Encephalitis.
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encephalitis, types, its, cause, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestation, diagnostic evaluation, management & prevention.
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“Pathos” meaning is disease.
The term “encephalopathy” is defined as altered mental status as a result of a diffuse disturbance of brain function.
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This document provides information about acute confusional state (delirium) including its pathophysiology, epidemiology, history, physical exam findings, assessment tools, causes, differential diagnosis, laboratory and imaging studies, and emergency department care. It describes how delirium involves an acute alteration in mental status due to changes in brain function or structure. Common causes include infection, metabolic disturbances, drugs/toxins, and brain insults. The document emphasizes safety, treatment of reversible factors, and minimizing sedation in delirium management.
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This document discusses encephalitis and Japanese encephalitis. It defines encephalitis as an acute inflammatory process involving brain tissue. Japanese encephalitis is a leading viral cause of encephalitis in Asia, primarily affecting children under 15. It is transmitted via mosquitoes and has an incubation period of 5-15 days. Symptoms include high fever, headache, vomiting and altered mental status.
ENCEPHALOPATHY
Derived from Greek word “enkephalos”- meaning brain.
“Pathos” meaning is disease.
The term “encephalopathy” is defined as altered mental status as a result of a diffuse disturbance of brain function.
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This document outlines the various diagnostic tests, guidelines, and treatment approaches for pneumonia. It discusses sputum microscopy and culture, as well as tests for bacteria, fungi, viruses, and other pathogens. Guidelines are provided for empiric antibiotic therapy for community-acquired pneumonia based on severity and risk factors. Diagnostic testing and treatment approaches are also described for healthcare-associated pneumonia and specific organisms like Pseudomonas and Legionella. The document emphasizes the importance of supportive care and preventing pneumonia through vaccination and infection control practices.
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This document discusses acute encephalitis syndrome. It defines encephalitis as an acute inflammatory process involving brain tissue and meningoencephalitis as inflammation of both the meninges and brain tissue. Japanese encephalitis is identified as one of the most common causes of acute encephalitis syndrome. It is a mosquito-borne viral infection spread between pigs and birds as amplifying hosts, with humans as incidental hosts. The clinical presentation involves an initial prodromal stage of fever and headache, followed by an encephalitic stage with altered mental status such as confusion or coma. Treatment involves supportive care and empiric antiviral therapy with acyclovir and antibiotics until causative organisms are identified.
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This document provides information about different types of shock. It defines shock as a condition where blood pressure is inadequate to deliver oxygen and nutrients to vital organs. It then describes the main types of shock: hypovolemic, cardiogenic, anaphylactic, and neurogenic. For each type, it outlines the causes, signs and symptoms, nursing diagnoses, and treatment priorities. It also includes sections on snake bites, defining types of toxins, symptoms, and emergency management including antivenin administration.
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aNAPHYLACTIC SHOCK.pptx
Anaphylactic shock is a severe allergic reaction that can be triggered by medications, foods, insect bites or stings. It results from the interaction of allergens with immunoglobulin E antibodies, causing the release of histamine and other mediators from mast cells. This leads to respiratory distress, decreased blood pressure, hives, and potentially death. Treatment involves stopping exposure to the trigger, administering epinephrine, antihistamines and steroids, monitoring breathing and circulation, and managing symptoms. Nurses assess for allergies and anaphylaxis risk factors, and provide care to address impaired breathing, circulation issues, skin problems and pain.
shock-180613074042.docx
1. Shock is defined as a condition where tissues in the body do not receive enough oxygen and nutrients due to decreased blood flow.
2. There are four main types of shock: cardiogenic, hypovolemic, obstructive, and distributive.
3. Symptoms of shock include low blood pressure, weakness, rapid breathing, and pale or blue-tinged skin. Diagnosis involves examination, lab tests, and monitoring of vital signs.
4. Treatment focuses on restoring blood volume and pressure through IV fluids and medications, and treating the underlying cause of shock. Outcomes can be serious without rapid treatment and may include organ damage or death.
Anaphylaxis - Hoang Cuong HMU
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Multiple sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease that affects the central nervous system by demyelinating neurons. It most commonly affects people between 20-40 years of age and women more than men. The cause is unknown but is thought to involve an autoimmune reaction triggered by a viral infection. Symptoms vary depending on the areas of the brain and spinal cord that are affected and can include problems with mobility, sensation, vision, and bladder or bowel function. Diagnosis involves neurological exams, MRI scans to detect lesions, and ruling out other possibilities. Treatment focuses on managing relapses, reducing disease progression, and alleviating symptoms, using medications, physical therapy, and lifestyle changes. Nursing care centers around addressing issues like impaired mobility
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Encephalitis.
- 1. ENCEPHALITIS
- 2. INTRODUCTION: • ENCEPHALITIS IS AN INFLAMMATION OF CEREBRAL TISSUES, TYPICALLY ACCOMPANIED BY MENINGEAL INFLAMMATION. MENINGOENCEPHALITIS IS MOST COMMONLY CAUSED BY VIRAL INFECTION. LIKE MENINGITIS, ENCEPHALITIS CAN BE INFECTIOUS AND NON-INFECTIOUS AND ACUTE, SUBACUTE, OR CHRONIC.
- 3. DEFINITION • ENCEPHALITIS IS AN INFLAMMATION OF BRAIN THAT IS CAUSED ESPECIALLY BY INFECTION WITH A VIRUS ( SUCH AS HERPES SIMPLEX OR WEST NILE VIRUS) OR LESS COMMONLY BY BACTERIAL OR FUNGAL INFECTION OR AUTOIMMUNE REACTION.
