This chapter discusses several sociological explanations for delinquency. It summarizes Shaw and McKay's ecological perspective that found crime was concentrated in urban areas with high populations of low-SES individuals, immigrants, and African Americans. This was attributed to "social disorganization" where residents could not exert control. It also reviews learning theories like differential association, which argues deviance is learned through social interactions, and subcultural theories, which suggest youth often act according to different, conflicting values from the larger society.
This document summarizes information about victimization from a criminology course. It discusses the social ecology and characteristics of victimizations, as well as theories of victimization. The key points are:
1) Victimization risk varies based on location (e.g. public vs. private), gender, age, social status, and other demographic factors.
2) Theories of victimization like lifestyle theory and routine activities theory suggest victimization risk increases through behaviors like frequenting risky locations, having valuable possessions, and lacking capable guardians.
3) Victimization can cause economic losses, suffering, stress, PTSD and increased risk of anti-social behavior in victims.
Sutherland's differential association theorycapesociology
Ā
Sutherland developed the theory of differential association to explain criminal behavior. The theory asserts that criminal behavior is learned through interaction with others who engage in criminal acts and define such acts favorably. Criminal behavior results from being exposed to more definitions favorable to crime than unfavorable definitions. Sutherland argued that individuals learn criminal techniques, motives, and attitudes by associating with others involved in criminal behavior more than they associate with non-criminal groups. His theory departed from biological and individual theories of crime by emphasizing the social context and social learning aspects of criminal behavior.
Criminology is the interdisciplinary scientific study of crime causes, prevention, and rehabilitation. It examines the social, economic, psychological, and biological factors that may contribute to criminal behavior. Common explanations explored include media violence, poverty, abuse, and mental illness. While some deviant behaviors are not criminal, criminology aims to understand crime and reduce offenses through the criminal justice system, which must balance the rights of victims and defendants.
This document summarizes several theories of criminology from the classical, neoclassical, and positive schools. It discusses key figures like Cesare Beccaria, Jeremy Bentham, and Cesare Lombroso who developed theories of deterrence, utilitarianism, and the idea that criminals have distinct physical attributes. The document also examines sociological theories of crime from thinkers such as Emile Durkheim, Robert Merton, and Edwin Sutherland and their ideas around anomie, strain, and differential association. A wide range of factors are analyzed for their impact on criminality including geography, biology, psychology, and social influences.
This document discusses several key concepts in criminology, including:
1) Criminology is the scientific study of crime and criminal behavior using interdisciplinary approaches including sociology, psychology, and other fields.
2) There are different perspectives on what constitutes a crime and how crime is defined, including consensus, conflict, and interactionist views.
3) Criminologists study various aspects of crime including developing theories of causation, examining criminal justice systems, analyzing crime data, and understanding criminal behavior.
4) There are ongoing debates around defining crime and how the criminal justice system operates.
Crime is defined as an act that violates criminal law and is punishable. To be convicted of a crime, the elements specified in statutory or case law must be present and proven beyond reasonable doubt. Crime is learned through one's environment and influences. Common crimes include murder, robbery, terrorism, rape, and violence.
The document provides an overview of the field of criminology, including its goals of studying criminal behavior through the scientific method and interdisciplinary approaches. It discusses what criminologists do, such as measuring and analyzing crime, developing theories of crime causation, and studying punishment. A brief history of criminology is also presented, from classical to contemporary approaches. Key concepts like what constitutes a crime and the role of criminal law are summarized.
This document summarizes information about victimization from a criminology course. It discusses the social ecology and characteristics of victimizations, as well as theories of victimization. The key points are:
1) Victimization risk varies based on location (e.g. public vs. private), gender, age, social status, and other demographic factors.
2) Theories of victimization like lifestyle theory and routine activities theory suggest victimization risk increases through behaviors like frequenting risky locations, having valuable possessions, and lacking capable guardians.
3) Victimization can cause economic losses, suffering, stress, PTSD and increased risk of anti-social behavior in victims.
Sutherland's differential association theorycapesociology
Ā
Sutherland developed the theory of differential association to explain criminal behavior. The theory asserts that criminal behavior is learned through interaction with others who engage in criminal acts and define such acts favorably. Criminal behavior results from being exposed to more definitions favorable to crime than unfavorable definitions. Sutherland argued that individuals learn criminal techniques, motives, and attitudes by associating with others involved in criminal behavior more than they associate with non-criminal groups. His theory departed from biological and individual theories of crime by emphasizing the social context and social learning aspects of criminal behavior.
Criminology is the interdisciplinary scientific study of crime causes, prevention, and rehabilitation. It examines the social, economic, psychological, and biological factors that may contribute to criminal behavior. Common explanations explored include media violence, poverty, abuse, and mental illness. While some deviant behaviors are not criminal, criminology aims to understand crime and reduce offenses through the criminal justice system, which must balance the rights of victims and defendants.
This document summarizes several theories of criminology from the classical, neoclassical, and positive schools. It discusses key figures like Cesare Beccaria, Jeremy Bentham, and Cesare Lombroso who developed theories of deterrence, utilitarianism, and the idea that criminals have distinct physical attributes. The document also examines sociological theories of crime from thinkers such as Emile Durkheim, Robert Merton, and Edwin Sutherland and their ideas around anomie, strain, and differential association. A wide range of factors are analyzed for their impact on criminality including geography, biology, psychology, and social influences.
This document discusses several key concepts in criminology, including:
1) Criminology is the scientific study of crime and criminal behavior using interdisciplinary approaches including sociology, psychology, and other fields.
2) There are different perspectives on what constitutes a crime and how crime is defined, including consensus, conflict, and interactionist views.
3) Criminologists study various aspects of crime including developing theories of causation, examining criminal justice systems, analyzing crime data, and understanding criminal behavior.
4) There are ongoing debates around defining crime and how the criminal justice system operates.
Crime is defined as an act that violates criminal law and is punishable. To be convicted of a crime, the elements specified in statutory or case law must be present and proven beyond reasonable doubt. Crime is learned through one's environment and influences. Common crimes include murder, robbery, terrorism, rape, and violence.
The document provides an overview of the field of criminology, including its goals of studying criminal behavior through the scientific method and interdisciplinary approaches. It discusses what criminologists do, such as measuring and analyzing crime, developing theories of crime causation, and studying punishment. A brief history of criminology is also presented, from classical to contemporary approaches. Key concepts like what constitutes a crime and the role of criminal law are summarized.
Travis Hirschi developed the Social Bond Theory to explain criminal behavior. He argued that individuals are less likely to commit crimes when they have strong social bonds like attachment to family, commitment to education/career, involvement in conventional activities, and belief in moral norms. Regarding juvenile delinquency, Hirschi believed it occurs when the social bonds between children and society are weakened. Providing youth with positive social bonds through support systems, guidance, and clear expectations can help reduce future criminal behavior according to the theory of social control.
1. Early psychological explanations of criminal behavior included demonic possession, physical abnormalities, and mental retardation. Rational choice theory proposed that criminal acts result from weighing rewards against risks and deterrence of punishment.
2. Major modern theories include psychodynamic perspectives focusing on childhood experiences and personality development, behaviorism which posits that aggression is learned through modeling, and cognitive theories examining faulty information processing and moral development.
3. Biological factors like biochemical imbalances, genetics, neurological defects, and evolutionary influences on aggression are also considered, as are trait theories related to antisocial personality and intelligence. Dominant views today recognize the interaction between psychological and sociological influences in contributing to criminal behavior.
The document discusses the culture of prisons in Michigan. It describes how each prison forms its own class system with unequal access to resources and power. Prison culture has its own language, customs, and taboos. Tattoos and hand signs are used to identify gang affiliations. The culture is learned and spread through the criminal subcultures that prisoners are a part of both inside and outside of prison. Acculturation without actual contact to the cultures being imitated leads to the formation of maladaptive customs. Understanding this criminal culture is key to rehabilitation and reducing recidivism.
This document provides an overview of theories that attempt to explain criminal behavior. It discusses classical, neoclassical, and positivist criminological theories. Classical theory views criminal behavior as resulting from free will and aims to achieve deterrence through punishment. Neoclassical theory introduced factors like premeditation and diminished responsibility. Positivist theories view human behavior as determined and see criminals as fundamentally different. Biological theories propose innate physiological differences between criminals and non-criminals. Psychological theories explore factors like intelligence, psychoanalysis, and humanistic perspectives. Sociological theories emphasize social and environmental influences on behavior. Theories discussed include anomie, collective conscience, and the work of the Chicago School studying neighborhood crime rates.
The document discusses sex offender recidivism and reoffending. It notes that research findings on recidivism have been inconsistent. Studies have followed criminals after release and found that some are convicted of new sexual, violent, or other crimes within 5-25 years. Common factors for reoffending include deviant sexual interests, antisocial orientation, and lifestyle instability. The document also discusses risk assessment tools, treatment programs, and concludes that continued research is needed to find ways to reduce recidivism since currently there is no direct answer.
