"Ions are any atoms or molecules that have a net charge. Hence an ion is any discrete molecular substance where the number of protons and the number of electrons are different".
"Radicals are formed when an orbital has an unpaired electron". Radicals have an odd number of electrons, meaning at least one electron is in an orbital by itself, unpaired”.
"Ions are any atoms or molecules that have a net charge. Hence an ion is any discrete molecular substance where the number of protons and the number of electrons are different".
"Radicals are formed when an orbital has an unpaired electron". Radicals have an odd number of electrons, meaning at least one electron is in an orbital by itself, unpaired”.
Presentation on Metallic Bond and its nature, presented by Engineer S.M. Wahid Mahmud from Daffodil International University from the department of Electronics & Telecommunication, Faculty of Science & IT.
I have briefly described the concept of Molarity, pH and (parts per million) ppm and some ways through which they can be calculated in different conditions.
Las energías renovables han constituido una parte importante de la energía utilizada por los humanos desde tiempos remotos, especialmente la solar, la eólica y la hidráulica. La navegación a vela, los molinos de viento o de agua y las disposiciones constructivas de los edificios para aprovechar la del sol, son buenos ejemplos de ello.
Con el invento de la máquina de vapor por James Watt, se van abandonando estas formas de aprovechamiento, por considerarse inestables en el tiempo y caprichosas y se utilizan cada vez más los motores térmicos y eléctricos, en una época en que el todavía relativamente escaso consumo, no hacía prever un agotamiento de las fuentes, ni otros problemas ambientales que más tarde se presentaron.
Hacia la década de años 1970 las energías renovables se consideraron una alternativa a las energías tradicionales, tanto por su disponibilidad presente y futura garantizada (a diferencia de los combustibles fósiles que precisan miles de años para su formación) como por su menor impacto ambiental en el caso de las energías limpias, y por esta razón fueron llamadas energías alternativas. Actualmente muchas de estas energías son una realidad, no una alternativa, por lo que el nombre de alternativas ya no debe emplearse.
Presentation on Metallic Bond and its nature, presented by Engineer S.M. Wahid Mahmud from Daffodil International University from the department of Electronics & Telecommunication, Faculty of Science & IT.
I have briefly described the concept of Molarity, pH and (parts per million) ppm and some ways through which they can be calculated in different conditions.
Las energías renovables han constituido una parte importante de la energía utilizada por los humanos desde tiempos remotos, especialmente la solar, la eólica y la hidráulica. La navegación a vela, los molinos de viento o de agua y las disposiciones constructivas de los edificios para aprovechar la del sol, son buenos ejemplos de ello.
Con el invento de la máquina de vapor por James Watt, se van abandonando estas formas de aprovechamiento, por considerarse inestables en el tiempo y caprichosas y se utilizan cada vez más los motores térmicos y eléctricos, en una época en que el todavía relativamente escaso consumo, no hacía prever un agotamiento de las fuentes, ni otros problemas ambientales que más tarde se presentaron.
Hacia la década de años 1970 las energías renovables se consideraron una alternativa a las energías tradicionales, tanto por su disponibilidad presente y futura garantizada (a diferencia de los combustibles fósiles que precisan miles de años para su formación) como por su menor impacto ambiental en el caso de las energías limpias, y por esta razón fueron llamadas energías alternativas. Actualmente muchas de estas energías son una realidad, no una alternativa, por lo que el nombre de alternativas ya no debe emplearse.
The western ghats in kerala is an amazing gateway of hill staions.Kerian Jogg
God’s own country, kerala is famous for it’s beautiful natural spaces.If we are going to western ghats,we can enjoy the adventure of hill stations.It’s an amazing fact that there are 20 major hill stations in kerala.Here is an article about that http://tourstokerala.org/beautiful-hill-stations-kerala/
A reaction intermediate or an intermediate is a molecular entity that is formed from the reactants (or preceding intermediates) and reacts further to give the directly observed products of a chemical reaction.
The compounds which are made up of ions are known as ionic compounds.
In an ionic compound, the positively charged ions and negatively charged ions are held together by the strong electrostatic forces of attraction.
The forces which hold the ions together in an ionic compound are known as ionic bonds and electrovalent bonds.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
13. • A cation is a positive ion that is formed from an atom that
loses some of its electrons.
Indeed, after a loss of electrons, the negative charges
become less numerous than the positive charges.
• Example: formation of the aluminum ion
The aluminum atom is composed of:
- 13 electrons which carry a total of 13 negative charges.
- 13 positive charges in its nucleus.
This atom can lose 3 electrons to become an aluminum ion
which is then made of:
- 13 - 3 = 10 electrons which carry a total of 10 negative
charges.
- 13 positive charges in its nucleus (the nucleus is not
affected by the loss of electrons)
If we compare the positive and negative charges it can be
seen that the aluminum ion has three positive charges in
excess (13 positive charges and 10 negative charges).
14.
15.
16.
17. Polyatomic ions
• Ions can also be formed from molecules
whose atoms lose or gain one or more
electrons. These ions are then called
polyatomic ions.
Examples of polyatomic ions:
- The sulfate ion whose formula is SO4
2-
- The carbonate whose formula is CO3
2-
