The document provides an outline and overview of a presentation on disorders of the esophagus. It discusses the anatomy and physiology of the esophagus, defines different esophageal disorders including achalasia, hiatal hernia, GERD, esophageal varices, and esophagitis. For each disorder, it describes the etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment/nursing management. The presentation aims to educate about the types of esophageal disorders and their pathology and management.
This case study describes a 69-year old Filipino woman diagnosed with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and ischemic heart disease. She experienced symptoms like heartburn, acid indigestion, hiccups, and difficulty walking. Her medical history and examinations led doctors to diagnose her conditions. She was prescribed various medications to manage her diseases. Dietary interventions included a low salt, low fat, high fiber diet to help control her conditions and prevent further complications. Her nutritional status was assessed as mild underweight.
Dr. Berhanu presented on the pathology of esophageal diseases. He discussed various esophageal conditions including GERD, Barrett's esophagus, motility disorders, and neoplasms of the esophagus. For many of the conditions, he described the pathogenesis, risk factors, clinical presentation, investigations used for diagnosis, and histopathological features. The presentation provided a comprehensive overview of the major esophageal diseases encountered in clinical practice.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy, physiology, pathologies, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of the esophagus. Key points include:
- The esophagus functions to pass food to the stomach and allows for endoscopic evaluation. It has two sphincters and two muscle layers.
- Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and hiatal hernias are common causes of reflux. Other pathologies include achalasia, diverticula, and esophageal cancer.
- Symptoms vary depending on the pathology but can include dysphagia, heartburn, chest pain, and respiratory issues. Diagnosis involves imaging, endoscopy, and biops
The esophagus transports food from the mouth to the stomach without secreting enzymes or absorbing nutrients. It has several layers including mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis. The muscularis is divided into thirds with different muscle types. Two sphincters regulate movement of food into and out of the esophagus. Lesions range from mild esophagitis to lethal cancers, producing symptoms like difficulty swallowing. Gastroesophageal reflux disease is the most common cause of esophagitis and can progress to Barrett's esophagus and cancer if untreated.
The esophagus connects the hypopharynx to the stomach and functions to transport food and fluid. Gastroesophageal reflux occurs when stomach contents reflux into the esophagus. This can be caused by increased stomach pressure or decreased lower esophageal sphincter tone. Chronic reflux can lead to esophagitis and complications like strictures or Barrett's esophagus. Diagnostic tests include endoscopy, pH monitoring, and manometry. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and medications to reduce acid production like PPIs.
This document provides an overview of small intestinal obstruction. It begins by defining small intestinal obstruction as a blockage of the small intestine. It then discusses the epidemiology, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, causes, complications, diagnosis and treatment of small intestinal obstruction. The main points are that adhesion and hernia are the most common causes, and treatment involves correcting fluid and electrolyte imbalances, nasogastric decompression, antibiotics and potentially surgery for cases of strangulation or complete blockage. Both non-operative and surgical treatments are discussed.
This document provides an overview of small intestinal obstruction. It begins by defining small intestinal obstruction as a blockage of the small intestine. It then discusses the epidemiology, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, causes, complications, diagnosis and treatment of small intestinal obstruction. The main points are that adhesion and hernia are the most common causes, and treatment involves correcting fluid and electrolyte imbalances, nasogastric decompression, antibiotics and potentially surgery for cases of strangulation or complete blockage. The document provides details on evaluating and managing both mechanical and paralytic forms of small intestinal obstruction.
Peptic ulcers form in the stomach, pylorus, duodenum, or esophagus when the mucosal lining is eroded by gastric acid. Helicobacter pylori infection and NSAID use are major causes. Symptoms include abdominal pain, heartburn, nausea, and vomiting of blood. Diagnosis involves endoscopy to view the ulcer and biopsy to test for H. pylori. Treatment consists of antibiotics to eradicate H. pylori combined with proton pump inhibitors to reduce acid, helping the ulcer heal in 8 weeks.
This case study describes a 69-year old Filipino woman diagnosed with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and ischemic heart disease. She experienced symptoms like heartburn, acid indigestion, hiccups, and difficulty walking. Her medical history and examinations led doctors to diagnose her conditions. She was prescribed various medications to manage her diseases. Dietary interventions included a low salt, low fat, high fiber diet to help control her conditions and prevent further complications. Her nutritional status was assessed as mild underweight.
Dr. Berhanu presented on the pathology of esophageal diseases. He discussed various esophageal conditions including GERD, Barrett's esophagus, motility disorders, and neoplasms of the esophagus. For many of the conditions, he described the pathogenesis, risk factors, clinical presentation, investigations used for diagnosis, and histopathological features. The presentation provided a comprehensive overview of the major esophageal diseases encountered in clinical practice.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy, physiology, pathologies, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of the esophagus. Key points include:
- The esophagus functions to pass food to the stomach and allows for endoscopic evaluation. It has two sphincters and two muscle layers.
- Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and hiatal hernias are common causes of reflux. Other pathologies include achalasia, diverticula, and esophageal cancer.
- Symptoms vary depending on the pathology but can include dysphagia, heartburn, chest pain, and respiratory issues. Diagnosis involves imaging, endoscopy, and biops
The esophagus transports food from the mouth to the stomach without secreting enzymes or absorbing nutrients. It has several layers including mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis. The muscularis is divided into thirds with different muscle types. Two sphincters regulate movement of food into and out of the esophagus. Lesions range from mild esophagitis to lethal cancers, producing symptoms like difficulty swallowing. Gastroesophageal reflux disease is the most common cause of esophagitis and can progress to Barrett's esophagus and cancer if untreated.
