1. What makes Electricity
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Electricity is a flow of charged particles, either electrons or ions. An atom is the smallest piece of an element and is made up of protons, neutrons and electrons. Atoms have the same number of protons and electrons, giving them no overall charge. If an atom gains or loses electrons, becoming positively or negatively charged, it is then called an ion. Ions have a full outer shell of electrons and a positive or negative electric charge.
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1. Electricity is the flow of electrons through a conductor. In AC power, electrons switch direction periodically at a set frequency (50 Hz in India), while in DC power electrons flow in one direction only.
2. Single phase power has one live wire, while three phase power has three live wires with the phases shifted 120 degrees from each other, providing more power with less current.
3. Protective devices like fuses and circuit breakers are used to cut off power in the event of overcurrent to prevent damage. Fuses melt and need replacing, while circuit breakers can be reset after tripping.
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This document discusses electricity and some of its properties and uses. It explains that electricity is the movement of electrons from one atom to another. It then lists some common devices that use electricity to produce motion, light, information, communication, pictures, sound, and heat. The document also discusses the electric charges of protons, electrons, and atoms and how opposite charges attract and like charges repel. It mentions some animals that can detect electric fields or generate electric voltages.
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This document provides an overview of electricity and magnetism. It discusses how electricity is the flow of electrons from areas of high potential to low potential. Circuits allow electricity to flow in an organized way from the positive end of a battery to the negative end. While direct current (DC) flows in one direction, alternating current (AC) switches direction periodically and is used to power appliances plugged into wall outlets. Magnets work due to their magnetic fields produced by protons and electrons aligned within the material. Electromagnets can be turned on and off using a battery to control the magnetic field. The document concludes with noting various sources of electricity like hydroelectric dams and wind turbines.
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This document provides an overview of electricity including:
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- Explaining that electricity is the flow of electrons called electric current, and outlining conventional current flow.
- Distinguishing between conductors that allow current to flow and insulators that prevent it.
- Stating that a power source is needed to push electrons through a circuit and outlining different power sources.
- Introducing Ohm's Law which relates voltage, current, and resistance and provides an example calculation.
- Noting that a multimeter can be used to measure voltage, current, and resistance.
- Assigning students an activity to measure resist
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1. Electricity is the flow of electrons through a conductor. In AC power, electrons switch direction periodically at a set frequency (50 Hz in India), while in DC power electrons flow in one direction only.
2. Single phase power has one live wire, while three phase power has three live wires with the phases shifted 120 degrees from each other, providing more power with less current.
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This document provides an overview of electricity including:
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- Explaining that electricity is the flow of electrons called electric current, and outlining conventional current flow.
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The Greeks were the first to discover electricity around 2500 years ago when they noticed that rubbing amber with other materials would cause it to attract lightweight objects like leaves or cloth. They called amber "electron" which is where the modern words "electric" and "electricity" come from. Electricity can be dangerous for humans and cause harm if safety precautions are not followed. It is important to understand basic electrical safety and never perform any electrical work without proper training and protective equipment. Some key safety tips include keeping water and tools away from electricity, wearing protective gloves and boots near electrical components, using the proper fuse size, and knowing where your home's electrical panel and breakers are located.
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Angie's Electricity log documents information about electrical circuits and components. A closed circuit allows continuous flow of current through an endless path, while an open circuit is incomplete. Thomas Edison invented the light bulb, which uses wires and gas to light up. Insulators do not allow the flow of electricity, while conductors like metal allow heat, electricity, and sound to travel through. Series circuits have one path for current, while parallel circuits have multiple paths. Static electricity is caused by a buildup of electrical charges, and lightning occurs when positive and negative charges in clouds bump together.
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Electricity and magnetism are related phenomena that occur naturally and can be harnessed for practical uses. Electricity is the flow of electric charge, most commonly carried by electrons or ions. Objects become electrically charged through the gain or loss of these charge carriers. Electric current is the regulated flow of electric charge and can be generated, transmitted, and put to work through electric circuits. Magnets and magnetic fields also occur naturally and can be manipulated, such as in electromagnets, which become magnetized when electric current flows through them. These fundamental scientific principles underlie modern power grids and technologies.