The document summarizes several theories of criminal behavior, beginning with the Classical school in the 18th century. The Classical school believed criminal behavior was a result of free will and could be deterred through proportional punishment. Notable classical theorists included Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham. Later critiques found the Classical school ignored individual differences and mental state. Neo-classical theory accounted for those lacking responsibility. Sociological theories emphasized social and environmental influences on crime.
This document discusses several key concepts in criminology, including:
1) Criminology is the scientific study of crime and criminal behavior using interdisciplinary approaches including sociology, psychology, and other fields.
2) There are different perspectives on what constitutes a crime and how crime is defined, including consensus, conflict, and interactionist views.
3) Criminologists study various aspects of crime including developing theories of causation, examining criminal justice systems, analyzing crime data, and understanding criminal behavior.
4) There are ongoing debates around defining crime and how the criminal justice system operates.
This document discusses organized crime and its two types: predatory crimes and racketeering. Predatory crimes are committed by groups for monetary gain without consent and include offenses like robbery, theft, and rape. Racketeering provides illicit goods and services like gambling, liquor, and prostitution that are in demand but illegal. While predatory crimes only harm society, racketeering also benefits some consumers by satisfying demands that are difficult to meet legally. Organized crime is made possible by links between criminals, corrupt officials, and factors like a desire for wealth, status, and meeting needs in an unlawful manner.
1) The document discusses different theories around why men commit crimes and how concepts of masculinity relate to criminal behavior.
2) Sociologists Bob Connell and James Messerschmidt argue that men feel pressure to live up to socially defined ideals of masculinity, such as being tough, dominant, and successful. For less powerful men, crime may be a way to assert masculinity.
3) Jack Katz takes a different view, arguing that criminology overlooks how the pursuit of pleasure and thrill-seeking drives some criminal acts more than pressures to prove masculinity.
This document provides a summary of the history and development of prisons in America from the 1790s to present day. It discusses the origins of the penitentiary system and the Pennsylvania and Auburn systems of solitary confinement. It then outlines the major eras in American corrections from the Penitentiary Era to today's Just Deserts model. Key facts are provided on current prison populations regarding numbers, demographics like increasing female populations, and classifications.
This document provides definitions and introductions to key concepts in criminal law, including vice, sin, tort, crime, mens rea, actus reus, and types of crimes. It also summarizes several important laws governing criminal justice in India such as the Indian Penal Code of 1860, the Criminal Procedure Code of 1973, the Indian Evidence Act of 1872, and the Constitution of India from 1949. The document outlines the chapters, sections, and subject matter covered by each law.
Introduction to criminology q&a (study criminology)StudyCriminology
Ā
This document contains 39 multiple choice questions about criminology concepts and theories. It tests knowledge in areas such as:
- Theories of crime like differential association theory and strain theory
- Criminology terms like mala prohibita and victim
- Early criminology thinkers like Lombroso, Beccaria, and Sutherland
- Criminology paradigms such as positivism, left realism, and postmodernism
- Elements of crime like actus reus and mens rea
The questions cover a wide range of topics in criminology showing it is an introductory review of key information in the field.
The document summarizes a chapter about victims and victimization from a criminology textbook. It discusses the role of victimology in understanding victims, the toll of victimization on society through economic costs, and theories for explaining victimization including lifestyle, routine activities, and social ecology theories. It also covers the nature of victimization in terms of blaming the victim, long-term stress, and antisocial behavior, as well as characteristics of victims. Finally, it discusses programs and laws to help and protect victims, including victim services and victims' rights bills.
This presentation includes slides on the definition of crime and distinction between crime and deviance. It also includes slides on types of criminals.
Imran Ahmad Sajid
University of Peshawar
1. Rational choice theory suggests that criminals make rational decisions to commit crimes by weighing the risks and benefits. General deterrence theory proposes that increasing the certainty, severity, and speed of punishment can deter criminal behavior. Specific deterrence aims to prevent recidivism through sufficiently severe punishment. Incapacitation aims to reduce crime by imprisoning known criminals.
2. Situational crime prevention strategies seek to reduce criminal opportunities by increasing risks and efforts, reducing rewards, and inducing shame. However, such prevention may displace or diffuse crime to other areas. Rational choice theory analyzes how offenders make rational decisions regarding target selection and criminal methods.
These PowerPoint presentations are intended for use by crime prevention practitioners who bring their experience and expertise to each topic. The presentations are not intended for public use or by individuals with no training or expertise in crime prevention. Each presentation is intended to educate, increase awareness, and teach prevention strategies. Presenters must discern whether their audiences require a more basic or advanced level of information.
NCPC welcomes your input and would like your assistance in tracking the use of these topical presentations. Please email NCPC at trainings@ncpc.org with information about when and how the presentations were used. If you like, we will also place you in a database to receive updates of the PowerPoint presentations and additional training information. We encourage you to visit www.ncpc.org to find additional information on these topics. We also invite you to send in your own trainer notes, handouts, pictures, and anecdotes to share with others on www.ncpc.org.
This chapter discusses the importance of ethics in the criminal justice system. It notes that ethical issues exist at all levels, from creating laws to punishment. Criminal justice professionals have varying degrees of power and discretion, so studying ethics is critical to determine the right course of action. The chapter also defines key terms like morality, ethics, discretion, and explores the common obligations of criminal justice workers to act with integrity and uphold civil rights.
This document discusses different sociological theories of deviance. It covers biological, psychological, structural-functional, labeling, strain, and social conflict perspectives on what causes deviance and how societies define and react to deviant behavior. Specifically, it examines Lombroso's early biological theory, containment theory, Durkheim's functional analysis of deviance, Lemert's concepts of primary and secondary deviance, Merton's strain theory, and conflict theorists' views that norms often protect the powerful. It also differentiates between formal and informal social control and categorizes different types of deviant behaviors.
The document provides an overview of victimology in Pakistan, including:
- Victimology is an interdisciplinary field that studies victims of crime and terrorism. Victimization in Pakistan has been increasing in recent years across various crime categories.
- The criminal justice system in Pakistan is poorly equipped to support victims, with issues like corruption, lack of resources, and responsiveness. Victims face secondary victimization through the justice process.
- Specific groups like women, children, and minorities face particular forms of victimization. The rate of crimes against women is lower than other crimes but more severe in nature.
- Factors contributing to rising victimization include a lack of certainty of punishment, weapon proliferation,
Crime is defined as acts that violate laws and customs, destabilizing society. There are three basics of crime: opportunity, desire, and ability. To prevent crime, one of these three factors must be addressed. The document then lists and groups various factors that can contribute to crime, including things like temperature, gender, age, intelligence, personality, bad company, ignorance, poverty and unemployment.
The document summarizes several amendments to the US Constitution beyond the Bill of Rights. It discusses the 3rd, 7th, 9th and 10th Amendments in the Bill of Rights. It then addresses other amendments related to the structure of government and elections. It also analyzes some key Supreme Court cases that have interpreted the Constitution, such as McCulloch v. Maryland, Lopez, Printz, and Bush v. Gore.
The document discusses equal protection under the law from the framing of the Constitution to modern day. It covers several key topics:
- Tensions between state and federal authority that led to the Civil War and issues of slavery and states' rights.
- The 14th Amendment was ratified after the Civil War to define citizenship and prohibit states from denying citizens equal protection under the law.
- Important Supreme Court cases that further defined and applied equal protection, such as incorporating some Bill of Rights protections against the states.
- The development of anti-discrimination laws and affirmative action programs to address issues of racial discrimination in the 20th century criminal justice system.
Travis Hirschi developed the Social Bond Theory to explain criminal behavior. He argued that individuals are less likely to commit crimes when they have strong social bonds like attachment to family, commitment to education/career, involvement in conventional activities, and belief in moral norms. Regarding juvenile delinquency, Hirschi believed it occurs when the social bonds between children and society are weakened. Providing youth with positive social bonds through support systems, guidance, and clear expectations can help reduce future criminal behavior according to the theory of social control.
1. Early psychological explanations of criminal behavior included demonic possession, physical abnormalities, and mental retardation. Rational choice theory proposed that criminal acts result from weighing rewards against risks and deterrence of punishment.
2. Major modern theories include psychodynamic perspectives focusing on childhood experiences and personality development, behaviorism which posits that aggression is learned through modeling, and cognitive theories examining faulty information processing and moral development.
3. Biological factors like biochemical imbalances, genetics, neurological defects, and evolutionary influences on aggression are also considered, as are trait theories related to antisocial personality and intelligence. Dominant views today recognize the interaction between psychological and sociological influences in contributing to criminal behavior.
The document discusses the culture of prisons in Michigan. It describes how each prison forms its own class system with unequal access to resources and power. Prison culture has its own language, customs, and taboos. Tattoos and hand signs are used to identify gang affiliations. The culture is learned and spread through the criminal subcultures that prisoners are a part of both inside and outside of prison. Acculturation without actual contact to the cultures being imitated leads to the formation of maladaptive customs. Understanding this criminal culture is key to rehabilitation and reducing recidivism.