The esophagus connects the hypopharynx to the stomach and functions to transport food and fluid. Gastroesophageal reflux occurs when stomach contents reflux into the esophagus. This can be caused by increased stomach pressure or decreased lower esophageal sphincter tone. Chronic reflux can lead to esophagitis and complications like strictures or Barrett's esophagus. Diagnostic tests include endoscopy, pH monitoring, and manometry. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and medications to reduce acid production like PPIs.
This document provides an overview of small intestinal obstruction. It begins by defining small intestinal obstruction as a blockage of the small intestine. It then discusses the epidemiology, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, causes, complications, diagnosis and treatment of small intestinal obstruction. The main points are that adhesion and hernia are the most common causes, and treatment involves correcting fluid and electrolyte imbalances, nasogastric decompression, antibiotics and potentially surgery for cases of strangulation or complete blockage. Both non-operative and surgical treatments are discussed.
This document provides an overview of small intestinal obstruction. It begins by defining small intestinal obstruction as a blockage of the small intestine. It then discusses the epidemiology, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, causes, complications, diagnosis and treatment of small intestinal obstruction. The main points are that adhesion and hernia are the most common causes, and treatment involves correcting fluid and electrolyte imbalances, nasogastric decompression, antibiotics and potentially surgery for cases of strangulation or complete blockage. The document provides details on evaluating and managing both mechanical and paralytic forms of small intestinal obstruction.
Peptic ulcers form in the stomach, pylorus, duodenum, or esophagus when the mucosal lining is eroded by gastric acid. Helicobacter pylori infection and NSAID use are major causes. Symptoms include abdominal pain, heartburn, nausea, and vomiting of blood. Diagnosis involves endoscopy to view the ulcer and biopsy to test for H. pylori. Treatment consists of antibiotics to eradicate H. pylori combined with proton pump inhibitors to reduce acid, helping the ulcer heal in 8 weeks.
The document discusses the anatomy and pathologies of the esophagus. It describes the layers of the esophagus and contains sphincters. Lesions can cause dysphagia due to narrowing or obstruction. Gastroesophageal reflux disease is a common cause of heartburn. Varices are dilated veins caused by portal hypertension. Achalasia is a motility disorder causing difficulty swallowing. Barrett's esophagus is a complication of long-term reflux and increases cancer risk. Squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma are the two main types of esophageal cancer.
1. GERD is a common cause of regurgitation where the lower esophageal sphincter does not close properly, allowing stomach acid to back up into the esophagus.
2. Ingestion of caustic substances like strong acids or alkalis can burn the tissues of the upper GI tract and sometimes cause perforations, leading to symptoms like regurgitation.
3. Cancers of the esophagus such as adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma can cause regurgitation by blocking the esophagus. Barrett's esophagus is a precancerous condition caused by acid reflux.
This document discusses interventions for stomach disorders including gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, and gastric cancer. It begins with an introduction to the anatomy and physiology of the stomach. Gastritis is then defined and the types, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnostic evaluation, and management are outlined. Peptic ulcer disease is similarly defined and the classifications, risk factors, etiological factors, pathogenesis, signs and symptoms, complications, diagnosis, and medical and non-medical management are described.
This document discusses bowel obstruction, including classification, common causes, clinical features, investigations, and treatment. Bowel obstruction can be dynamic or mechanical, and is classified as partial or complete. Common causes include adhesions, hernias, volvulus, and tumors. Clinical features include colicky pain, vomiting, abdominal distension, and constipation. Investigations may include blood tests, abdominal x-rays, CT scans, and contrast studies. Treatment involves resuscitation, decompression, antibiotics, and surgery to remove the obstruction or affected bowel segment. Complications can include bleeding, infection, leakage, and recurrent obstruction.
The document provides an overview of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders and diseases. It discusses the anatomy and functions of the GI tract, classification of GI diseases, common GI symptoms, and approaches to evaluating patients with GI conditions. Specific disorders covered include disorders of the esophagus like gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), achalasia, and diffuse esophageal spasm. The document also discusses pathophysiology, symptoms, evaluation, and treatment of these esophageal disorders.
Peptic ulcer disease and GERD are common digestive disorders caused by an imbalance between gastric acid and the stomach's protective mechanisms. Peptic ulcers form when the stomach or duodenal lining is broken down, typically due to H. pylori infection or long-term NSAID use. GERD occurs when stomach acid backs up into the esophagus, often due to a weak lower esophageal sphincter. Both are treated using proton pump inhibitors to reduce acid production along with antibiotics for H. pylori if present. Lifestyle changes like sleeping upright and smaller meals can help prevent acid reflux.
This document provides an overview of a 22 hour course on gastrointestinal and biliary tract disorders. It covers the anatomy and physiology of the gastrointestinal tract, common manifestations of gastrointestinal disorders, assessment of patients with gastrointestinal issues, and diseases and conditions of the gastrointestinal tract and biliary system including their management. Specific topics discussed include the esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and large intestine. Diseases like achalasia, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and cancer of the esophagus are described in detail.
Presentation main surgery 123456nhnhnhnahkoHardikSiwach1
1. The document describes various abnormalities or anomalies of the oesophagus known as "bizarre oesophagus". These include conditions like esophageal webs, rings, diverticula, achalasia, and Barrett's esophagus.
2. Esophageal webs are thin membranes in the esophagus that cause narrowing and difficulty swallowing. Achalasia is a condition where the lower esophageal sphincter fails to relax properly, causing difficulty swallowing and food regurgitation.
3. The document provides details on the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of these different conditions of the bizarre oesophagus.
This document discusses disorders of the esophagus, including obstructive and vascular diseases. It describes the normal anatomy of the esophagus and its histology. Specific disorders covered include atresia, stenosis, achalasia, hiatal hernia, esophageal varices, and various types of esophagitis. Achalasia is characterized by incomplete relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter. Esophageal varices occur due to portal hypertension, most commonly from cirrhosis of the liver. Various types of esophagitis discussed include those caused by reflux, chemicals, infections, and eosinophilic esophagitis.