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2) A circuit must be present for current electricity to flow, and consists of a generator that supplies energy, conductors like copper wires that allow electricity to flow, electrical components that transform the energy, and switches to open and close the circuit.
3) Static electricity occurs naturally in lightning and when objects are rubbed together, leading the objects to become positively or negatively charged depending on whether they gain or lose electrons.
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Electrons moving between atoms causes electricity. Electricity is the flow of electrons through a conductor in a closed circuit. There are two types of circuits: series circuits which have one path for current and parallel circuits which have more than one path. Common household items like lights use parallel circuits powered by batteries which supply energy to move charges through the circuit.
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Ionization is the process by which an atom acquires a positive or negative charge, forming ions like cations for positive ions and anions for negative ions. Silver is the best conductor of electricity because it has many free electrons that allow electron flow, while copper is the second best and is commonly used for electrical wires; insulators have few free electrons and do not conduct electricity well.
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1) Friction and induction are the two main causes of static electricity.
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1) Ionic bonds form when electrons are transferred from one atom to another, giving the atoms opposite charges and forming ions.
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Electricity is caused by the movement of electrons between atoms. Atoms are made up of protons which have a positive charge and electrons which have a negative charge. When atoms gain or lose electrons, they become positively or negatively charged which allows electric forces to act between them. Charged objects can either attract or repel depending on whether they have the same or opposite charges. Materials that allow electrons to move through them easily are conductors, while insulators do not, which is why electrical wires have plastic coatings to prevent electric currents from flowing through the human body.
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The document discusses electricity, magnetism, and their relationship. It explains that electricity involves the movement of electrons and protons, which can create positive, negative, or neutral charge in objects. It also describes how electrons can move between objects, creating electric current. Magnets attract or repel each other depending on whether their poles are identical or opposite. Electromagnets act like magnets when electric current passes through them, demonstrating the connection between electricity and magnetism.
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The document discusses periodic trends in elemental properties, including atomic radius, ionization energy, electron affinity, electronegativity, and reactivity. It explains that Dmitri Mendeleev was the first to organize elements into a periodic table based on their properties and predicted undiscovered elements. The trends are due to changes in atomic structure and the effective nuclear charge as protons and electrons are added. Atomic radius generally decreases left to right and increases top to bottom. Ionization energy and electronegativity increase as you move up and to the left on the periodic table.
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The document discusses the basic principles of producing electricity. It explains that electricity is produced by applying a voltage or force to move electrons through a wire, creating an electric current. The movement of electrons through a resistance allows the electrical energy to be converted into other forms of energy, such as light, kinetic, or heat energy. Voltage is measured in volts and refers to the force applied to move the electrons, while current is measured in amps and refers to the amount of electrons that are moving.
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Electricity has dramatically changed daily life over the past 100 years. Scientists like Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Edison, and Nikola Tesla helped uncover the principles of electricity. A battery produces electricity through a chemical reaction between two different metals in a solution, generating a flow of electrons. This electricity can power devices when wires provide a complete circuit between the battery's positive and negative terminals. Switches allow control of whether a circuit is open or closed.
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Ionic bonds form when electrons are transferred from one atom to another, resulting in positively charged ions that are attracted to negatively charged ions. The percent ionic character of a bond indicates whether it is ionic or polar covalent, and ionic character increases with greater electronegativity difference between the atoms. Compounds with over 50% ionic character that conduct electricity when molten are considered ionic solids.
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- Doping semiconductors with impurities introduces extra electrons or holes, increasing conductivity and making the material n-type or p-
Lecture One
Static electricity occurs when materials are rubbed together, causing an excess of electric charges on their surfaces. This can result in attraction or repulsion between objects and even sparks. The triboelectric series lists materials based on their tendency to gain or lose electrons when in contact with another material. Sparks require the presence of both conductors and insulators and occur when a large enough potential difference builds up to allow a discharge of electrons across a gap.
