnus as 4th
perforating artery
Anastomoses with superior
muscular branch of popliteal
artery
26. Femoral vein & its tributaries:
In Adductor canal femoral vein lies
posterior to artery.
Enters femoral triangle at apex
Ascends and shifts to medial side of
artery
Continues as external iliac vein above
inguinal ligament
Important Tributaries:
Profunda femoris vein
Great saphenous vein
Other corresponding veins with
arteries
27. Femoral sheath:
Funnel shaped fascial extension
around proximal part of femoral
vessels.
Blends with tunica adventitia 3-4
cm below inguinal ligament
Formation:
Anterior wall- fascia transversalis
Posterior wall- fascia iliaca
Femoral nerve not enclosed by
sheath as it passis entirely
beneath fascia iliaca.
28. Functions:
Allows femoral vessels to glide freely
beneath inguinal ligament during hip
movement.
Subdivisions:
2 septa divide it in 3 compartments
(lateral, intermediate and medial)
Medial compartment is femoral canal
Base of femoral canal is femoral ring
Femoral ring is closed by femoral
septum
Femoral canal is potential space
allowing femoral vein to expand
during increased venous return.
29. Femoral nerve & its branches
Largest branch of lumbar plexus
Nerve of extensor compartment
of thigh
Root value : dorsal branches of
ventral rami of L2, L3 & L4
spinal nerves
After formation inside the psoas
major it comes out from the
lateral border of the muscle.
In the iliac fossa runs under
cover of fascia iliaca.
30. Appear in Femoral triangle
lateral to femoral sheath
between psoas major &
iliacus.
2-3 cm below inguinal
ligament trunk of nerve
splits in 2 divisions
(anterior & posterior) by
lateral circumflex femoral
artery.
32. Incision:
A curved incision from ASIS to
pubic symphysis.
Vertical incision on medial side of
thigh till 10 cm below knee.
When the abdomen has not been
dissected previously another
horizontal incision from ASIS to
midline is made.
Skin reflected laterally to expose
superficial fascia
Dissection
33. Superficial fascia
Great saphenous vein and its
tributaries
Superficial group of inguinal
lymph nodes
Ilioinguinal nerve with spermatic
cord (round ligament in female)
emerging through superficial
inguinal ring.
34. Saphenous opening and
cribriform fascia
Strip down the superficial
fascia to see point of
emergence of cutaneous
nerves through deep fascia.
35. Deep fascia
Called fascia lata
Thick along lateral side of thigh and
named Ilio-tibial tract.
Has the saphenous opening
36. Following saphenous vein
upwards femoral sheath is
exposed and split
Femoral sheath contents
exposed
Fascia lata cut and boundaries
of femoral triangle made clear
Contents of the femoral
triangle seen
Branches of femoral nerve
and artery traced distally.
Contents of triangle mobilised
to see the floor muscles
38. Varicose veins
Varicosed vein is one that has a larger diameter than
normal and is elongated and tortuous.
Commonly occurs in the superficial veins of the lower
limb
Not life threatening, is responsible for considerable
discomfort and pain.
Causes:
Hereditary weakness of the vein walls and
incompetent valves
Elevated intra- abdominal pressure as a result of
multiple pregnancies or abdominal tumors
Thrombophlebitis of the deep veins, causes faulty
perforators resulting in the superficial veins
becoming the main venous pathway for the lower
limb.
39. Every time the patient exercises, high-pressure
venous blood escapes from the deep veins into the
superficial veins
Thus producing a varicosity, which might be
localized to begin with but becomes more
extensive later.
Successful operative treatment of varicosed veins
depends on the ligation and division of all the
main tributaries of the great or small saphenous
veins,
This prevents a collateral venous circulation from
developing
The ligation and division of all the perforating
veins prevents the leakage of high- pressure blood
from the deep to the superficial veins.
It is now common practice to remove or strip the
superficial veins in addition.
41. Saphenous vein in Coronary artery bypass grafting
The venous segment is reversed so that its valves do not
obstruct the arterial flow.
42. Femoral hernia
It is more common in women than
in men (possibly because of their
wider pelvis and femoral canal).
The hernial sac passes down the
femoral canal, pushing the femoral
septum before it.
On escaping through the lower end
of the femoral canal, it expands to
form a swelling in the upper part of
the thigh deep to the deep fascia.
With further expansion, the hernial
sac may turn upward to cross the
anterior surface of the inguinal
ligament.
43. The neck of the sac always lies below and
lateral to the pubic tubercle.
This serves to distinguish it from an
inguinal hernia, which lies above and
medial to the pubic tubercle.
The ring is related anteriorly to the inguinal
ligament, pos- teriorly to the pectineal
ligament and the superior ramus of the
pubis, medially to the sharp free edge of the
lacunar ligament, and laterally to the
femoral vein.
Because of these anatomic structures, the
neck of the sac is unable to expand.
Once an abdominal viscus has passed
through the neck into the body of the sac, it
may be difficult to push it up and return it to
the abdominal cavity (irreducible hernia).
44. Psoas abscess
Tuberculous infection of a lumbar vertebra can result in the
extravasation of pus down the psoas sheath into
the thigh.
The presence of a swelling above and below the inguinal ligament,
together with clinical signs and symptoms referred to the vertebral
column.
46. Adductor muscles and cerebral palsy
Some patients with cerebral palsy have
marked spasticity of the adductor group
of muscles
It is common practice to perform a
tenotomy of the adductor longus tendon
and to divide the anterior division of the
obturator nerve.
In some severe cases, the posterior
division of the obturator nerve is crushed.
This operation overcomes the spasm of
the adductor group of muscles and
permits slow recovery of the muscles
supplied by the posterior division of the
obturator nerve.
47. A K Dutta’s Essentials of human anatomy.
Grays anatomy for students.
Snell’s Clinical Antomy by regions.
BIBLIOGRAPHY