1) Social beliefs and judgments can be primed or influenced without awareness through exposure to related concepts, ideas, or stimuli. Experiments show this priming effect can influence thoughts and actions. 2) Embodied cognition refers to the influence of bodily sensations on social judgments and cognitive preferences. For example, holding a warm drink can make people rate others more warmly. 3) People's perceptions of events and others are shaped both by their initial beliefs and biases as well as situational factors, even when exposed to the same objective information or stimuli. First impressions tend to persist despite later evidence.

1. Reporters: Anne Cuenca, Ella Magdurulan,
and Nikka Veniez Sunga
SOCIAL BELIEFS
AND JUDGMENTS

2. -Awakening or activating of certain associations in memory
*Experiments show that priming one thought even without awareness can
influence another thought, or even an action
Ex: Dutch students exposed to the cleaning scent recalled more cleaning
related activities
PRIMING

3. Watching a scary movie alone at home can active emotions without realizing
it, causes us to interpret furnace noises as a possible intruder.
For many psychology students, reading about psychological disorder and
reading about the symptomps similarly primes medical students to worry
about their congestion, fever, or headache.
PRIMING EXPERIMENTS HAVE THEIR
COUNTERPART IN EVERYDAY LIFE:

4. -Prime our social judgments and vice versa. Mutual influence of bodily
sensations on cognitive preferences and social judgments
Ex: After holding a warm drink, people became more likely to rate someone
more warmly or behave more generously.
EMBODIED COGNITION

5. Our first impressions of one another are more often right. Moreover, the
better we know the person, the more accurately we can read his mind or
feelings.
"Once you have a belief, it influences how you can perceive all other relevant
information." -Political scientists (Robert Jervis, 1985)
PERCEIVING AND
INTERPRETING EVENTS

8. Political Perception
-Social perception are very much in the eye of beholder, even a
simple stimulus may strike two people quite differently.
Our perception of others. Filmakers control people's perceptionof
emotion by manipulating the setting in which they see a face. They
call this the "Kulechov Effect" after the Russian film director who
would skillfully guide viewers in manipulating their assumptions.

9. Other's perception of us. When we say something good or bad about
another, people tend to associate that trait within us---- a phenomenon
they called Spontaneous trait transference.
Belief Perseverance- persistence of one's initial conceptions such as
when the basis for one's belief is discredited but an explanation of why the
belief might be true survives.

10. Constructing memories of ourselves
Misinformation effect- incorporating misinformation into one's
memory of the event, after witnessing an event and receiving misleading
information about it.
Reconstructing our past attitudes/behaviors
*Construction of positive memories brightens our recollection
*People often exhibit Rosy retrospection- people recall mildly pleasant
events more favorably than they experienced them.
*Memory contruction enables us to revise our own histories

11. Initiative judgments- advocates of intuitive management believe we should
tube into our hunches.
The powers of intuition:
Controlled Processing- "explicit" thinking that is deliberate, reflective and
conscious
Automatic Processing- "implicit" thinking that is effortless, habitual, and
without awareness roughly corresponds to intuition.
HOW DO WE JUDGE OUR SOCIAL
WORLDS

12. Limit of intuition. Social psychologists have explored not only our error-
prone hindsight judgments but also pir capacity for illusion-for perceptual
misinterpretation, fanatsies and constructed beliefs.
Overconfidence bias- person's subjective confidence in his or her
judgments
*Planning fallacy-underestimate the time
*Stockbroker confidence
*Political overconfidence- overconfidenf decision makers can wreak havoc

13. Confirmation bias- tendency to search for information that confirms
one's preconceptions
Heuristic- thinking strategy that enables quick, efficient judgment
*Representativeness Heuristic- tendency to presume, sometines despite
contrary odd, that someone or something belongs to a praticular group of
resembling a typical member
*Availability Heuristic- a cognitive rule that yhe likelihood of the terms
of thei availability in memory.
Counterfactual thinking- imaginary alternative scenarios and outcomes
that might have happened but didn't

14. Illusory thinking
*Illusory correlation- perception of a relationship where we expect to
find significant relationships, we easily associate random events.
*Illusion of control- perception of uncontrollablr events as subjects to
one's control or as more controllable than they are.
Gambling- illusion of control in betting experiments
Regression toward the average- statistical tendency for extreme scores
on extreme behavior to return toward one's average.

15. Misattribution- mistakenly attributing a behavior to the wrong source.
Attribution theory- theory of how people explain others' behavior, for
example by enduring trait, motive, attitudes.
Dispositional Attribution- attributing behavior to the person's disposition
and traits.
Situational Attribution- attributing behavior to the environment.
HOW DO WE EXPLAIN OUR
SOCIAL WORLDS?

16. Spontaneous trait inference- effortless, automatic inference
of a trait after exposure to a someone's behavior
Fundamental attribution error- tendency to observers to
underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional
influences upon others behavior.

17. Teacher's expectation
"Rena's older brother was brilliant, I bet she is too"
Teacher's behavior
"Smiling more, teaching her more, calling her more for recitations"
Student's behavior
"Rema respinfs enthusiastically"
TEACHER'S EXPECTATION AND
STUDENT'S PERFORMANCE