This document provides an overview of theories that attempt to explain criminal behavior. It discusses classical, neoclassical, and positivist criminological theories. Classical theory views criminal behavior as resulting from free will and aims to achieve deterrence through punishment. Neoclassical theory introduced factors like premeditation and diminished responsibility. Positivist theories view human behavior as determined and see criminals as fundamentally different. Biological theories propose innate physiological differences between criminals and non-criminals. Psychological theories explore factors like intelligence, psychoanalysis, and humanistic perspectives. Sociological theories emphasize social and environmental influences on behavior. Theories discussed include anomie, collective conscience, and the work of the Chicago School studying neighborhood crime rates.
The document discusses sex offender recidivism and reoffending. It notes that research findings on recidivism have been inconsistent. Studies have followed criminals after release and found that some are convicted of new sexual, violent, or other crimes within 5-25 years. Common factors for reoffending include deviant sexual interests, antisocial orientation, and lifestyle instability. The document also discusses risk assessment tools, treatment programs, and concludes that continued research is needed to find ways to reduce recidivism since currently there is no direct answer.
The document summarizes several theories of criminal behavior, beginning with the Classical school in the 18th century. The Classical school believed criminal behavior was a result of free will and could be deterred through proportional punishment. Notable classical theorists included Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham. Later critiques found the Classical school ignored individual differences and mental state. Neo-classical theory accounted for those lacking responsibility. Sociological theories emphasized social and environmental influences on crime.
This document discusses several key concepts in criminology, including:
1) Criminology is the scientific study of crime and criminal behavior using interdisciplinary approaches including sociology, psychology, and other fields.
2) There are different perspectives on what constitutes a crime and how crime is defined, including consensus, conflict, and interactionist views.
3) Criminologists study various aspects of crime including developing theories of causation, examining criminal justice systems, analyzing crime data, and understanding criminal behavior.
4) There are ongoing debates around defining crime and how the criminal justice system operates.
This document discusses organized crime and its two types: predatory crimes and racketeering. Predatory crimes are committed by groups for monetary gain without consent and include offenses like robbery, theft, and rape. Racketeering provides illicit goods and services like gambling, liquor, and prostitution that are in demand but illegal. While predatory crimes only harm society, racketeering also benefits some consumers by satisfying demands that are difficult to meet legally. Organized crime is made possible by links between criminals, corrupt officials, and factors like a desire for wealth, status, and meeting needs in an unlawful manner.
1) The document discusses different theories around why men commit crimes and how concepts of masculinity relate to criminal behavior.
2) Sociologists Bob Connell and James Messerschmidt argue that men feel pressure to live up to socially defined ideals of masculinity, such as being tough, dominant, and successful. For less powerful men, crime may be a way to assert masculinity.
3) Jack Katz takes a different view, arguing that criminology overlooks how the pursuit of pleasure and thrill-seeking drives some criminal acts more than pressures to prove masculinity.
This document provides a summary of the history and development of prisons in America from the 1790s to present day. It discusses the origins of the penitentiary system and the Pennsylvania and Auburn systems of solitary confinement. It then outlines the major eras in American corrections from the Penitentiary Era to today's Just Deserts model. Key facts are provided on current prison populations regarding numbers, demographics like increasing female populations, and classifications.
This document provides definitions and introductions to key concepts in criminal law, including vice, sin, tort, crime, mens rea, actus reus, and types of crimes. It also summarizes several important laws governing criminal justice in India such as the Indian Penal Code of 1860, the Criminal Procedure Code of 1973, the Indian Evidence Act of 1872, and the Constitution of India from 1949. The document outlines the chapters, sections, and subject matter covered by each law.
Introduction to criminology q&a (study criminology)StudyCriminology
Ā
This document contains 39 multiple choice questions about criminology concepts and theories. It tests knowledge in areas such as:
- Theories of crime like differential association theory and strain theory
- Criminology terms like mala prohibita and victim
- Early criminology thinkers like Lombroso, Beccaria, and Sutherland
- Criminology paradigms such as positivism, left realism, and postmodernism
- Elements of crime like actus reus and mens rea
The questions cover a wide range of topics in criminology showing it is an introductory review of key information in the field.
The document summarizes a chapter about victims and victimization from a criminology textbook. It discusses the role of victimology in understanding victims, the toll of victimization on society through economic costs, and theories for explaining victimization including lifestyle, routine activities, and social ecology theories. It also covers the nature of victimization in terms of blaming the victim, long-term stress, and antisocial behavior, as well as characteristics of victims. Finally, it discusses programs and laws to help and protect victims, including victim services and victims' rights bills.
This presentation includes slides on the definition of crime and distinction between crime and deviance. It also includes slides on types of criminals.
Imran Ahmad Sajid
University of Peshawar
1. Rational choice theory suggests that criminals make rational decisions to commit crimes by weighing the risks and benefits. General deterrence theory proposes that increasing the certainty, severity, and speed of punishment can deter criminal behavior. Specific deterrence aims to prevent recidivism through sufficiently severe punishment. Incapacitation aims to reduce crime by imprisoning known criminals.
2. Situational crime prevention strategies seek to reduce criminal opportunities by increasing risks and efforts, reducing rewards, and inducing shame. However, such prevention may displace or diffuse crime to other areas. Rational choice theory analyzes how offenders make rational decisions regarding target selection and criminal methods.
These PowerPoint presentations are intended for use by crime prevention practitioners who bring their experience and expertise to each topic. The presentations are not intended for public use or by individuals with no training or expertise in crime prevention. Each presentation is intended to educate, increase awareness, and teach prevention strategies. Presenters must discern whether their audiences require a more basic or advanced level of information.
NCPC welcomes your input and would like your assistance in tracking the use of these topical presentations. Please email NCPC at trainings@ncpc.org with information about when and how the presentations were used. If you like, we will also place you in a database to receive updates of the PowerPoint presentations and additional training information. We encourage you to visit www.ncpc.org to find additional information on these topics. We also invite you to send in your own trainer notes, handouts, pictures, and anecdotes to share with others on www.ncpc.org.
This chapter discusses the importance of ethics in the criminal justice system. It notes that ethical issues exist at all levels, from creating laws to punishment. Criminal justice professionals have varying degrees of power and discretion, so studying ethics is critical to determine the right course of action. The chapter also defines key terms like morality, ethics, discretion, and explores the common obligations of criminal justice workers to act with integrity and uphold civil rights.
This document discusses different sociological theories of deviance. It covers biological, psychological, structural-functional, labeling, strain, and social conflict perspectives on what causes deviance and how societies define and react to deviant behavior. Specifically, it examines Lombroso's early biological theory, containment theory, Durkheim's functional analysis of deviance, Lemert's concepts of primary and secondary deviance, Merton's strain theory, and conflict theorists' views that norms often protect the powerful. It also differentiates between formal and informal social control and categorizes different types of deviant behaviors.
The document provides an overview of victimology in Pakistan, including:
- Victimology is an interdisciplinary field that studies victims of crime and terrorism. Victimization in Pakistan has been increasing in recent years across various crime categories.
- The criminal justice system in Pakistan is poorly equipped to support victims, with issues like corruption, lack of resources, and responsiveness. Victims face secondary victimization through the justice process.
- Specific groups like women, children, and minorities face particular forms of victimization. The rate of crimes against women is lower than other crimes but more severe in nature.
- Factors contributing to rising victimization include a lack of certainty of punishment, weapon proliferation,
Crime is defined as acts that violate laws and customs, destabilizing society. There are three basics of crime: opportunity, desire, and ability. To prevent crime, one of these three factors must be addressed. The document then lists and groups various factors that can contribute to crime, including things like temperature, gender, age, intelligence, personality, bad company, ignorance, poverty and unemployment.
The document summarizes several amendments to the US Constitution beyond the Bill of Rights. It discusses the 3rd, 7th, 9th and 10th Amendments in the Bill of Rights. It then addresses other amendments related to the structure of government and elections. It also analyzes some key Supreme Court cases that have interpreted the Constitution, such as McCulloch v. Maryland, Lopez, Printz, and Bush v. Gore.
The document discusses equal protection under the law from the framing of the Constitution to modern day. It covers several key topics:
- Tensions between state and federal authority that led to the Civil War and issues of slavery and states' rights.
- The 14th Amendment was ratified after the Civil War to define citizenship and prohibit states from denying citizens equal protection under the law.
- Important Supreme Court cases that further defined and applied equal protection, such as incorporating some Bill of Rights protections against the states.
- The development of anti-discrimination laws and affirmative action programs to address issues of racial discrimination in the 20th century criminal justice system.
The document summarizes key Supreme Court cases related to searches, seizures, arrests, and use of force by law enforcement under the Fourth Amendment. It discusses the elements required for a constitutional seizure, search, or arrest. It also outlines what level of force is permitted in certain situations, such as establishing a roadblock, conducting a stop-and-frisk, or using deadly force against a fleeing suspect. The document analyzes several Supreme Court cases that address these issues, including Brower v. County of Inyo, Terry v. Ohio, Berkemer v. McCarty, and Tennessee v. Garner.