The document provides information on acute abdomen and intestinal obstruction. It discusses the common causes of acute abdomen including acute appendicitis and intestinal obstruction. For intestinal obstruction, it describes the different mechanisms including mechanical (dynamic) and non-mechanical (adynamic) obstruction. It also discusses the clinical features, investigations, management and complications of acute appendicitis and intestinal obstruction.
This document discusses dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing. It begins by defining dysphagia and describing the normal physiology of swallowing in three stages. It then discusses the various types, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, complications and management approaches for dysphagia. Management may include dietary changes, swallowing exercises and techniques, botulinum toxin injections, dilation procedures, or surgeries like myotomy. Nurses play an important role in educating patients and monitoring for signs of aspiration during meals.
This document provides information on various esophageal disorders including:
1. Esophageal perforation, Boerhaave syndrome, and Mallory-Weiss syndrome which are tears in the esophagus that can be caused by vomiting.
2. Diffuse esophageal spasm, Achalasia, and Zenker diverticulum which are motility disorders of the esophagus.
3. Conditions like Barrett's esophagus, hiatal hernia, and esophagitis which are usually associated with chronic acid reflux.
The word Gastritis comes from two words “gastro” referring to the stomach and “itis” means inflammation.
Gastritis is an inflammation, irritation, or erosion of the lining of the stomach mucosa.
Inflammation of the lining of the stomach.
INCIDENCE:
The incidence of gastritis is highest in the fifth and sixth decades of life; men are more frequently affected than women. The incidence is greater in clients who are heavy drinkers and smokers.
Acute gastritis is considered one of the most common type of gastritis. This is a painful inflammation of the lining of the stomach that occur suddenly and may involve bleeding of the stomach mucosa
Chronic gastritis involve s long- term inflammation of the mucosal lining of the stomach and this inflammatory condition of upper digestive system can last for years.
Chronic gastritis, on the other hand, is more often found in older people
The document discusses three medical conditions: esophageal atresia, high intestinal obstruction, and acute appendicitis. Esophageal atresia is a birth defect where the esophagus does not develop properly, requiring surgical correction. High intestinal obstruction is a blockage in the small intestine preventing normal digestion. Acute appendicitis is inflammation of the appendix often due to blockage requiring surgical removal of the appendix.
This document provides an overview of intestinal obstruction. It begins with an introduction defining intestinal obstruction and its causes. It then covers the classification of intestinal obstruction including location, degree, and specific causes. Risk factors and pathophysiology are discussed. Clinical presentation includes symptoms like pain, vomiting, and distension. Investigations involve imaging studies like abdominal x-rays and CT scans. Management is outlined, differentiating conservative treatment from surgical intervention depending on factors like failure to resolve or signs of strangulation. Surgical procedures aim to relieve the obstruction and resect non-viable bowel.
The document discusses the gastrointestinal system and acid secretion process. It summarizes the anatomy and functions of the stomach, including the three parts (fundus, body, antrum) and cell types. It describes the three phases of acid secretion and factors involved like gastrin and histamine. Common acid-related disorders are explained like GERD, reflux esophagitis, peptic ulcers, and their symptoms. Causes of increased acid levels are outlined as well as complications. Treatment options for acid suppression include antacids, H2 blockers, and proton pump inhibitors, though antacids have limitations.
This document summarizes various gastrointestinal imaging tests and their indications. Plain x-rays can detect intestinal obstruction, paralytic ileus, and calcified structures. Contrast studies detect tumors, strictures, ulcers and motility disorders. Barium swallow and follow through exams evaluate the esophagus, stomach and small bowel for motility disorders, perforations and fistulas. Barium enema examines the colon. Ultrasound identifies abdominal masses, ascites and gallstones. CT and MRI provide detailed images of the liver, pancreas and pelvis. PET detects metastases. Endoscopy allows direct visualization of the upper GI tract.
The document discusses Health Management Information Systems (HMIS), including:
- The objectives and benefits of HMIS in health services management.
- The key components and purpose of HMIS including data collection, storage, analysis and use for management decisions.
- Examples of indicators and data sources used in HMIS.
- The six steps involved in restructuring health MIS, such as identifying information needs and developing data collection instruments.
- Ways to enhance the use of information in decision-making, including improving data quality and communication between data collectors and managers.
This document provides an overview of seizure disorders including definitions, etiology, pathophysiology, types of seizures, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, complications, management, and nursing considerations. It aims to define seizure disorder, describe the different types, understand the causes and disease process, recognize signs and symptoms, diagnose and treat seizures, and prevent complications through medication adherence and lifestyle modifications. Nursing focuses on safety during seizures, airway protection, education, medication administration, and enhancing patient self-esteem and independence.
The document discusses the anatomy and pathologies of the esophagus. It describes the layers of the esophagus and contains sphincters. Lesions can cause dysphagia due to narrowing or obstruction. Gastroesophageal reflux disease is a common cause of heartburn. Varices are dilated veins caused by portal hypertension. Achalasia is a motility disorder causing difficulty swallowing. Barrett's esophagus is a complication of long-term reflux and increases cancer risk. Squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma are the two main types of esophageal cancer.
1. GERD is a common cause of regurgitation where the lower esophageal sphincter does not close properly, allowing stomach acid to back up into the esophagus.
2. Ingestion of caustic substances like strong acids or alkalis can burn the tissues of the upper GI tract and sometimes cause perforations, leading to symptoms like regurgitation.
3. Cancers of the esophagus such as adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma can cause regurgitation by blocking the esophagus. Barrett's esophagus is a precancerous condition caused by acid reflux.
