According to P.H Karmel Statistics is concerned with the collection, presentation, despription and analysis of data which are measurable in numerical terms

1. TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES
Sector – 9, Dwarka Institutional Area, New Delhi-75
Affiliated to Institution of G.G.S.IP.U, Delhi
QTORM
Paper Code- BBA106
Assistant Professor
Kanika Sharma

2. TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES
Sector – 9, Dwarka Institutional Area, New Delhi-75
Statistics
• According to P.H Karmel Statistics is concerned
with the collection, presentation, despription
and analysis of data which are measurable in
numerical terms

3. TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES
Sector – 9, Dwarka Institutional Area, New Delhi-75
Characteristics of Statistics
• Statistics are aggregate of facts
• Statistics are affected to a marked extent by
multiplicity of causes
• Statistics are numerically expressed
• Statistics are collected in a systematic manner
• Statistics are collected for a predetermined
purpose
• Statistics should be placed in relation to each
other

4. TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES
Sector – 9, Dwarka Institutional Area, New Delhi-75
Functions of Statistics
• It presents facts in a definite form
• It simplifies mass of figures
• It facilitates comparison
• It helps in formulating and testing of
hypothesis
• It helps in prediction
• It helps in formulation of policies

5. TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES
Sector – 9, Dwarka Institutional Area, New Delhi-75
Limitations of Statistics
• Statistics does not deal with individuals
• Statistics deals only with quantitative
characteristics
• Statistics are true only on an average
• Statistics is only one of the methods of
studying a problem
• Statistics can be misused

6. TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES
Sector – 9, Dwarka Institutional Area, New Delhi-75
Data
Data is the information in raw or unorganized
form. There are two types of data:
1. Primary data
2. Secondary data

7. TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES
Sector – 9, Dwarka Institutional Area, New Delhi-75
Primary Data
Primary Data is the data which is originally
collected in the process of investigation
Merits of primary data
1. It is authentic
2. It is more reliable and accurate
Demerits of primary Data
1. It is time consuming
2. It is more expensive

8. TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES
Sector – 9, Dwarka Institutional Area, New Delhi-75
Sources of Primary Data
1.Direct personal interview
2.Indirect oral investigation
3. Information from correspondents
4. Mailed Questionnaire method
5. Schedule send through enumeraters

9. TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES
Sector – 9, Dwarka Institutional Area, New Delhi-75
Secondary Data
Secondary data is the data which is not collected by the
investigator himself but he took them from some
other primary source.
Merits of secondary data
1. It is less time consuming
2. It is less expensive
Demerits of secondary Data
1.It is not reliable
2. It requires editing

10. TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES
Sector – 9, Dwarka Institutional Area, New Delhi-75
Sources of Secondary Data
1) Published Source
 Reports and official publications
 Semi official publications
 Private publications
2) Unpublished Source

11. TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES
Sector – 9, Dwarka Institutional Area, New Delhi-75