1. The document discusses different types of joints in the body, including their classification based on structure and function. It describes fibrous joints like sutures and syndesmoses, cartilaginous joints like primary and secondary joints, and synovial joints.
2. Synovial joints are the most evolved and freely movable joints. They have a fluid-filled cavity and permit a variety of movements. Examples of different synovial joints are given based on the shape of the articular surfaces.
3. The document concludes with sample multiple choice questions related to joints.
Classification and Applied Aspects of JointsMathew Joseph
The structural classification divides joints into fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints depending on the material composing the joint and the presence or absence of a cavity in the joint. The functional classification divides joints into three categories: synarthroses, amphiarthroses, and diarthroses
Classification and Applied Aspects of JointsMathew Joseph
The structural classification divides joints into fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints depending on the material composing the joint and the presence or absence of a cavity in the joint. The functional classification divides joints into three categories: synarthroses, amphiarthroses, and diarthroses
A joint is the site at which any two or more bones articulate or come together, meaning the ends or edges of the bones are held together by connective tissues.
It may allow flexibility and movement of the skeleton.
With the exception of the Hyoid bone, every bone in the body is connected to or form joints.
There are total 230 joints in the body.
Structural Classification of joints:
FIBROUS JOINT/ FIXED JOINT
CARTILAGENOUS JOINTS
SYNOVIAL JOINTS
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility found between the adjacent bones.
Joints are thus functionally classified as a
Synarthrosis or immobile joint,
Amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint,
Diarthrosis, which is a freely moveable joint
A joint is an articulation between two bones in the body and are broadly classified by the tissue which connects the bones. The three main types of joints are: synovial, cartilaginous and fibrous.
This is a presentation on the elements of arthrology. The presentation provides an introduction to arthrology. The objectives of this presentation are to briefly provide an overview of the types of joints, joint stability and clinical correlates.
For further reading please refer to 7th ed Keith Moore - Clinically Oriented Anatomy and 9th ed Snell's Clinical Anatomy by Regions.
A joint is the site at which any two or more bones articulate or come together, meaning the ends or edges of the bones are held together by connective tissues.
It may allow flexibility and movement of the skeleton.
With the exception of the Hyoid bone, every bone in the body is connected to or form joints.
There are total 230 joints in the body.
Structural Classification of joints:
FIBROUS JOINT/ FIXED JOINT
CARTILAGENOUS JOINTS
SYNOVIAL JOINTS
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility found between the adjacent bones.
Joints are thus functionally classified as a
Synarthrosis or immobile joint,
Amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint,
Diarthrosis, which is a freely moveable joint
A joint is an articulation between two bones in the body and are broadly classified by the tissue which connects the bones. The three main types of joints are: synovial, cartilaginous and fibrous.
This is a presentation on the elements of arthrology. The presentation provides an introduction to arthrology. The objectives of this presentation are to briefly provide an overview of the types of joints, joint stability and clinical correlates.
For further reading please refer to 7th ed Keith Moore - Clinically Oriented Anatomy and 9th ed Snell's Clinical Anatomy by Regions.
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This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
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Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
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The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
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2. Introduction
• Arthrology: Study of joints
• Synonyms: Articulation (Latin)
Arthron (Greek)
• Joint: a junction between two or more bones
or cartilages.
• A device to permit movements
3. Classification of joints
Joints are classified according to structure and function-
(A) Functional (based on degree of mobility):
1.Synarthroses: immovable joints (cranial sutures in
adults, primary cartilaginous joints in
growing children).
2.Amphiarthroses: slightly movable joints (joints
between adjacent laminae of vertebrae).
3.Diarthroses: freely movable joints (synovial joints).
5. (B) Structural classification
Based on type of connecting tissue and presence or absence of
joint cavity:
1. Fibrous: composed of intervening fibrous tissue with no joint
cavity. Immovable or slightly movable.
2. Cartilaginous: articulating bones are united by cartilage
(hyaline or fibrocartilage) with no joint cavity.
3. Synovial: articulating bones are separated by a fluid-filled joint
cavity.
7. Fibrous joints
1. Sutures: articular surfaces are connected by a thin layer of
connective tissue. They are confined to the skull and
are immovable.