This document discusses interventions for stomach disorders including gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, and gastric cancer. It begins with an introduction to the anatomy and physiology of the stomach. Gastritis is then defined and the types, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnostic evaluation, and management are outlined. Peptic ulcer disease is similarly defined and the classifications, risk factors, etiological factors, pathogenesis, signs and symptoms, complications, diagnosis, and medical and non-medical management are described.
This document discusses bowel obstruction, including classification, common causes, clinical features, investigations, and treatment. Bowel obstruction can be dynamic or mechanical, and is classified as partial or complete. Common causes include adhesions, hernias, volvulus, and tumors. Clinical features include colicky pain, vomiting, abdominal distension, and constipation. Investigations may include blood tests, abdominal x-rays, CT scans, and contrast studies. Treatment involves resuscitation, decompression, antibiotics, and surgery to remove the obstruction or affected bowel segment. Complications can include bleeding, infection, leakage, and recurrent obstruction.
The document provides an overview of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders and diseases. It discusses the anatomy and functions of the GI tract, classification of GI diseases, common GI symptoms, and approaches to evaluating patients with GI conditions. Specific disorders covered include disorders of the esophagus like gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), achalasia, and diffuse esophageal spasm. The document also discusses pathophysiology, symptoms, evaluation, and treatment of these esophageal disorders.
Peptic ulcer disease and GERD are common digestive disorders caused by an imbalance between gastric acid and the stomach's protective mechanisms. Peptic ulcers form when the stomach or duodenal lining is broken down, typically due to H. pylori infection or long-term NSAID use. GERD occurs when stomach acid backs up into the esophagus, often due to a weak lower esophageal sphincter. Both are treated using proton pump inhibitors to reduce acid production along with antibiotics for H. pylori if present. Lifestyle changes like sleeping upright and smaller meals can help prevent acid reflux.
This document provides an overview of a 22 hour course on gastrointestinal and biliary tract disorders. It covers the anatomy and physiology of the gastrointestinal tract, common manifestations of gastrointestinal disorders, assessment of patients with gastrointestinal issues, and diseases and conditions of the gastrointestinal tract and biliary system including their management. Specific topics discussed include the esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and large intestine. Diseases like achalasia, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and cancer of the esophagus are described in detail.
Presentation main surgery 123456nhnhnhnahkoHardikSiwach1
1. The document describes various abnormalities or anomalies of the oesophagus known as "bizarre oesophagus". These include conditions like esophageal webs, rings, diverticula, achalasia, and Barrett's esophagus.
2. Esophageal webs are thin membranes in the esophagus that cause narrowing and difficulty swallowing. Achalasia is a condition where the lower esophageal sphincter fails to relax properly, causing difficulty swallowing and food regurgitation.
3. The document provides details on the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of these different conditions of the bizarre oesophagus.
This document discusses disorders of the esophagus, including obstructive and vascular diseases. It describes the normal anatomy of the esophagus and its histology. Specific disorders covered include atresia, stenosis, achalasia, hiatal hernia, esophageal varices, and various types of esophagitis. Achalasia is characterized by incomplete relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter. Esophageal varices occur due to portal hypertension, most commonly from cirrhosis of the liver. Various types of esophagitis discussed include those caused by reflux, chemicals, infections, and eosinophilic esophagitis.
The document provides information on acute abdomen and intestinal obstruction. It discusses the common causes of acute abdomen including acute appendicitis and intestinal obstruction. For intestinal obstruction, it describes the different mechanisms including mechanical (dynamic) and non-mechanical (adynamic) obstruction. It also discusses the clinical features, investigations, management and complications of acute appendicitis and intestinal obstruction.
This document discusses dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing. It begins by defining dysphagia and describing the normal physiology of swallowing in three stages. It then discusses the various types, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, complications and management approaches for dysphagia. Management may include dietary changes, swallowing exercises and techniques, botulinum toxin injections, dilation procedures, or surgeries like myotomy. Nurses play an important role in educating patients and monitoring for signs of aspiration during meals.
This document provides information on various esophageal disorders including:
1. Esophageal perforation, Boerhaave syndrome, and Mallory-Weiss syndrome which are tears in the esophagus that can be caused by vomiting.
2. Diffuse esophageal spasm, Achalasia, and Zenker diverticulum which are motility disorders of the esophagus.
3. Conditions like Barrett's esophagus, hiatal hernia, and esophagitis which are usually associated with chronic acid reflux.
The word Gastritis comes from two words “gastro” referring to the stomach and “itis” means inflammation.
Gastritis is an inflammation, irritation, or erosion of the lining of the stomach mucosa.
Inflammation of the lining of the stomach.
INCIDENCE:
The incidence of gastritis is highest in the fifth and sixth decades of life; men are more frequently affected than women. The incidence is greater in clients who are heavy drinkers and smokers.
Acute gastritis is considered one of the most common type of gastritis. This is a painful inflammation of the lining of the stomach that occur suddenly and may involve bleeding of the stomach mucosa
Chronic gastritis involve s long- term inflammation of the mucosal lining of the stomach and this inflammatory condition of upper digestive system can last for years.
Chronic gastritis, on the other hand, is more often found in older people
The document discusses three medical conditions: esophageal atresia, high intestinal obstruction, and acute appendicitis. Esophageal atresia is a birth defect where the esophagus does not develop properly, requiring surgical correction. High intestinal obstruction is a blockage in the small intestine preventing normal digestion. Acute appendicitis is inflammation of the appendix often due to blockage requiring surgical removal of the appendix.
This document provides an overview of intestinal obstruction. It begins with an introduction defining intestinal obstruction and its causes. It then covers the classification of intestinal obstruction including location, degree, and specific causes. Risk factors and pathophysiology are discussed. Clinical presentation includes symptoms like pain, vomiting, and distension. Investigations involve imaging studies like abdominal x-rays and CT scans. Management is outlined, differentiating conservative treatment from surgical intervention depending on factors like failure to resolve or signs of strangulation. Surgical procedures aim to relieve the obstruction and resect non-viable bowel.