- 4. TYPES THERE ARE MAINLY TWO TYPES OF ENCEPHALITIS. 1:- PRIMARY ENCEPHALITIS:- IT OCCURS WHEN A VIRUS DIRECTLY INFECTS THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD. 2:- SECONDARY ENCEPHALITIS:- IT OCCURS WHEN AN INFECTION STARTS ELSEWHERE IN THE BODY AND THEN TRAVELS TO YOUR BRAIN.
- 5. RISK FACTORS I. OLDER ADULTS II. CHILDREN'S UNDER THE AGE OF 1 YEAR. III. PEOPLE WITH WEAK IMMUNE SYSTEM
- 6. ETIOLOGY • PRIMARY (INFECTIOUS) ENCEPHALITIS: • COMMON VIRUSES, INCLUDES HSV (HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS) & EBV (EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS). • CHILDHOOD VIRUSES, INCLUDING MEASLES AND MUMPS. • ARBOVIRUS (SPREAD MOSQUITO, TICK & OTHER INSECTS.) INCLUDING JAPANESE VIRUS, WEST NILE ENCEPHALITIS. • SECONDARY ENCEPHALITIS: • COULD BE CAUSED BY A COMPLICATION OF A VIRAL INFECTION.
- 7. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION • FEVER • VOMITING • HEADACHE • CONFUSION • DROWSINESS • SENSITIVITY TO LIGHT • STIFF NECK • IRRITABILITY • SLOWER MOVEMENTS
- 8. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY DUE TO VIRAL AGENT INVASION INTO BRAIN BRAIN BECOMES INFLAMED LYMPHOCYTES INFILTRATE BRAIN TISSUE AND THE MENINGES OF THE BRAIN CEREBRAL EDEMA RESULTS, FOLLOWED BY BRAIN CELLS CAN DEGENERATE WIDESPREAD NERVE CELLS DESTRUCTION
- 9. COMPLICATIONS • LOSS OF MEMORY • BEHAVIOURAL/PERSONALITY CHANGES • PHYSICAL WEAKNESS • FATIGUE • EPILEPSY • VISION PROBLEM • SPEAKING ISSUES • DEATH
- 10. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION • CAREFUL HEATH HISTORY & PHYSICAL EXAMINATION. • CSF STUDY HELPS TO DIFFERENTIATE THE CONDITION FROM MENINGITIS. • CT SCAN. • EEG. • URINE EXAMINATION, TOXICOLOGICAL STUDY AND VIROLOGICAL STUDY. • BLOOD EXAMINATION FOR SUGAR UREA, UREA, ELECTROLYTE & METABOLIC PRODUCTS.
- 11. MANAGEMENT • I. PHARMALOGICAL MANAGEMENT: • ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS & ANTI-PYRETICS: ACETAMINOPHEN (TYLENOL, OTHERS), IBUPROFIN (ADVIL, MORTIN IB,OTHERS) AND NAPROXEN SODIUM (ALEVE) – TO RELIEVE HEADACHE & FEVER. • ANTIVIRAL DRUGS: • ACYCLOVIR (ZOVIRAX) • GANCICLOVIR (CYTOVENE)
- 12. • MANNITOL GLYCEROL MAY NE NEEDED TO REDUCE ICP. • CORTICOSTEROIDS • ANTIBIOTICS • ANTICONVULSIVE DRUGS • VIT. AND MINERAL SUPPLEMENTATION.
- 13. • NON PHARMALOGICAL DRUG'S: • OXYGENATION TO BE PROVIDED BY NASAL CANNULA. • MECHANICAL VENTILATION IS NECESSARY IN CARDIO- RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY. Oxygenation m. Cardio resp.
- 14. NURSING MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT • OBTAIN A HISTORY OF RECENT INFECTIONS SUCH AS UPPER RESPIRATORY INFECTION & EXPOSURE TON CAUSATIVE AGENTS. • ASSESS NEUROLOGIC STATUS & VITAL SINGS. • EVALUATE FOR SIGNS OF MENINGEAL IRRITATION. • ASSESS SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS (VISION & HEARING), CRANIAL NERVE DAMAGE (E.G., FACIAL NERVE PALSY), DIMINISHED COGNITIVE FUNCTION.
- 15. DIAGNOSIS • INEFFECTIVE TISSUE PERFUSION (CEREBRAL) RELATED TO INFECTIOUS PROCESS & CEREBRAL EDEMA. • RISK FOR IMBALANCED FLUID VOLUME RELATED FEVER AND DECREASED INTAKE. • ACUTE PAIN RELATED TO MENINGEAL IRRITATION. • IMPAIRED PHYSICAL MOBILITY RELATED TO PROLONGED BED REST. • HYPERTHERMIA RELATED TO THE INFECTIOUS PROCESS & CEREBRAL EDEMA.
- 16. PREVENTION • PRACTICE GOOD HYGIENE • DON’T SHEAR UTENSILS • GET VACCINATIONS • DRESS TO PROTECT YOURSELF • USE INSECTICIDE • APPLY MOSQUITO REPELLENT • GET RID OF WATER SOURCES OUTSIDE YOUR HOME • LOOK FOR OUTDOOR SIGNS OF VIRAL DISEASE –SICK OR DYING BIRDS OR ANIMALS.
- 17. SUMMARY • WE HAVE DISCUSSED ABOUT ENCEPHALITIS, TYPES, ITS, CAUSE, RISK FACTORS, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, CLINICAL MANIFESTATION, DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION, MANAGEMENT & PREVENTION.
- 18. CONCLUSION • ENCEPHALITIS IS AN INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIN. USUALLY THE CAUSE IS A VIRAL INFECTION, BUT BACTERIA CAN ALSO CAUSE IT. IT CAN BE MILD OR SEVERE. MOST CASES ARE MILD. PEOPLE MAY HAVE FLU LIKE SYMPTOMS.