1. The document discusses different types of joints in the body, classifying them based on their structure and range of motion.
2. The main types of joints are fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, and synovial joints. Synovial joints are the most complex and permit the greatest range of motion.
3. Common injuries and disorders of joints include sprains, dislocations, bursitis, tendonitis, synovitis, arthritis, and osteoporosis. Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis are two common types of arthritis.
dimensions, normal count and functions of RBC.
list of abnormal forms of RBCs
define erythropoiesis, give the different steps.
details of regulation of erythropoiesis =
- erythropoietin
- Vit.B12
- Folic acid
-Factors for Hb
Non respiratory functions of lung ( The Guyton and Hall physiology)Maryam Fida
Besides primary function of gaseous exchange, the respiratory tract is involved in several non respiratory functions of the body
1. OLFACTION
Olfactory receptors present in the mucous membrane of nostril are responsible for olfactory sensation.
2. VOCALIZATION
Larynx alone plays major role in the process of vocalization. Therefore, it is called sound box.
3. PREVENTION OF DUST PARTICLES
Particles, which escape the protective mechanisms
in nose and alveoli are thrown out by cough reflex and sneezing reflex.
4. DEFENSE MECHANISM
Lungs play important role in the immunological defense system of the body.
Defense functions of the lungs are performed by their own defenses and
by the presence of various types of cells in mucous
membrane lining the alveoli of lungs.
These cells are
leukocytes,
macrophages,
mast cells,
natural killer
cells
dendritic cells.
5. MAINTENANCE OF WATER BALANCE
Respiratory tract plays a role in water loss mechanism.
During expiration, water evaporates through the
expired air and some amount of body water is lost by this process.
6. REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE
During expiration, along with water, heat is also lost
from the body. Thus, respiratory tract plays a role in
heat loss mechanism.
5. MAINTENANCE OF WATER BALANCE
Respiratory tract plays a role in water loss mechanism.
During expiration, water evaporates through the
expired air and some amount of body water is lost by this process.
6. REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE
During expiration, along with water, heat is also lost
from the body. Thus, respiratory tract plays a role in
heat loss mechanism.
Molecular basis of Skeletal Muscle ContractionArulSood2
The ppt aims to explain the molecular basis of skeletal muscle contraction and certain applied aspects of the same. Sources include Guyton and Hall's Textbook of Physiology (South-Asia edition, Vol. 2) and C.L. Ghai's Textbook for Practical Physiology.
Physiology and Biochemistry-I (Marks-25)
a) Hematology
i) Study of compound microscope ii) Microscopically study of blood cells iii) Different types of WBC, erythrocytes and platelets iv) Examination of hemoglobin v) Differential count of WBC vi) Total count of RBC and WBC vii) Determination of clotting and bleeding time viii) Examination of clot under the microscope ix) Effect of chemical agents of RBC x) Fragility test of RBC. xi) Determination of erythrocytes sedimentation rate xii) Examination of haemin crystals
b) Histology: Histology of muscle, liver, spleen, stomach, duodenum, pancreas, lung, kidney, skin and endocrine glands.
c)Chemical physiology:
i) Qualitative test of carbohydrates, proteins and fats ii) Qualitative and quantitative experiments on digestive juice. iii) Examination of urine, estimation of main constituents and detection of abnormal constituents.
dimensions, normal count and functions of RBC.
list of abnormal forms of RBCs
define erythropoiesis, give the different steps.
details of regulation of erythropoiesis =
- erythropoietin
- Vit.B12
- Folic acid
-Factors for Hb
Non respiratory functions of lung ( The Guyton and Hall physiology)Maryam Fida
Besides primary function of gaseous exchange, the respiratory tract is involved in several non respiratory functions of the body
1. OLFACTION
Olfactory receptors present in the mucous membrane of nostril are responsible for olfactory sensation.
2. VOCALIZATION
Larynx alone plays major role in the process of vocalization. Therefore, it is called sound box.
3. PREVENTION OF DUST PARTICLES
Particles, which escape the protective mechanisms
in nose and alveoli are thrown out by cough reflex and sneezing reflex.
4. DEFENSE MECHANISM
Lungs play important role in the immunological defense system of the body.
Defense functions of the lungs are performed by their own defenses and
by the presence of various types of cells in mucous
membrane lining the alveoli of lungs.
These cells are
leukocytes,
macrophages,
mast cells,
natural killer
cells
dendritic cells.
5. MAINTENANCE OF WATER BALANCE
Respiratory tract plays a role in water loss mechanism.
During expiration, water evaporates through the
expired air and some amount of body water is lost by this process.
6. REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE
During expiration, along with water, heat is also lost
from the body. Thus, respiratory tract plays a role in
heat loss mechanism.
5. MAINTENANCE OF WATER BALANCE
Respiratory tract plays a role in water loss mechanism.
During expiration, water evaporates through the
expired air and some amount of body water is lost by this process.
6. REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE
During expiration, along with water, heat is also lost
from the body. Thus, respiratory tract plays a role in
heat loss mechanism.