The document discusses the gastrointestinal system and acid secretion process. It summarizes the anatomy and functions of the stomach, including the three parts (fundus, body, antrum) and cell types. It describes the three phases of acid secretion and factors involved like gastrin and histamine. Common acid-related disorders are explained like GERD, reflux esophagitis, peptic ulcers, and their symptoms. Causes of increased acid levels are outlined as well as complications. Treatment options for acid suppression include antacids, H2 blockers, and proton pump inhibitors, though antacids have limitations.
This document summarizes various gastrointestinal imaging tests and their indications. Plain x-rays can detect intestinal obstruction, paralytic ileus, and calcified structures. Contrast studies detect tumors, strictures, ulcers and motility disorders. Barium swallow and follow through exams evaluate the esophagus, stomach and small bowel for motility disorders, perforations and fistulas. Barium enema examines the colon. Ultrasound identifies abdominal masses, ascites and gallstones. CT and MRI provide detailed images of the liver, pancreas and pelvis. PET detects metastases. Endoscopy allows direct visualization of the upper GI tract.
The document discusses Health Management Information Systems (HMIS), including:
- The objectives and benefits of HMIS in health services management.
- The key components and purpose of HMIS including data collection, storage, analysis and use for management decisions.
- Examples of indicators and data sources used in HMIS.
- The six steps involved in restructuring health MIS, such as identifying information needs and developing data collection instruments.
- Ways to enhance the use of information in decision-making, including improving data quality and communication between data collectors and managers.
This document provides an overview of seizure disorders including definitions, etiology, pathophysiology, types of seizures, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, complications, management, and nursing considerations. It aims to define seizure disorder, describe the different types, understand the causes and disease process, recognize signs and symptoms, diagnose and treat seizures, and prevent complications through medication adherence and lifestyle modifications. Nursing focuses on safety during seizures, airway protection, education, medication administration, and enhancing patient self-esteem and independence.
This document provides an overview of blunt eye trauma, including a definition, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and complications. Key points covered include:
- Blunt eye trauma refers to eye injury from a dull impact rather than a sharp object and can damage the eyeball, bones around the eye, or eyelid.
- Common causes are sports injuries, car accidents, work injuries, violence, or falls.
- Diagnosis involves examination by an ophthalmologist and may include imaging tests.
- Treatment depends on severity but may include ice, medications, surgery, or protective eyewear.
- Complications can include long-term issues like blurred vision, double vision, or reduced
1. The document summarizes the care of visual and hearing impairments. It defines various types of visual impairments like hyperopia, myopia, astigmatism, and discusses their causes, diagnosis, and management.
2. Hearing impairment is defined and types like conductive, sensorineural, mixed and central hearing losses are explained along with their etiology and pathophysiology. Diagnostic tests for hearing impairment including Weber, Rinne and audiometry are also outlined.
3. Management approaches like use of hearing aids, cochlear implants, sign language and auditory rehabilitation are described. Surgical management and prevention of hearing loss is also discussed. Nursing diagnoses and interventions for patients with hearing
The document presents a seminar on encephalitis, defining it as inflammation of the brain and describing its main types, causes, symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatment including pharmacological and nursing management, complications, and prevention methods. Encephalitis is usually caused by a viral infection but can also be caused by bacteria, and symptoms may include fever, headache, nausea, and confusion.
This document discusses assessment and management of patients with chronic musculoskeletal system disorders. It provides details on rheumatoid arthritis, gouty arthritis, osteomyelitis, osteoporosis, and osteomalacia. For each condition, it describes etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, and pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment approaches. The overall objective is to educate students on identifying these joint, connective tissue, and bone disorders as well as implementing appropriate nursing care.
This document defines and describes toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) and Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS). It notes that TEN involves detachment of over 30% of the body surface area and a high mortality rate of 30%, while SJS involves detachment of under 10% of the surface area and a lower mortality of 5%. The document discusses the presentation, epidemiology, pathogenesis, etiologies, differential diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of these conditions.
Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a severe skin reaction involving the epidermis and mucous membranes. It is characterized by fever, painful skin lesions, blistering, and at least 30% of the body surface area involved. The condition is caused by a cytotoxic reaction and hypersensitivity to certain medications, infections, or other agents. Treatment involves immediate discontinuation of any offending agents, supportive care including wound care and monitoring for complications, and consideration of treatments like IVIG. Prognosis depends on factors like age, extent of skin detachment, and presence of other organ involvement.
This document provides an overview of superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) presented by Kedir Mohammed at Salale University College of Health Sciences. The presentation covers the anatomy and pathophysiology of SVCS, its typical etiologies such as lung cancer, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests including CT scans and classification systems. Treatment options discussed include treating the underlying cause, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, endovascular procedures like stenting and thrombolytic therapy, as well as conservative approaches involving bed rest, oxygen, and diuretics to manage symptoms. The objective is for participants to understand what causes SVCS, how to diagnose it, and how it is typically managed or treated.
The document provides guidance on assessing the breasts and axilla, including describing anatomy, demonstrating assessment techniques, differentiating normal and abnormal findings, and discussing breast self-examination. Assessment involves taking a history, inspecting for abnormalities, palpating the breasts and lymph nodes, and documenting findings. Teaching patients breast self-awareness and self-examination techniques is also covered.
This document provides an overview of superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) presented by Kedir Mohammed. It defines SVCS, describes the anatomy and pathophysiology, and discusses the etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, grading systems, management, and prognosis. The presentation covers the objective, introduction, anatomy, pathophysiology, etiology, clinical features, classification systems, diagnostic methods, management options including endovascular therapies, conservative management, treatment for benign cases, surgical treatments, prevention, nursing considerations, and concludes with key points about SVCS and references.