2. Syndesmoses: bones are connected by a considerably greater
amount of connective tissue than in sutures in
the form of interosseous ligaments and
membranes. Slight movement is permitted.
e.g. interosseous tibiofibular joints,
interroseous radioulnar joints.
3. Gomphoses (peg and socket joint): articulation of teeth in
alveolar sockets of mandible and maxilla by
periodontal ligament.
11. Synovial joints
• Most evolved and freely movable joints
• Have a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid
• Often termed as diarthrodial joints
• Components:
1. Fibrous capsule
2. Synovial membrane
3. Ligaments
4. Articular cartilage
5. Articular disc or meniscus
6. Bursae
7. Fat pads (Haversian glands)
12. Classification of Synovial joints
(A) According to shape of articular surfaces:
1. Plane
2. Hinge
3. Pivot
4. Condylar
5. Ellipsoid
6. Saddle
7. Ball and socket
13. Plane joints
• Articular surfaces are
nearly flat.
• Allow gliding
movements.
• e.g. intercarpal and
intertarsal joints.
14. Hinge joints (Ginglymus)
• Articular surfaces are
pulley shaped.
• Movements are
permitted only in one
plane (transverse
axis).
• Most common
joints.
• e.g. elbow, knee, ankle
and interphalangeal
joints.
15. Pivot joints (Trochoid joints)
• Rounded end of one bone
fits into
the concavity of another
bone.
• The rounded
part is surrounded by a
ligament.
• Limited rotation
around a central axis.
• e.g. superior radio-ulnar
and median atlanto-axial
joints.
16. Condylar joints
• Round articular surface
of one bone fits into a
socket-type articular
surface of another bone.
• Permit movements in
two directions.
• e.g. knee and temporo-
mandibular joints.
17. Ellipsoid joints
• Elliptical convex surface of
one bone articulates with
elliptical concave surface
of another.
• Permit movements in two
directions.
• Combination of
movements cause
circumduction.
• e.g. wrist and atlanto-
occipital joints.
18. Saddle (sellar) joints
• Articular surfaces are
reciprocally saddle
shaped i.e. concavo-
convex.
• Allows a
wide range of movement.
• e.g. first
carpo-metacarpal, sterno-
clavicular,
incudo-malleolar joints.
19. Ball and socket (spheroidal) joints
• Rounded convex surface
of one bone fits into the
cup-like socket of another
bone.
• Permits greatest range
of movements.
• e.g. shoulder, hip and
incudo-stapedial joints.
20. (B) According to plane of movements
• Uniaxial: Hinge and Pivot
• Biaxial: Condylar, ellipsoid, saddle
• Multiaxial: Ball and socket
Uniaxial Biaxial Multiaxial
21. (C) According to number of articulating bones
• Simple (2 bones)
• Compound (more than 2 bones)
23. Special movements:
1. Inversion: movement of the foot medially
2. Eversion: movement of the foot laterally
3. Protraction: movement of the mandible forward
4. Retraction: movement of the protracted part back
to its starting position
5. Elevation: lifting a body part superiorly
6. Depression: moving the elevated part inferiorly
7. Opposition: touching the thumb to the tips of
other fingers
24. REFERENCES
1. Cunningham’s Manual of Practical Anatomy, Vol.1.
2. Grant’s Method of Anatomy, 11th Edition.
3. Vishram Singh. General Anatomy, 1st Edition.
25. MCQs
1. All of the following are examples of the
fibrous joint except:
a) Suture
b) Syndesmosis
c) Symphysis
d) Gomphosis
26. MCQs
2. All of the following are examples of the
synovial joint except:
a) Pivot
b) Saddle
c) Syndesmosis
d)Ellipsoid
27. MCQs
3. Subtype gomphosis is classified under:
a) Biaxial synovial joint
b) Symphysis
c) Fibrous joint
d) Synchondrosis
28. MCQs
4. All of the following are characteristic features
of a synovial joint except:
a)Articular surfaces are covered by a articular
cartilage
b) Have a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid
c)Mostly are freely movable joints
d) Articular cartilage are covered by synovial
membrane
29. MCQs
5. All of the following secondary cartilaginous
joints belong to axial skeleton except:
a)Manubriosternal joint
b) Intervertebral discs
c) Symphysis pubis
d) Symphysis menti