This document defines and discusses political crime and terrorism. It covers the goals of political criminals, how individuals become political criminals, categories of political crimes like election tampering, and definitions of terrorism. Terrorism is defined as using violence against innocent people for political aims. The document also provides a brief history of terrorism and discusses contemporary forms like revolutionary, nationalist, and state-sponsored terrorism. It examines motivations for terrorism and responses to terrorism like increased surveillance powers under the USA Patriot Act.
Restorative justice seeks to repair the harm done to victims and communities from criminal acts, while also seeking to rehabilitate offenders. It takes four primary forms: victim-offender mediation, family group conferencing, neighborhood reparative boards, and sentencing/peacemaking circles. Evaluations show high levels of participant satisfaction and some evidence of reduced recidivism compared to traditional criminal justice approaches. However, restorative justice faces challenges around its application to serious crimes, procedural safeguards, power imbalances, and the potential for net-widening of social control.
This document summarizes a chapter from a criminology textbook about public order crimes such as prostitution, pornography, and substance abuse. It discusses how these acts are considered crimes due to social harm even if they do not directly harm victims. The chapter examines legal definitions and controls on various public order crimes and debates around legalizing acts like prostitution and drugs. It also outlines different types of sex offenders, prostitutes, and drug users as well as historical drug laws and various strategies for controlling substance abuse.
This document introduces Language Logic's Ascribe customer content platform and solutions. Key points:
- Ascribe is a leading text analytics platform that processes over 200 million customer comments annually.
- It provides solutions to help customers understand voice of the customer insights and drive business value.
- Language Logic has over 300 global customers, 10+ years of experience, and offices in North America and Europe.
The document discusses managing change and transitions. It describes three types of change: shock, evolutionary, and strategic. The presentation encourages attendees to introduce themselves and discuss changes affecting their organization. It also covers reactions to change, strategies for dealing with change, and quotes about the importance of adapting to change. The goal is to help participants better understand and lead others through transitions.
Although same-sex couples now are able to obtain dissolutions of their marriages in many states, there are still complicating factors facing divorcing LGBT couples. Some of these factors include different tax treatment, division of pension plans, child support, custody issues and the rights of married vs. unmarried same sex couples.
Este documento es la revista trimestral de junio de 2011 de la InstituciĆ³n Educativa Peques Alauda. Incluye entrevistas con el director de proyectos y dos profesoras, informaciĆ³n sobre excursiones, eventos astronĆ³micos, debates, desfiles de moda, y eventos culturales y religiosos. Una de las profesoras entrevistadas describe su experiencia positiva en un crucero por el MediterrĆ”neo con estudiantes de bachillerato. El director de proyectos discute la importancia de desarrollar el talento individual de cada
Dimension One Spas was founded in 1977 and has grown to become a leading manufacturer of hot tubs and aquatic fitness systems. The company started as a chain of retail hot tub stores but began manufacturing their own hot tubs to fulfill customer requests. Dimension One Spas established itself as a major industry player within 10 years, constructing an advanced manufacturing plant and headquarters. Dimension One Spas' products are uniquely innovative with features like specialized seating, massage jets, water management systems, and easy-to-use controls.
The document summarizes several major theories of deviance:
- Anomie or strain theory proposes that deviance results from a gap between cultural goals and the legitimate means to achieve them. There are five types of adaptation.
- Conflict theories view deviance as resulting from inequalities in power and resources under capitalism that marginalize the poor and force them into crime.
- Labeling theory argues that behaviors become deviant based on the labels attached by authorities, not inherent qualities, perpetuating deviance.
- Control or social bond theory suggests deviance occurs when social bonds and constraints that normally inhibit antisocial behavior are weakened. Four elements are attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief.
- Differential
This document discusses various theories related to ethics and moral development. It begins by noting several factors that have weakened societal forces for teaching morality. It then provides examples of high-profile politicians who have acted unethically. The document goes on to examine different perspectives on how people become ethical or unethical, including biological, learning, and developmental theories. It analyzes specific theories such as Kohlberg's stages of moral development and Bandura's theory of selective disengagement. The document concludes by discussing ways to foster ethics, such as through leadership and training, as well as challenges faced by criminal justice professionals in making ethical choices.
This document summarizes key concepts from a chapter on becoming an ethical professional. It discusses declining morality in society and theories on how people develop morality. It covers biological, learning, and developmental theories of moral development, including Kohlberg's stages of moral development. It then discusses factors that influence unethical behavior and how leaders can foster ethics. Overall, the document examines the development of morality and ethics from multiple perspectives to understand how individuals and society can become more ethical.
Differential Association Theory- Takina Morristakina25
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Edwin Sutherland developed differential association theory, which states that criminal behavior is learned through social interactions and exposure to criminal and anti-criminal groups. The theory proposes that individuals learn techniques of crime and motives by associating with others who engage in or reject criminal behavior. Sutherland argued that the more one interacts with those who condone criminal acts, the more likely they are to engage in crime themselves. He supported this with a case study of a thief, showing crime is learned through social circles. Sutherland also applied this theory to white-collar crime among respected professionals.
This document discusses cultural diversity in the workplace and dimensions of culture. It begins by defining primary and secondary characteristics of diversity and outlines steps towards achieving multicultural diversity in an organization. These include recognizing uniqueness, making diversity a business goal, and establishing open communication. The document then defines culture and lists features such as being dynamic, learned, and patterned. Several models of cultural dimensions are presented, including those by Hall, Kluckhohn and Strodbeck, Hofstede, Trompenaars, and GLOBE, outlining their perspectives on dimensions such as individualism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and assertiveness. The document concludes by announcing a future quiz on the material.
Deviance refers to violations of social norms, whether minor infractions or criminal acts. Sociologists study deviance using three main theoretical perspectives: functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. Functionalists view deviance as serving purposes for society like affirming norms, while conflict theorists see deviance as a product of social and economic inequality. Symbolic interactionists examine how behaviors become defined and labeled as deviant through social interactions and assignment of stigma.
The document discusses several aspects of ethical decision making including:
1) Ethical decision making involves recognizing a moral issue, making a moral judgment, establishing moral intent, and pursuing moral behavior.
2) Models of ethical decision making consider different stages and influences on the process.
3) Cultural factors like individualism/collectivism and power distance can influence individual moral reasoning across countries.
This document provides an overview of the first unit in a sociology course. It includes information about the first day of class procedures and an outline of topics to be covered in Unit 1. The unit will focus on examining social life, the development of sociology, modern sociological perspectives, and conducting sociological research. Students will learn about the origins of sociology, the three major theoretical perspectives (functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism), and how sociological research follows the scientific method and ethical guidelines.
This document provides an overview of the first unit of a sociology course. It includes:
- An introduction to examining social life, including defining sociology and differentiating it from other social sciences.
- An outline of the development of sociology from the 17th-19th centuries in Europe in response to industrialization and other social changes. Key early theorists who contributed to the field are identified.
- An introduction to the three major theoretical perspectives in sociology - functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism - and how they differ in their levels of analysis.
- An overview of how sociological research is conducted scientifically, using methods like surveys, observation, and experiments while following ethical standards
The document discusses several major sociological theories of crime causation, including:
1. Strain theory, which posits that people commit crimes to relieve strain or stress.
2. Social learning theory, which claims that criminal behavior is learned through association with others, especially peers.
3. Social control theory, which focuses on why people obey the law by emphasizing strong social bonds. Weakened bonds may lead to criminal acts.
4. Several other theories are also mentioned briefly, including subcultural, anomie, social disorganization, and differential association theories. The document provides overview explanations of the major concepts and theorists associated with these perspectives.
Deviance is defined as any behavior or attribute that violates cultural norms and elicits a negative or positive reaction from others. What is considered deviant depends on social and cultural context rather than being inherent to any act itself. Sociological theories of deviance propose that deviance arises from social structures and learning processes rather than individual characteristics. Robert Merton's strain theory argues that deviance results from a discrepancy between societal expectations and the means available to achieve culturally approved goals. While deviance disrupts social systems, it also serves functions like reinforcing norms and catalyzing social change. Crime is a specific form of deviance that violates laws, but not all deviance is illegal. Social control refers to efforts by groups
1. Several theories propose that criminal behavior is learned through social interaction and experiences.
2. Differential association theory argues that criminal behavior is learned through interaction with others who define criminal behavior favorably. Those surrounded by more favorable definitions are more likely to engage in crime.
3. Cultural and subcultural theories suggest that ideas and values in some cultures or subcultures may promote criminal behaviors as a means to achieve goals.
This document summarizes key concepts from a chapter on deviance from a sociology textbook. It defines deviance as behavior that violates social norms and discusses how norms and deviance are defined differently across cultures. It then overviews several major sociological theories of deviance, including functionalism, conflict theory, strain theory, and symbolic interactionism including labeling theory. Labeling theory holds that deviance is caused by external judgments that change one's self-concept and social responses.