This document provides information on assessing and treating various ocular emergencies. It describes medical emergencies like conjunctivitis, iritis, periorbital cellulitis and glaucoma, outlining their symptoms, diagnostic tests and treatment plans. Surgical emergencies covered include corneal abrasion, retinal detachment, orbital fracture, chemical burns, hyphema and globe rupture. Assessment involves visual acuity tests, eye exams and diagnostics like CT scans. Treatments range from eye drops and patching to urgent referral and surgery depending on the emergency. Education of patients is also emphasized.
SVCS can be graded based on severity using a defined scale. A management algorithm is presented for SVCS that accounts for severity grading. The reference is a 2011 article from Respiratory Care that details an SVCS grading and management approach.
A patient presented with superior vena cava syndrome which is caused by obstruction of the superior vena cava leading to swelling of the head and neck. The obstruction was found to be due to small-cell lung cancer which had spread to the area around the superior vena cava. Typical clinical findings of superior vena cava syndrome include swelling of the head and neck, difficulty breathing, and cough.
This document provides guidance on assessing the breasts and axilla. It outlines the objectives, introduces the anatomy and physiology of breasts and axilla, and describes the techniques for physical examination including inspection and palpation. The physical examination involves inspecting the breasts, nipples, lymph nodes and axilla for abnormalities and palpating the breasts, nipples and lymph nodes using different levels of pressure to check for lumps or thickening. It also provides guidance on teaching patients breast self-examination techniques.
Final Group assignment Electrolytes Tests.pptxKhadiraMohammed
This document provides information about electrolyte tests and their clinical significance. It discusses the objectives of understanding electrolyte components, their normal and abnormal ranges, and fluid prescription principles. The document defines electrolytes as dissolved ions that perform various body functions. It then examines specific electrolytes (sodium, calcium, chloride), their normal ranges, causes of abnormal levels, related signs and symptoms, and diagnostic tests. The document aims to enhance understanding of electrolyte tests and their importance in clinical practice.
1. The document outlines the steps taken by a group of nursing students at Salale University to present on facilitating group learning.
2. It begins with introducing the group members and providing an outline of the topics to be covered including the objectives, introduction, techniques for facilitating groups, steps for effective facilitation, advantages and challenges.
3. The presentation aims to define facilitation, identify the goals and techniques for group learning, describe the steps for effective facilitation skills, and discuss the advantages and challenges of facilitated group learning.
A group of 8 nursing students at Fiche, Ethiopia presented on Problem Based Learning (PBL) to their professor. They defined PBL, outlined its process, advantages and disadvantages, and provided an example PBL case study involving a patient presenting with chest pain and shortness of breath. The goal of the presentation was to help learners understand PBL and how it differs from traditional teaching methods.
The document summarizes principles for writing different types of test items, including multiple choice questions (MCQs), true/false, matching, short answer, and essays. It provides guidelines for writing item stems and distractors, as well as tips for each item type. The presentation was given by group 4 to their instructor to share knowledge on item writing principles for developing tests. Key principles discussed include ensuring item stems are clear and distractors are plausible, avoiding trick questions, and providing scoring criteria for open-ended items.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on Rosemarie Parse's Human Becoming Theory of nursing. The theory was developed in the 1980s and focuses on improving quality of life from the patient's perspective. It assumes humans freely find meaning in situations and continuously change through rhythmic patterns and transcending limits. The theory is applied to nursing practice, research, and education. While it differentiates nursing, some weaknesses are its difficulty to quantify results and apply to acute care. The presentation covers Parse as the theorist, key assumptions, strengths, weaknesses, and examples of the theory's application and research.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
1. College of Nursing and midwifery
Department of Adult health nursing
Individual Seminar presentation on
Disorder of Easophagus
By Amensisa Debesa (ID 176/15)
Presented to Mr Tadele k. (Assistant
professor)
Salale Ethiopia
Sep 20/2023
10/3/2023 Disorder of Esophagus 1
2. OUTLINE
Objective
Introduction
Definition of esophagus Function & disorder
Pathologic condition of Esophagus:
Achalasia
Hiatal hernia
GERD
Esophageal Varices
Esophagities
Esophageal cancer
Summary
Achnowlegment
Referance
10/3/2023 Disorder of Esophagus 2
3. Objectives
After the end of our sessetion we able:
To underst anatomy & physiology of esophagus.
Explain the types of esophageal disorder.
To know the pathology of each disorder.
Describe the management of esophageal disorder.
10/3/2023 Disorder of Esophagus 3
4. INTRODUCTION
Anathomy &Physiology of Esophagus:
The esophagus extends from the oropharynx to
the stomach.
At the top of the esophagus is the upper
esophageal sphincter (UES).
• This prevent the influx of air into the esophagus
during respiration.
At the bottom of the esophagus is the lower
esophageal sphincter (LES) to prevent the reflux of
acid from the stomach into the esophagus.
10/3/2023 Disorder of Esophagus 4
5. Cont…
Esophagus has two main functions:
1- Transport of food by peristalsis
2- Prevention of gastric regurgitation by LES/UES
- It is supplied by the vagus nerve & sympathetic trunk.
- Dysphagia is sensation of obstruction of food passage
or Difficulty in swallowing, has mechanical and
neuromuscular causes.
- Odynophagia is painful swallowing.
- Both dysphagia and odynophagia will result in weight
loss, eventually.
10/3/2023 Disorder of Esophagus 5
6. Disorders of the Esophagus
DYSPHAGIA
It is a difficulty of swallowing and is the most common
symptom of esophageal disease.
This symptom may vary from an uncomfortable feeling in
the upper esophagus to acute pain on swallowing
(odynophagia).
Obstruction of food and even liquids may occur anywhere
along the esophagus.