Molecular basis of Skeletal Muscle ContractionArulSood2
The ppt aims to explain the molecular basis of skeletal muscle contraction and certain applied aspects of the same. Sources include Guyton and Hall's Textbook of Physiology (South-Asia edition, Vol. 2) and C.L. Ghai's Textbook for Practical Physiology.
Physiology and Biochemistry-I (Marks-25)
a) Hematology
i) Study of compound microscope ii) Microscopically study of blood cells iii) Different types of WBC, erythrocytes and platelets iv) Examination of hemoglobin v) Differential count of WBC vi) Total count of RBC and WBC vii) Determination of clotting and bleeding time viii) Examination of clot under the microscope ix) Effect of chemical agents of RBC x) Fragility test of RBC. xi) Determination of erythrocytes sedimentation rate xii) Examination of haemin crystals
b) Histology: Histology of muscle, liver, spleen, stomach, duodenum, pancreas, lung, kidney, skin and endocrine glands.
c)Chemical physiology:
i) Qualitative test of carbohydrates, proteins and fats ii) Qualitative and quantitative experiments on digestive juice. iii) Examination of urine, estimation of main constituents and detection of abnormal constituents.
it consist of detailed description about joints, their number and location. we briefly explained about the types of joints with colorful images. easy to understand for students with the help of pictures. language is also simple.it will be helpful for the beginners.
A joint is an articulation between two bones in the body and are broadly classified by the tissue which connects the bones. The three main types of joints are: synovial, cartilaginous and fibrous.
1. Basic data of the bone articulations.
2. The classification of the bones articulations.
3. The types of continuous articulations.
4. Intermediate articulations.
5. Synovial articulations.
6. The structure of articulation.
7. The analysis of movements of the articulations.
JOINTS CLASSIFICATION AND DISORDERS.pptxMsSapnaSapna
A joint is the part of the body where two or more bones meet to allow movement. Generally speaking, the greater the range of movement, the higher the risk of injury because the strength of the joint is reduced. The six types of freely movable joint include ball and socket, saddle, hinge, condyloid, pivot and gliding.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
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Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
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Thesis Statement for students diagnonsed withADHD.ppt
Joints THEORY_RDP
1. HAP-I_SEM-I_JOINTS and Disorder _CVMU
PREPARED BY: Rishita D Patel
Classification of Joints
A. Articulations are often categorized by range of motion and anatomical
structure.
1. Structural classifications are based on the anatomical components that
make up the joint.
a. Fibrous joints = held together by fibrous connective tissues but
lack cartilage and possess no cavity between the bones. Either
synarthrotic or amphiarthrotic.
b. Cartilaginous joints = held together by fibrous connective tissues
such as ligaments but they also possess either hyaline cartilage or
fibrocartilage. Either synarthrotic or amphiarthrotic.
c. Synovial joints = held together by fibrous connective tissues,
hyaline cartilage and/or fibrocartilage, and possess a joint
cavity. All synovial joints are diarthrotic. Synovial joints are
quite complex in structure, are the most numerous type of joint in
the body, and permit the greatest range of motion.
2. Functional classifications are based on the range of motion allowed.
a. Synarthrosis = no movement is permitted. At synarthrotic joints,
the bony edges are quite close together and may even interlock.
b. Amphiarthrosis = only slight movement is permitted.
c. Diarthrosis = freely moveable joints. Diarthrotic joints provide a
wide range of motion as typical in the joints of our appendages.
2. HAP-I_SEM-I_JOINTS and Disorder _CVMU
PREPARED BY: Rishita D Patel
Fibrous joints
i. Sutures = a synarthrotic joint located only between the bones of the skull.
The edges of the bones are interlocked and bound together at the suture
by dense fibrous connective tissue.
ii. Syndesmosis = bones are connected by an interosseous ligament and are
amphiarthrotic. The most common example is the distal articulation between
the tibia and fibula called the tibiofibular joint.
iii. Gomphosis = a synarthrotic joint sometimes called a “peg-in-socket” joint.
A gomphosis joint is found on the maxillae and mandible where the teeth
are fixed securely in the sockets of the alveolar margins. The fibrous
connective tissue between a tooth and its socket is a periodontal ligament.
3. HAP-I_SEM-I_JOINTS and Disorder _CVMU
PREPARED BY: Rishita D Patel
Cartilaginous joints
A. Synchondrosis = a rigid, hyaline cartilage bridge unites the bones of a
synchondrosis joint. Ends of the first pair of ribs and the manubrium of the
sternum (all other ribs form synovial joints). Epiphyseal plate found holding
the epiphysis of a long bone to the diaphysis Both are synarthrotic joints.
B. Symphysis = articulating bones are separated by a wedge of fibrocartilage.
The articulation between the two pubic bones (called the pubic symphysis) is
another joint typical of this category.
a. fibrous cartilage between opposing bones within a synovial joint.