Deviance refers to behavior that violates social norms and expectations. There are several types of deviance such as drug abuse, crimes, and prostitution. Deviance is usually met with negative social sanctions though it can also drive social change by highlighting issues with existing norms. Societies use both informal social controls like social pressure and formal controls through laws and institutions to encourage conformity and control deviance. However, deviance is unavoidable and relative as norms vary between cultures and change over time.
Sociological approaches suggest that crime is shaped by factors external to the individual: their experiences within the neighbourhood, the peer group, and the family. are shaped by between people's everyday movements through space and time.
The members of the society, at a particular time and place, create and impose rules, regulations, values, norms and laws and other forms of social control to maintain peace and order, to promote harmonious relations, and to preserve the stability of the existing social order. However, there are members who transgress the rules, violate the laws, defy the existing values, rebel against the established social order, and disregard the prevailing social standards and expectations. These people are tagged as deviants and their defiance or transgression is considered as deviant behaviour.
As pointed out by sociologists,Ā devianceĀ is any behaviour that the members of a social group define as violating the established social norms. In other words, there must be a social audience that will determine whether a behaviour is deviant or not. Since norms are relative from one society to another, it follows that what is considered deviant in one society may not be considered as such in another.
The document discusses several key topics related to ethics including:
- The three main branches of ethics: descriptive, metaethics, and normative ethics.
- The importance of studying ethics to understand one's values and make ethical decisions.
- How culture influences moral development and behavior through shared symbols, language, beliefs, values, and norms.
- The concept of cultural relativism and criticisms of it, including that some cultural practices can promote harm.
- Characteristics of moral standards and differences between moral standards and other codes like laws or policies.
- Ambivalent nature of Filipino values and traits which can be positive or negative depending on how they are applied.
Unit III Criminological Theories Related to Juvenile .docxmarilucorr
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Unit III: Criminological
Theories Related to Juvenile
Delinquency
Introduction
ā¢ As we move into Unit III of your Juvenile Delinquency course,
we will start to examine and analyze the underlying reasons of
why juveniles commit delinquent acts and/or status offenses.
Criminological Theories
ā¢ Criminology itself is the study of theories that attempt to
provide an understanding of criminal behavior and/or crime.
ā¢ In this unit, we will take a closer look at criminological theories
related to juvenile delinquency, and in particular, juvenile gangs
in America.
ā¢ Before we start into your readings for this unit, letās examine
the following question: In your opinion, why do juveniles
commit delinquent acts and/or status offenses?
ā¢ If you forgot what status offense means, make sure you revisit
Unit I and Unit II of this course to refresh your memory.
Little John: A Juvenileās Story
ā¢ Watch the video about interactions
between Officer McDonald and Little
John, a juvenile
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/csu_c
ontent/courses/emergency_services/bcj/bc
j2201/15K/video/unitiii_video.mp4
ā¢ Click here to access the transcript for this
video.
Letās begin this unit with learning more about Little John.
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/csu_content/courses/emergency_services/bcj/bcj2201/15K/video/unitiii_video.mp4
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/CSU_Content/courses/Emergency_Services/BCJ/BCJ2201/15K/transcripts/BCJ2201_UnitIII_Transcript.pdf
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/csu_content/courses/emergency_services/bcj/bcj2201/15K/video/unitiii_video.mp4
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/csu_content/courses/emergency_services/bcj/bcj2201/15K/video/unitiii_video.mp4
Criminological Theories
ā¢ Throughout the years, the truth has been sought by requesting
guidance from kings, priests, and philosophers.
ā¢ Today, however, we utilize science, which offers more accurate
answers.
ā¢ The two basic tools of science are theory and research.
ā¢ Research includes the collection of data that leads to the
identification of important variables as well as any related
variables. This, in turn, leads to new directions.
Criminological Theories
ā¢ A theory attempts to explain the events in the world (Bartollas
& Miller, 2011). It seeks to provide an explanation for the who,
what, when, where, why, and how events occur.
ā¢ Although theories try to explain events, they are not final. For
example, one theory may explain one behavior but not
another. Additionally, a theory may not explain a behavior for
all individuals.
Criminological Theories
ā¢ In the study of juvenile delinquency, there are some prominent
criminological theories that take center stage when examining
the complex issue of juvenile delinquency:
ā¢ rational choice theory,
ā¢ social learning theory, and
ā¢ strain theory.
ā¢ It is not to say that these are the only theories that exist in the
study of criminology; however, these three pa ...
Stages of moral development by lawrence kohlberg (1971)sami pearl
Ā
Lawrence Kohlberg proposed a theory of moral development consisting of 6 stages across 3 levels - pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional. At the pre-conventional level, morality is based on obedience and self-interest. The conventional level focuses on maintaining social order and relationships. The post-conventional level assesses morality based on universal ethical principles of justice. Kohlberg's theory has been influential but also faces criticisms regarding its universality and ability to account for alternative perspectives like Carol Gilligan's view on an ethics of care.
The 8th Amendment protects against excessive bail, fines, and cruel and unusual punishment. It has been interpreted by the Supreme Court in several cases related to bail, the death penalty, and prison conditions. For example, the Court has ruled that life imprisonment for non-homicide juvenile offenders and execution of the mentally ill or intellectually disabled are unconstitutional under the 8th Amendment.
The document provides an overview of key aspects of the 6th Amendment right to counsel and a fair trial. It discusses the requirements for a speedy and public trial in the proper venue. It also covers the right to an impartial jury, voir dire process, peremptory challenges, and the prohibition on excluding jurors based on race. The document outlines important Supreme Court cases that established the right to counsel and defined it as applying to all stages of criminal proceedings.
The document discusses rights protected under the Fifth Amendment, including the right against self-incrimination. It summarizes several important Supreme Court cases that have shaped Fifth Amendment protections, such as Miranda v. Arizona which established that suspects in custody must be informed of their rights before interrogation. The document also discusses exceptions to Miranda such as public safety interrogations, and the totality of circumstances test used to determine if a confession was voluntarily made.
The document discusses the fundamental rules of search and seizure under the 4th Amendment. It must involve governmental action that violates a person's reasonable expectation of privacy. General searches are unlawful and searches must be limited in scope based on probable cause and particularly describing the place and things to be seized. There are exceptions to the warrant requirement such as consent searches, searches incident to arrest, vehicle searches, and exigent circumstances. The document provides numerous examples of Supreme Court cases related to search and seizure law.
This document summarizes key concepts related to the 4th Amendment. It defines search and seizure and explains that the 4th Amendment prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures by government agents. It also discusses the exclusionary rule, which prevents illegally obtained evidence from being used in court, and exceptions like stops, frisks, searches incident to arrest, and the plain view doctrine. Overall it provides an overview of 4th Amendment protections against unlawful searches and seizures.
The document discusses the history and ongoing debate around the interpretation of the Second Amendment. It covers the original intent of the amendment in relation to state militias, as well as key Supreme Court cases that have shifted interpretation towards recognizing an individual right to gun ownership. The debate centers around whether the amendment protects gun ownership only in the context of service in a militia, or as an individual right.
The document summarizes key aspects of the U.S. Supreme Court, including its role as the final authority on constitutional interpretation, the process by which cases are accepted for review, and some notable past and recent cases. It also discusses the composition and selection of justices, differences between liberal and conservative judicial philosophies, and the Court's general procedures and opinion writing process.
This document provides an overview of the US legal system. It discusses how law has historically regulated human interactions for various reasons and theories like consensus theory and conflict theory. It also summarizes the crime control and due process models of the criminal justice system. Common law, statutory law, and case law are examined. Important Supreme Court cases like Marbury v. Madison and US v. Jones are briefly summarized. The roles of courts, judges, and other legal professionals are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of the development of American law and government. It discusses the following key points:
- The Constitution established a system of checks and balances between the three branches of government to limit any single person or group from having absolute power.
- Important court cases like McCulloch v. Maryland and Clinton v. Jones established precedents around Congressional power and presidential immunity.
- The Bill of Rights was adopted to protect individual liberties and limit the power of the federal government in response to concerns during ratification of the Constitution.
The document summarizes key aspects of First Amendment rights, including freedom of religion, speech, press, and assembly. It discusses landmark Supreme Court cases that have shaped understandings of these rights. It also notes areas where rights can be reasonably limited, such as in cases of imminent lawless action, government interests, and within certain professional contexts like prisons.
This document discusses different types of cybercrime and transnational organized crime. It outlines three main types of cybercrime - cybertheft, cybervandalism, and cyberwarfare. Cybertheft involves illegal activities done for profit such as copyright infringement, computer fraud, and identity theft. Cybervandalism consists of malicious acts like creating viruses/worms and website defacement. Cyberwarfare involves cyberespionage, cyberterrorism, and using cyber attacks to fund terrorist activities. The document also examines the characteristics and rise of transnational organized crime groups from Eastern Europe, Russia, Latin America, and Asia, and challenges in controlling transnational crime.
This chapter discusses several proposals for reforming or replacing the juvenile justice system. These include reemphasizing rehabilitation, transforming juvenile court into a scaled-down criminal court, abolishing juvenile court, creating separate courts for children and adolescents, and adopting a restorative justice model. Broader issues that could impact juvenile offending like race, family decline, and lack of community are also examined.