10/3/2023 Disorder of Esophagus 6
7. Pathologic Condition of Esophagus
Often the patient can indicate where the
problem is located in the esophagus.
Pathologic conditions of the esophagus,
includes :
Motility disorders (achalasia, diffuse spasm)
Gastro esophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Hiatal hernias
Esophagits
Perforation
Foreign bodies
Chemical burns
Benign tumors and carcinoma.
10/3/2023 Disorder of Esophagus 7
8. ACHALASIA
Achalasia is absent or ineffective peristalsis of the distal
esophagus,
It is accompanied by failure of the esophageal sphincter
to relax in response to swallowing.
Epidemologically Achalasia may progress slowly and
occurs most comman in people 40 years of age or older.
10/3/2023 Disorder of Esophagus 8
9. Ethiology
Primary (idiopathic)
Degeneration and loss of ganglion cells cause a
defect in the innervations of the esophagus
Resulting absence of complete LES relaxation and
absence of peristalsis
10/3/2023 Disorder of Esophagus 9
10. Clinical manifestation
Difficulty in swallowing both liquids and solids.
Sensation of food sticking in the lower portion of the
esophagus.
Food regurgitation( commonly in advanced stage).
Weight loss can be a late manifestation
Chest pain and heartburn (pyrosis).
Pain may or may not be associated with eating.
10/3/2023 Disorder of Esophagus 10
11. Treatment
There is no curative treatment for achalasia
The aim is to decrease the LES pressure either
chemically(medications) or mechanically (by
forceful stretching) .
Smooth muscle relaxants such as
• Calcium channel blockers and
• Nitrates, have been used with limited
success.
10/3/2023 Disorder of Esophagus 11
12. CONT…
Ex. Nifedipine, 10–20 mg, or isosorbide
dinitrate, 5–10 mg solution
Forceful dilation of the LES using balloons,
pneumatic (forceful) dilation
Pneumatic dilation has a high success rate
Is effective in 85%cases , with 3–5% risk of
perforation or bleeding.
10/3/2023 Disorder of Esophagus 12
14. Nursing care of pt’s with achalasia
The patient should be instructed to eat slowly and to
drink fluids with meals
Semisoft ,warm foods are better tolerated than cold,
hard foods ,the client should avoid hot, iced foods as
well as alcohol and tobacco.
All foods should be chewed thoroughly to add saliva
to mixture, providing lubrication and allowing the
bolus to pass more easily.
To prevent nocturnal reflux of food the client should
sleep with head of the bed elevated.
10/3/2023 Disorder of Esophagus 14
15. HIATAL HERNIA
• Some times also known as a diaphragmatic or
esophageal hernia.
• A part of the stomach protrudes up through the
diaphragm near the esophagus into the chest.
• Patients may be asymptomatic or have daily
symptoms of gastro esophageal reflux disease
(GERD).
10/3/2023 Disorder of Esophagus 15
16. CONT…
Hiatal hernia
Is characterized by separation of the diaphragmatic crura and
widening of the space between the muscular crura and
esophageal wall
Two patterns:
Sliding hiatal hernia
-constitutes 90% of the cases
-is protrusion of the stomach above the diaphragm creating a
bell shaped dilation
Paraesophageal(Rolling) hiatal hernia:
-a separate portion of the stomach usually along the greater
curvature enters the thorax
10/3/2023 Disorder of Esophagus 16
18. CONT…
• The hernia may be:
A sliding hiatal hernia:- is known as type I hernia.
Accounts about 90% of total hiatal hernia
Allows movement of the upper portion of the stomach
including the lower esophageal sphincter up and down
through the diaphragm.(not intact)
These patients typically have symptoms of GERD.
10/3/2023 Disorder of Esophagus 18
19. CONT…
Etiology. The actual cause of sliding h/hernia is
unknown(idiopatic).
Predisposing factors
Structural changes, such as weakening of the
muscles in the diaphragm around the
esophagogastric opening
Factors that increase intraabdominal pressure:
e.g Obesity, pregnancy, ascites, tumors, tight corsets,
intense physical exertion and heavy lifting on a
continual basis
10/3/2023 Disorder of Esophagus 19
20. Cont…
Other predisposing factors are:
Increased age
Trauma
Poor nutrition and
A forced recumbent position
10/3/2023 Disorder of Esophagus 20
21. CONT…
Clinical manifestation(a sliding of hiatal hernia)
In sliding hernia 50% patients are asymptomatic
Heart burn, Regurgitation
Dysphagia, symptoms of reflux
Substernal pain, burning, non radiating,
position dependent epigastric pain,
substernal tightness
Symptoms may be exacerbated by gastric
irritants(alcohol, tobacco, caffeine)
10/3/2023 Disorder of Esophagus 21
22. CONT…
B rolling hernia:- known as Paraesophageal (type
II) hernia.
Portion of the stomach separation up through the
diaphragm, but the lower esophageal sphincter
area remains below the level of the diaphragm.
These patients do not generally suffer from
reflux.
10/3/2023 Disorder of Esophagus 22
23. Clinical Manifestations
A sense of fullness after eating
Does not have symptoms of reflux
Chest pain
Reflux usually does not occur, because the
gastroesophageal sphincter is intact.
• Complication for both (type I and II)
Hemorrhage, obstruction, and strangulation can occur
with any type of hernia.
10/3/2023 Disorder of Esophagus 23
24. Nursing Management
Frequent, small feedings that can pass easily through the
esophagus.
No food intake several hours before bed
Weight reduction
Sleep with head at 300
Avoid gastric irritants, alcohol, tobacco and caffeine
Regular use of anti acids
10/3/2023 Disorder of Esophagus 24
25. CONT…
The patient is advised not to recline for 1 hour after eating,
to prevent reflux or movement of the hernia,
Elevate the head of the bed 10- to 20-cm blocks to prevent
the hernia from sliding upward.