Synchondroses
4. HAP-I_SEM-I_JOINTS and Disorder _CVMU
PREPARED BY: Rishita D Patel
- joined by hyaline cartilage
Symphyses
- joined by fibrocartilage
9.3 Synovial joints
A. Structural features of a Synovial Joint
1. Joint cavity = possess a space between the articulating bones, called the
synovial cavity.
2. Articular cartilages = line the surfaces of the articulating bones;
composed of hyaline cartilage
3. Synovial fluid = this fluid is largely derived from blood and has a clear,
viscous, consistency.
a. Lubrication
b. Nutrient distribution
c. Shock absorption
5. HAP-I_SEM-I_JOINTS and Disorder _CVMU
PREPARED BY: Rishita D Patel
4. Joint capsule = dense fibrous connective tissues enclose the synovial
cavity
a. Fibrous capsule = thick outer layer continuous with the
periosteum.
b. Synovial membrane = inner soft tissue with network of capillaries
5. Accessory structures of a typical synovial joint = in complex synovial
joints, such as the knee, a variety of accessory structures provide support
and additional stability.
b. Ligaments = support, strengthen, and reinforce synovial joints
c. Bursa = a small, fluid-filled pocket that forms in a connective
tissue.
d. Fat pads = localized masses of adipose tissue covered by a layer
of synovial membrane.
6. HAP-I_SEM-I_JOINTS and Disorder _CVMU
PREPARED BY: Rishita D Patel
e. Meniscus = pad of fibrous cartilage between opposing bones
within a synovial joint.
9.4 types of body movements
A. the greater the range of motion at a joint, the weaker it becomes.
B. types of motion
1. Gliding=bones slide across the surface of one another
2. Angular=changing the angle between two bones
3. Circumduction=draw around; conical shape or circular motion
4. Rotation=turning movement of a bone around its own axis
7. HAP-I_SEM-I_JOINTS and Disorder _CVMU
PREPARED BY: Rishita D Patel
9.5 Anatomy of Selected Synovial Joints
A. Ball-and-socket joints = most freely movable joints; all angular movement;
1. The head of one bone fits into the socket of another;
2. Examples = hip and shoulder.
B. Condyloid joints = permit all angular motion, except rotation.
Examples = wrists and knuckles,
C. Gliding joints/plan joint = cartilaginous joints; flat bones glide/slide over one
another Example = intervertebral discs.
D. Hinge joints = permit flexion & extension only;
Examples = elbow and knee.
E. Pivot joints = permit rotation;
Example = first intervertebral joint (atlantoaxial joint)
8. HAP-I_SEM-I_JOINTS and Disorder _CVMU
PREPARED BY: Rishita D Patel
F. Saddle joints = thumb;
Common Joint Injuries
A. Sprain = stretching or tearing of a ligament across the joint capsule.
B. Dislocation = also known as a luxation; when reinforcing structures cannot
protect a joint from extreme stresses, the articulating surfaces may be forced
out of position. The displacement may damage the articular cartilages, tear
ligaments, or distort the joint capsule. Although the inside of a joint has no
pain receptors, nerves that monitor the capsule, ligaments, and tendons are
quite sensitive, so dislocations are very painful. A partial dislocation is called
a subluxation.
C. Bursitis = inflammation of the bursa
9. HAP-I_SEM-I_JOINTS and Disorder _CVMU
PREPARED BY: Rishita D Patel
D. Tendonitis = inflammation of the tendon
E. Synovitis =inflammation of the synovial membrane
F. Osteopenia and osteoporosis=inadequate ossification of bone is called
osteopenia and begins between the ages of 30 and 40 years of age when
osteoblast activity declines while osteoclast activity continues at previous
levels. Thereafter, women begin to lose roughly 8% of their bone mass every
decade (men lose 3% per decade). When the reduction in bone mass is
sufficient to compromise normal function, the condition is known as
osteoporosis.
G. Arthritis = inflammatory or degenerative disease of the joint where synovial
membranes thicken (called pannus) and fluid production decreases resulting
in friction and pain.
1. Osteoarthritis = also known as degenerative arthritis or degenerative
joint disease, generally affects individuals age 60 or older. It can result
from the cumulative effects of wear and tear on the joint surfaces or
from genetic factors affecting collagen formation. In the U.S.
population, 25% of women and 15% of men over age 60 show signs of
this condition.
2. Rheumatoid arthritis = an autoimmune disease. RA can occur at any
age but is more common in middle age and women get RA more often
than men. Infection, genes, and hormone changes may be linked to the
disease. RA usually affects joints on both sides of the body equally.
Wrists, fingers, knees, feet, and ankles are the most common affected
body parts. The disease often begins slowly with only minor pain but
progressively becomes debilitating.
3. Gouty arthritis = Gout is caused by too much uric acid in the blood.
Most of the time, having too much uric acid is not harmful. Many people
with high levels in their blood never get gout. But when uric acid levels
in the blood are too high, the uric acid may form hard crystals in your
joints. It can cause an attack of sudden burning pain, stiffness, and
swelling in a joint, usually a big toe. These attacks can happen over and
over unless gout is treated. More common in men.