This document summarizes a chapter about economic crimes, including blue-collar crimes, white-collar crimes, and green-collar crimes. It discusses the history and development of these crimes, provides examples like larceny, burglary, arson, and various types of fraud. It also covers theories for why people commit white-collar and green-collar crimes, such as rational choice and cultural views. Finally, it discusses laws and agencies that aim to control these crimes, comparing deterrence versus compliance approaches.
This chapter discusses the victimization of juveniles. It notes that roughly 4% of youth are victims of violent crime each year, with much of this occurring at school. While killings at school are rare, youth experience high rates of other crimes like theft, assault, and bullying. They are also victimized through child abuse and neglect, with neglect being the most common form. The chapter examines data on the extent of youth victimization from sources like the National Crime Victimization Survey. It explores explanations for victimization and common responses from victims like fear, avoidance, and joining gangs.
This chapter discusses juvenile probation and community corrections. It notes that over 600,000 juveniles were processed through probation in 2007. Probation investigations examine legal details of an offense as well as a youth's social history. Conditions of probation typically include regular check-ins, obeying the law, and attending school. Recent approaches to probation emphasize balanced accountability and rehabilitation, though some favor tougher punitive models. Effective interventions include cognitive behavioral therapy and social learning programs, while ineffectual approaches often focus solely on deterrence without treatment.
This document covers various topics related to violent crime. It discusses the causes of violence and types of rape such as date rape, marital rape, and statutory rape. It also examines the incidence of rape according to UCR and NCVS data. Additionally, it covers the different degrees of murder, including first-degree, second-degree, and manslaughter. The nature and extent of murder, assault, robbery, and emerging forms of violence like hate crimes and stalking are analyzed. The document also explores serial killers, mass murderers, and spree killers in criminology.
This chapter discusses institutional and residential interventions for juvenile offenders. Over 81,000 juvenile offenders were placed in detention facilities in 2008. Boot camps aim to provide discipline but do not reduce recidivism. The most prevalent issue is the presence of mental disorders in over 2/3 of juvenile offenders. Effective programs have been shown to significantly reduce recidivism while ensuring youths receive needed treatment and services.
This document discusses three developmental theories of criminal careers: life course theory, propensity theory, and trajectory theory. Life course theory views criminality as a dynamic process influenced by factors like age of onset, problem behaviors, and life events. Propensity theory suggests some individuals are born with stable traits that increase crime propensity. Trajectory theory identifies different pathways of offending over the life course, such as authority conflict, covert, and overt pathways. The document also covers related concepts like population heterogeneity, state dependence, and general theories of crime.
This document summarizes key concepts from critical criminology such as how it views crime as stemming from social and economic inequalities in society rather than individual pathology. It discusses themes like the relationship between crime and power structures, as well as the role of gender and race. The document also introduces concepts from forms of critical criminology such as left realism, critical feminist theory, and peacemaking criminology. Finally, it discusses how critical theory relates to restorative justice approaches as an alternative to punitive policies.
This chapter discusses Supreme Court cases that have shaped the due process rights of juveniles. It summarizes key cases such as Gault, which established juveniles' right to counsel and privilege against self-incrimination, and McKeiver, which found no right to jury trials for juveniles. The chapter also reviews rights of juveniles in school settings as well as their rights regarding search/seizure, curfews, and legal drinking ages.
A Free 200-Page eBook ~ Brain and Mind Exercise.pptxOH TEIK BIN
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(A Free eBook comprising 3 Sets of Presentation of a selection of Puzzles, Brain Teasers and Thinking Problems to exercise both the mind and the Right and Left Brain. To help keep the mind and brain fit and healthy. Good for both the young and old alike.
Answers are given for all the puzzles and problems.)
With Metta,
Bro. Oh Teik Bin šš¤š¤š„°
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
Ā
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
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These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
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The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
How to Download & Install Module From the Odoo App Store in Odoo 17Celine George
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Custom modules offer the flexibility to extend Odoo's capabilities, address unique requirements, and optimize workflows to align seamlessly with your organization's processes. By leveraging custom modules, businesses can unlock greater efficiency, productivity, and innovation, empowering them to stay competitive in today's dynamic market landscape. In this tutorial, we'll guide you step by step on how to easily download and install modules from the Odoo App Store.
How to Setup Default Value for a Field in Odoo 17Celine George
Ā
In Odoo, we can set a default value for a field during the creation of a record for a model. We have many methods in odoo for setting a default value to the field.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
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The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
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Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
NIPER 2024 MEMORY BASED QUESTIONS.ANSWERS TO NIPER 2024 QUESTIONS.NIPER JEE 2...
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81-260-1 - Chapter 04
1. Juvenile Justice: An Introduction, 7th ed.
Chapter 4
SOCIOLOGICAL
EXPLANATIONS OF
DELINQUENCY
2. Chapter 4
What You Need to Know
ā¢ Shaw and McKay found that crime and delinquency was concentrated in
the center of cities, where lower-SES individuals and immigrants or
African Americans lived. The reason they offer for this finding was āsocial
disorganization,ā meaning the residents did not exert control, thus
allowing crime to flourish.
ā¢ Differential association argues that deviance is learned just as other
behavior is learned. Modifications of differential association include
differential identification (which adds the idea of learning from images in
the media) and differential reinforcement (which argues we learn from
the results of our actions).
ā¢ Subcultural theories suggest that youths often act in accordance with a
different set of values and beliefs that invariably conflict with the dictates
of the larger society, thus leading them to be considered deviant.
ā¢ The techniques of neutralization presented by Sykes and Matza allow
youths to violate the law while maintaining a positive self-image as a
conforming member of society.
3. Chapter 4
What You Need to Know (Contād)
ā¢ Routine activities theory argues that a criminal act requires a motivated
offender and a suitable target to coincide where there is an absence of
capable guardianship.
ā¢ Strain theory suggests that crime is a logical outcome of the disjunction
between the socially prescribed goals and the means available for
achieving those goals.
ā¢ Hirschiās social control theory states that ādelinquent acts result when an
individualās bond to society is weak or broken.ā Bond is composed of
attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief.
ā¢ Self-control theory argues that behavior is controlled by factors an
individual internalizes early in life. Good self-control keeps an individual
from violating the law.
ā¢ The labeling perspective proposes that involvement in the juvenile justice
system leads to more deviant behavior by labeling the individual as a
deviant and forcing him or her to act in accordance with that label.
ā¢ Attempts to integrate theories into more unified, coherent explanations
of deviance have met only limited success in advancing sociological
theory.
4. Chapter 4
Sociological Explanations
ā¢ Most prevalent explanations of delinquent behavior.
ā¢ Great changes in society during and after the
industrial revolution led to a natural view that
deviant behavior was an outgrowth of social
relationships.
ā¢ Most sociological explanations are accompanied by
attempts at empirical research and often find some
degree of support.
ā¢ Reflect elements of both Classicism and Positivism.
5. Chapter 4
The Ecological Perspective
ā¢ Also called the āChicago Schoolā because a great
deal of the research done using the city of Chicago as
a focus.
ā¢ Explains deviance as a natural outgrowth of the
location in which it occurs.
ā¢ Great growth in the number and size of large cities.
ā¢ New urban areas were densely populated; many of
the new residents were uneducated, unemployed
and could not speak English; increases in various
social problemsāincluding criminal activity.
6. Chapter 4
The Ecological Perspective
Shaw and McKay (1942)
ā¢ Analyzed where delinquency occurred in Chicago.
ā¢ Crime and delinquency was highest:
ā In and around the central business district
ā In poor areas of the city
ā In areas dominated by immigrants and African Americans
ā¢ Pointed to the same physical location in the city, specifically
the city center where economic conditions were poorest.
ā¢ Stability of the delinquency levels in the same areas over time
ā¢ Delinquency problem was a result of constant turnover of
people in the area.
ā¢ Turnover caused social disorganization, or the lack of
organization to control and make improvements in area.
7. Chapter 4
The Ecological Perspective
Sources of Control
ā¢ Neighborhood control can come from a variety of sources
ā¢ Bursik and Grasmick (1993) identify three primary sources:
Sources of Neighborhood Control
Private
interpersonal relationships: family, friends, and close associates
Parochial
neighborhood networks and institutions: schools, churches, businesses,
social organizations/groups
Public
agencies and institutions of the city, state, or other governmental unit
ā¢ Lower-class, transient, high-crime neighborhoods have particular
trouble developing these sources of control
ā¢ Inability to marshal the public support needed for effective
delinquency control- vertical integration
8. Chapter 4
The Ecological Perspective
Critique:
ā¢ Lack of a single coherent theory
ā¢ Many researchers attributed results based on
grouped data to individuals- this is known as the
ecological fallacy
ā¢ Knowledge about an area tells little about a specific
individual
This early work brought crime and delinquency theory
squarely into the sociological tradition.
9. Chapter 4
Learning Theory
ā¢ Sees deviance as a result of learning.