Avoid lifting and straining
If overweight, the patient should be encourage to lose
weight
10/3/2023 Disorder of Esophagus 25
26. GERD
Condition involving LES weakness and
inappropriate opening, leading to reflux of
gastric contents into the esophagus.
GERD may occur when the pressure of the
high-pressure zone in the distal esophagus is
too low to prevent gastric contents from
entering the esophagus (when the LES is
NOT contracting well).
Very common condition that affects
approximately 20% of adults.
10/3/2023 Disorder of Esophagus 26
27. Risk factors
• Increased body mass index(BMI)
• Dietary factors
• Anatomical condition(ex.hiatal hernia).
10/3/2023 Disorder of Esophagus 27
29. Classic GERD: burning, agrev. With position
Complicated GERD: Odynophagia, dyspahagia.
Extra esophegeal GERD: pulmonary, ENT, others
Diagnosis. Ambulatory pH monitoring (gold standard)
-Barium Swallow
-Endoscopy
Treatment:
Lifestyle Modifications #1
-Acid Suppression
-Anti-Reflux Surgery
-Endoscopic AntirefluxTherapies
Symptoms
Cont…
10/3/2023 Disorder of Esophagus 29
30. Esophageal varices
• Collaterals that develop in the region of the lower
esophagus during portal hypertension
• The increased pressure in the esophageal plexus
produces dilated tortuous(twisted) vessels called
varices
10/3/2023 Disorder of Esophagus 30
32. CONT…
• Varices develop in 90% of cirrhotic patients and
are most often associated with alcoholic cirrhosis
• Schistosomiasis is the second most common cause
• Variceal rupture produces massive hemorrhage
• Clinically varices produce no symptoms until they
rupture
10/3/2023 Disorder of Esophagus 32
33. Diagnosis
• CBC, PT, PTT, LFT
• Esophago Gastro Duodenoscopy
• EGD
RX: Decrease blood flow
put on rubber band around enlarged vein.
Relieving portal HT
10/3/2023 Disorder of Esophagus 33
34. Esophagitis
Condition involving inflammation of the
esophagus.
Reflux esophagitis
reflux of gastric contents into the lower esophagus
is the first and foremost cause of esophagitis
Associated causative factors
decreased efficacy of esophageal antireflux
mechanisms
presence of a sliding hiatal hernia
10/3/2023 Disorder of Esophagus 34
35. CONT…
inadequate or slowed esophageal clearance of
refluxed material
delayed gastric emptying
reduction in the reparative capacity of the
esophageal mucosa
Morphologic changes include
-simple hyperemia
-inflammatory infiltrate
-basal zone hyperplasia
10/3/2023 Disorder of Esophagus 35
38. Cont…
• Complications
• Bleeding& perforation
• Stricture
• Fistulas
Diagnosis:
• History and patient characteristics
• Endoscopy with biopsy (Gold standard) -barium
swallow
• 24 hour pH monitoring and motility
10/3/2023 Disorder of Esophagus 38
39. CONT…
Treatment: based on etiology
• Proton pump inhibitors(ex.pantoprazole)
• Antireflux like Lifestyle modification.
• Acid suppressing agent.
• Surgery
10/3/2023 Disorder of Esophagus 39
40. Esophageal Cancer
Disease more in Males > 50 Years.
Causation factors:
1) Excess alcohol
2) Cigarette smoking
3)Fungal toxin.- Mucosal damage: A) Hot tea B) Radiation
induced stricture C) Barrett’s esophagus
4) Esophageal web.- 15% affect the upper ⅓ , 45% affect the
middle ⅓ , 40% affect the lower ⅓.
There are two pathologic types: squamous cell carcinoma
(>75% of cases) and adenocarcinoma
10/3/2023 Disorder of Esophagus 40
41. Dysphagia
Weight loss
Odynophagia (pain with swallowin
Tracheoesophageal or Broncho-esophageal fistula
(The tumor penetrates through the esophagus)
Regurgitation
Anorexia
Aspiration pneumonia
Chest pain
Hematemesis, hoarseness of voice (recurrent
laryngeal nerve involvement)
Clinical features
10/3/2023 Disorder of Esophagus 41
42. 1 Barium swallow useful in evaluation of dysphagia.
2. Upper endoscopy with biopsy
3. After confirming the diagnosis of esophageal
cancer by endoscopy with biopsy, Transesophageal
Ultrasound helps determine the depth of penetration
of the tumor and is the most reliable test for staging
local cancer.
4. Full metastatic workup (e.g., CT scan of
chest/abdomen, CXR).
Diagnosis
10/3/2023 Disorder of Esophagus 42
43. Treatment
1. Palliative care is the goal in most patients
because the disease is usually advanced at
presentation.
2. Surgery (esophagectomy) if localized may be
curative for patients with disease in stage 0, 1,
3. Chemotherapy
4. Radiation therapy
10/3/2023 Disorder of Esophagus 43
45. ACKNOWLEDGEMEN
Next to Almaight my God I would like to acknowledge
our instructor Mr.Tadele K . (Assistant professors) for
give us the opportunity of doing this individual
assignment, which has given us an extensive
knowledge on Disorder of Esophagus.
10/3/2023 Disorder of Esophagus 45
46. Referance
• Levine MS, Rubesin SE, Herlinger H, Laufer I. Double-
contrast upper gastrointestinal examination: technique and
interpretation. Radiology 1988;168:593–602.
• Ott DJ, Chen YM, Hewson EG, et al. Esophageal motility:
assessment with synchronous video tape fluoroscopy and
manometry. Radiology 1989;173:419–422
• Levine MS, Woldenberg R, Herlinger H,
Laufer I. Opportunistic esophagitis in AIDS: radiographic
diagnosis. Radiology1987;165:815–820
10/3/2023 Disorder of Esophagus 46