ā¢ Variety of factors contribute to the
learning process:
āWith whom an individual has contact
āWhat the individual observes
āThe consequences of oneās behavior
10. Chapter 4
Learning Theory
Differential Association:
ā¢ Sutherland (1939)
ā¢ Views learning as the culmination of various social
inputs faced by individuals throughout their lives.
ā¢ Children learn to accept deviance the same as
conventional behavior.
ā¢ Major sources of learning are the people with whom
an individual comes in contact, particularly the
family, peers, and religious institutions.
ā¢ Nine specific points to differential association.
11. Chapter 4
Learning Theory
Sutherlandās Differential Association Theory
1. Criminal behavior is learned.
2. Criminal behavior is learned in interaction with other persons in a process of
communication.
3. The principal part of the learning of criminal behavior occurs within intimate
personal groups.
4. When criminal behavior is learned, the learning includes (a) techniques of the
crime, which are sometimes very complicated, sometimes very simple; (b) the
specification of motives, drives, rationalizations, and attitudes.
5. The specific direction of motives and drives is learned from definitions of the legal
codes as favorable or unfavorable.
6. A person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to
violation of law over definitions unfavorable to violation of law.
7. Differential associations may vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity.
8. The process of learning criminal behavior by association with criminal and
anticriminal patterns involves all of the mechanisms that are involved in any other
learning.
9. While criminal behavior is an expression of general needs and values, it is not
explained by those general needs and values, because noncriminal behavior is an
expression of the same needs and values.
12. Chapter 4
Learning Theory
Concerns with Differential Association Theory
ā¢ Sutherland failed to define or operationalize many of
his terms.
ā Frequency (number of contacts), duration (length of a
contact), priority (temporal order of the contacts), and
intensity (significance of the contact) definitions supplied
by other researchers.
ā¢ Most of the empirical support is indirect and highly
qualified.
ā¢ Explicitly discounted the influence of factors other
than social, face-to-face contacts.
ā¢ Changes in the modern world have prompted
researchers to modify and extend the original ideas
of differential association.
13. Chapter 4
Learning Theory
Differential Identification:
ā¢ Glaser (1956)
ā¢ Proposes that personal association is not
always necessary for the transmission of
behavioral cues.
ā¢ Real and fictional presentations on television
and in other mass media provide information
concerning acceptable behavior.
ā¢ Role-taking: child assumes the role that is
portrayed in the media.
14. Chapter 4
Learning Theory
Differential Reinforcement:
ā¢ Jeffery (1965)
ā¢ The ideas of operant conditioning.
ā¢ An individual learns from a variety of sources, both
social and nonsocial.
ā¢ If the behavior results in a pleasurable payoff (e.g.,
useful stolen goods) the behavior will be repeated.
ā¢ The absence of an acceptable return on the behavior
or experiencing an undesirable outcome (such as
being caught and imprisoned) would prompt
avoidance of the activity in the future.
15. Chapter 4
Subcultural Theories
ā¢ Subcultural theorists focus directly on the fact of
diversity in the population.
ā¢ Defining subculture is not easy.
ā In its simplest sense, a subculture is a smaller part of a
larger culture.
ā Subculture exists within and is part of the larger culture.
ā Typically refers to a set of values, beliefs, ideas, views,
and/or meanings that a group of individuals holds and that
are to some degree different from those of the larger
culture.
ā¢ Delinquency and criminality are the result of
individuals attempting to act in accordance with
subcultural norms.
16. Chapter 4
Subcultural Theories
Lower-class Gang Delinquency
ā¢ Cohen (1955)
ā¢ Lower-class boys feel ill-equipped to compete in and
cannot succeed in a middle-class society.
ā¢ Lower-class boys are expected to follow the goals
and aspirations of the middle class.
ā¢ The failure to succeed in terms of middle-class values
leads to feelings of failure and diminished self-worth.
ā¢ The result is culture conflict: by following one set of
cultural (or subcultural) practices, the individual is
violating the proscriptions of another culture.
17. Chapter 4
Subcultural Theories
ā¢ Aspects of ālower-class gang delinquencyā:
ā Malicious: act with the intent of causing trouble and harm
for another person, not for what it brings the person.
ā Negativistic: much of the deviant activity is a means of
tormenting others.
ā Nonutilitarian: immediate āhedonisticā pleasure instead
of supplying any long-term need or solution.
ā¢ In general, there appears to be little point in the
behavior besides causing trouble for the larger
middle-class culture.
18. Chapter 4
Subcultural Theories
Lower-class Male Subculture
ā¢ Miller (1958)
ā¢ The lower class operates under a distinct set of cultural
values, or focal concerns (next slide).
ā¢ At the same time that these values provide positive
reinforcement in the lower-class world, they bring about a
natural conflict with middle-class values.
ā¢ Goal of the lower-class individual is not to violate the law or
the middle-class norms.
ā¢ Goal is to follow the focal concerns of their class and peers.
ā¢ Deviant behavior, therefore, is a by-product of following the
subcultural focal concerns.
19. Chapter 4
Trouble Refers to the fact that lower-class males spend a large amount of time
preoccupied with getting into and out of trouble. Trouble may bring about desired
outcomes such as attention and prestige.
Toughness Emphasis on physical prowess, athletic skill, masculinity, and bravery.
Partly a response of lower-class males raised in [single] female-headed households.
Smartness Basically the idea of being āstreetwise.ā The concern is on how to
manipulate the environment and others to your own benefit without being
subjected to sanctions of any kind.
Excitement Refers to the idea that lower-class individuals are oriented around short-term
hedonistic desires. Activities, such as gambling and drug use, are undertaken
for the immediate excitement or gratification that is generated.
Fate The belief that, in the long run, individuals have little control over their lives. Luck
and fortune dictate the outcome of behavior. Whatever is supposed to happen will
happen regardless of the individualās wishes. This allows for a wide latitude in
behavior.
Autonomy While the individual believes in fate, there is a strong desire to resist
outside control imposed by other persons. Individuals want total control over
themselves until fate intervenes.
20. Chapter 4
Subcultural Theories
Sykes and Matza: Techniques of Neutralization
ā¢ Subtle failure in subcultural theories to address the fact that
no individual operates exclusively in the subculture.
ā¢ Every individual must deal with both the subcultural and the
larger cultural expectations.
ā¢ Requires individuals to find justifications for the discrepancies
between different lifestyles and behaviors.
ā¢ Five techniques of neutralization that allow the juvenile to
accommodate the deviant behavior while maintaining a self-image
as a conformist (next slide).
ā¢ Youths invoke the techniques to justify their behavior in light
of confrontation with conventional cultural values.
21. Chapter 4
Denial of Responsibility The youth may claim that the action was an accident
or, more likely, assert that he or she was forced into the action by
circumstances beyond his or her control.
Denial of Injury Focuses on the amount of harm caused regardless of violating
the law. The absence of harm to an individual may involve pointing to a lack
of physical injury, the action was a prank, or the person or business could
afford the loss.
Denial of the Victim The juvenile can deny the existence of a victim by
claiming self-defense or retaliation, the absence of a victim (such as
involving a business and not a person), and/or that characteristics of the
victim brought the harm on himself or herself (such as hazing a
homosexual).
Condemnation of the Condemners The youth turns the tables on those
individuals who condemn his or her behavior by pointing out that the
condemners are no better than he or she. In essence, the condemners are
also deviant.
Appeal to Higher Loyalties Conflict between the dictates of two groups will be
resolved through adherence to the ideas of one group. The juvenile may
see greater reward and more loyalty to the subcultural group on some
issues which, in turn, lead to deviant behavior.
22. Chapter 4
Subcultural Theories
Critique of the Subcultural Approach
ā¢ Greatest problem entails identifying a subculture.
ā Typical process of identifying subcultures is through the
behavior of the individuals.
ā If you act a certain way, you are in a subculture, which is
why you act that way: this is tautological.
ā¢ The use of behaviors to identify subcultures results in
substituting behaviors for values.
ā¢ Questionable to what extent you can impute values
from behaviors.
ā¢ Possible middle-class bias in many subcultural
explanations.
23. Chapter 4
Routine Activities and Rational Choice
ā¢ Basic premise that the movement of offenders and
victims over space and time places them in situations
in which criminal activity will be more or less
possible.
ā¢ Routine activities perspective assumes that the
normal behavior of individuals contributes to deviant
events.
ā Cohen and Felson (1979)
ā Three criteria necessary for the commission of a crime:
1. The presence of a suitable target
2. A motivated offender
3. An absence of guardians
24. Chapter 4
Routine Activities and Rational Choice
ā¢ Rational choice theory assumes that potential
offenders make choices based on various factors in
the physical and social environments.
ā Cornish and Clarke (1986)
ā Does not mean that offenders plan their behavior in detail
ā Unplanned, spontaneous behavior may rest on past
observations, experiences, and routine activities that lay
the foundation for unconscious decision making
ā Poses an interesting conundrum for juvenile justice:
ā¢ If one assumes that youths do not have the capacity to make
truly informed decisions, to what extent can it be claimed that
they are making rational choices?
25. Chapter 4
Strain Theories
ā¢ View deviance as a direct result of a social structure that
stresses achievement but fails to provide adequate legitimate
means of succeeding.
ā¢ Two basic underlying assumptions:
1. Man is inherently egoistic.
2. Society does not provide equal access to the means of reaching oneās
wishes and desires.
ā¢ Mismatch between the expectations or goals of the individual
and the available means to achieve those goals is called
anomie (state of normlessness).
ā The inability of the individual to regulate his or her expectations in
accordance with the societal structure.
ā¢ Anomie may result in various forms of deviant behavior,
including crime.
26. Chapter 4
Strain Theories
Merton: Modes of Adaptation
ā¢ Outlines five modes of adaptation, or ways an individual may
respond, to the strain between goals and means.
Mode of Adaptation Cultural Goals Institutionalized Means
Conformity + +
Innovation + ā
Ritualism ā +
Retreatism ā ā
Rebellion Ā± Ā±
+ means acceptance, ā means rejection, Ā± means rejection and substitution
ā¢ Delinquency appears in innovation, retreatism, and rebellion, in
which accepted modes of behavior (means) are replaced by
unacceptable actions
27. Chapter 4
Strain Theories
General Strain Theory
ā¢ Suggests that strain can arise from two additional
sources:
1. The removal of desired or valued stimuli
2. The presentation of negative stimuli, which may cause an
individual to become angry or frustrated
ā¢ Sources of strain may prompt individuals to respond
with delinquent or criminal behavior.
ā¢ There are also many nondeviant coping mechanisms
that an individual can utilize.
ā¢ There is empirical support for general strain theory.
28. Chapter 4
Strain Theories
Assessing Strain Theory:
ā¢ Major problem of operationalizing the key concepts, such as
anomie, aspirations, opportunity, and perceptions.
ā¢ The assumed relationship between strain and deviant
behavior is not clear:
ā In some instances, deviance appears to be related to low aspirations.
ā In others, deviance may actually cause changes in aspirations.
ā¢ Many studies focus on middle- and upper-class youths, while
the Mertonian strain theory appears more applicable to
lower-class and gang activity.
ā¢ Fails to explain why one person chooses deviance and
another does not.
29. Chapter 4
Social Control Theory
ā¢ Social control theories seek to find factors that keep
an individual from becoming deviant.
Reckless: Containment Theory
ā¢ Proposes that there are factors that promote
conformity as well as forces promoting deviance.
ā¢ The individual may have some control over his or her
own behavior.
ā¢ Two types of containment and three forces
promoting deviance.
30. Chapter 4
Social Control Theory
Elements of Recklessās Containment Theory
Forces promoting conformity:
ā¢ Outer Containment
ā The influence of family, peers, and environment on behavior; social pressure,
supervision, training, and group membership
ā¢ Inner Containment
ā Individual factors such as self-concept, tolerance of frustration, goal-directedness,
internalized moral codes
Forces promoting deviance:
ā¢ Internal Pushes
ā Restlessness, discontent, anxiety, hostility
ā¢ External Pressures
ā Poverty, unemployment, minority status, social inequality
ā¢ External Pulls
ā Deviant peers, subcultures, media presentations
31. Chapter 4
Social Control Theory
Hirschi: Control Theory
ā¢ States that ādelinquent acts result when an
individualās bond to society is weak or broken.ā
ā¢ Bond is developed through socialization during early
childhood and consists of four elements:
1. Attachment
2. Commitment
3. Involvement
4. Belief
ā¢ Weak or broken bond does not cause deviance.
Rather, it allows for deviance.
32. Chapter 4
Social Control Theory
Elements of Hirschiās Bond
Attachment
ā¢ āSensitivity to the opinion of othersā (p. 16)
ā¢ The more an individual cares about what others think of himself/herself, the less likely
he/she will choose behavior that brings about negative input.
Commitment
ā¢ A āperson invests time, energy, himself, in a certain line of activityā (p. 20)
ā¢ As a person builds an investment in conventional endeavors, any choice of deviant
behavior will place that investment at risk.
Involvement
ā¢ āEngrossment in conventional activitiesā (p. 22)
ā¢ Because time and energy are limited, once they are used in the pursuit of conventional
activities, there is no time or energy left for deviant behavior.
Belief
ā¢ āThe existence of a common value system within the society or groupā (p. 23)
ā¢ As a person is socialized into and accepts the common belief system, he/she will be less
likely to violate those beliefs through deviant activity.
33. Chapter 4
Social Control Theory
Problematic Issues with Hirschiās Theory
ā¢ Does not adequately explain how bond becomes
weak or broken.
ā¢ The relative impact of the four elements of bond is
left unresolved (e.g., is attachment most
important?).
ā¢ Drift between delinquency and conformity cannot be
explained using control theory.
ā¢ Assumes that all bonding is to conventional,
nondeviant lifestyles (it may be possible that a
juvenile is bonded to deviance)
34. Chapter 4
Social Control Theory
Self-Control Theory
ā¢ Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990) argue that self-control,
internalized early in life, can serve to keep a
person from involvement in deviant behavior.
ā¢ Primary source of self-control is good parenting.
ā¢ Should the parents fail to build self-control, other
social institutions, such as schools, may influence its
formation but are typically poor substitutes for the
family.
ā¢ Once self-control is internalized, it serves to modify
an individualās behavior throughout his or her life.
35. Chapter 4
The Labeling Perspective
ā¢ Basic assumption is that being labeled as deviant by social
control agents forces the person to act according to the label
ā¢ Foundation in the ideas of symbolic interactionism
ā Every individual develops his or her self-image through a process of
interaction with the surrounding world
ā How an individual sees himself or herself is determined by how that
person thinks others see him or her
ā A simple way of viewing this process is through what Cooley (1902)
calls the looking-glass self
ā¢ Tannenbaum (1938) saw the sanctioning of deviant behavior
as a step in altering a juvenileās self-image from that of a
normal, conventional youth to that of being a delinquent
ā¢ Process of labeling entails a transfer of evil from the act to
the actor
36. Chapter 4
The Labeling Perspective
Lemert: Primary and Secondary Deviance
ā¢ Two types of deviance:
ā Primary deviance: those actions that āare rationalized or
otherwise dealt with as functions of a socially acceptable
role.ā
ā Secondary deviance: when an individual ābegins to employ
his deviant behavior or a role based upon it as a means of
defense, attack, or adjustment to the overt and covert
problems created by the consequent societal reaction to
him.ā
ā The behavior is secondary if the act cannot be rationalized
as the outcome of a nondeviant social role and is
committed as an attack or defense against societal
reaction.
ā Secondary deviance, therefore, is a mentalistic construct.
37. Chapter 4
The Labeling Perspective
ā¢ Reasons for conforming to the label:
ā A deviant label makes participation in conventional activity
difficult.
ā Accepting the label blunts the impact of any negative
feedback provided by society.
ā Individuals conform to labels as a means of striking out
against those who are condemning them ā āIāll show you.ā
ā¢ A single deviant act generally will not lead to the
successful application of a label.
ā¢ Lemert (1951) proposes an outline of repeated
primary deviant acts followed by increasingly
stronger social reactions that eventually culminate in
the imposition and acceptance of a deviant label.
38. Chapter 4
The Integration and Elaboration of
Theories
ā¢ Trend to attempt to integrate various theories into more
unified, coherent explanations of deviance.
ā¢ Attempts to take components of various theories and
construct a single explanation that incorporates the best parts
of the individual theories.
ā¢ Social control, strain, and differential association theories have
been typically used.
ā¢ A sequential processes leading to deviance has been proposed.
ā¢ For example, strain is seen as leading to a weakened bond to
conventional society, which in turn leads to increased bonding
with deviants and subsequent deviant behavior. Mediating this
entire process is the influence of learning.
39. Chapter 4
The Integration and Elaboration of
Theories
ā¢ Developmental theories, or life-course theories, generally
reflect efforts that incorporate ideas from several theories and
perspectives
ā¢ Reintegrative shaming incorporates elements of several
theories.
ā Labeling and symbolic interaction are important for understanding the
risk in shaming someone.
ā Social control elements appear in the need to bond the person to
society.
ā Family is a key actor in teaching proper behavior (learning theory).
ā¢ Integrated theories have yet to undergo rigorous testing.
ā¢ The fact that no single theory has adequately explained
deviance suggests that this new direction should be continued.
40. Chapter 4
Impact of Theories on Juvenile Justice
ā¢ Social learning theory provides support for interventions that
focus on providing proper role models and environments
conducive to conforming behavior.
ā¢ Trends toward deinstitutionalization, community corrections,
and less restrictive interventions rely on the arguments of
labeling theory.
ā¢ Movements toward incarceration and deterrence of juveniles
clearly rely on Classical and Neoclassical assumptions of free
will and hedonistic choice.
ā¢ Educational programs, economic assistance, vocational
training, physical improvement of inner cities, and other
efforts can be traced to strain, subcultural, learning, and
ecological explanations of social ills.