Solid state physics
Contents
The Atom
Materials Used in Electronics
Current in Semiconductors
N-Type and P-Type Semiconductors
The PN Junctions
Diode Operation, Voltage-Current (V-I) Characteristics
Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) Structure, Operation, and Characteristics and Parameters
Junction Field Effect Transistors (JFETs) Structure, Characteristics and Parameters and Biasing
Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET) Structure, Characteristics and Parameters and Biasing
The ATOM: Learning Objectives
Describe the structure of an atom
Discuss the Bohr model of an atom
Define electron, proton, neutron, and nucleus
Define atomic number
Discuss electron shells and orbits
Explain energy levels
Define valence electron
Discuss ionization
Define free electron and ion
Discuss the basic concept of the quantum model of the atom
Discuss insulators, conductors, and semiconductors and how they differ
Define the core of an atom
Describe the carbon atom
Name two types each of semiconductors, conductors, and insulators
Explain the band gap
Define valence band and conduction band
Compare a semiconductor atom to a conductor atom
Discuss silicon and germanium atoms
Explain covalent bonds
Define crystal
Describe how current is produced in a semiconductor
Discuss conduction electrons and holes
Explain an electron-hole pair
Discuss recombination
Explain electron and hole current
Describe the properties of n-type and p-type semiconductors
Define doping
Explain how n-type semiconductors are formed
Describe a majority carrier and minority carrier in n-type material
Explain how p-type semiconductors are formed
Describe a majority carrier and minority carrier in p-type material
Describe how a pn junction is formed
Discuss diffusion across a pn junction
Explain the formation of the depletion region
Define barrier potential and discuss its significance
State the values of barrier potential in silicon and germanium
Discuss energy diagrams
Define energy hill
What is electricity
Electricity is a form of energy carried by the movement of electrons between atoms. Atoms are composed of subatomic particles including electrons, which carry a negative charge, and protons, which carry a positive charge in the nucleus. An electric current is created when an outside force causes electrons to break free from one atom and flow to the next in a conductor.
Learn Basics of chemistry myassignmenthelp.net
Early chemists believed that all matter was composed of combinations of four elements - air, earth, fire and water. Later, it was discovered that all matter is composed of atoms, which are mostly empty space. Atoms contain electrons, protons and neutrons. Electrons orbit the nucleus in distinct energy levels. The number of protons determines the element. Chemical bonds form when atoms gain, lose or share electrons to achieve a full outer energy level. There are three main types of bonds - ionic, covalent and metallic. Chemical reactions occur when bonds are formed or broken.
Atoms
1) Atoms are the smallest units that make up matter and consist of protons, neutrons and electrons. Electrons orbit the nucleus in shells.
2) There are two main types of bonds between atoms - ionic bonds which involve transfer of electrons between metals and non-metals, and covalent bonds which involve sharing of electrons between non-metals.
3) Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons, giving them different masses but the same chemical properties. Radioactive isotopes are unstable and decay over time.
Elec 1
The document provides information about the Siemens STEP 2000 course on basics of electricity. It outlines the course content which covers topics like electric charges, current, voltage, resistance, Ohm's law, series and parallel circuits. Upon completing the course and scoring 70% or higher on the final exam, students will receive a certificate of completion. The document encourages readers to contact EandM Training for any questions or to register for the course.
Static_Electricity.ppt
In physics, a force is an influence that can change the motion of an object. A force can cause an object with mass to change its velocity, i.e., to accelerate. Force can also be described intuitively as a push or a pull. A force has both magnitude and direction, making it a vector quantity
Lecture 2 bee
This document provides an overview of basic electrical engineering concepts including:
1) Free electrons which are loosely attached valence electrons that allow conduction in materials like metals. Conductors, insulators, and semiconductors are distinguished by their number of free electrons.
2) Potential difference is the difference in electrical potential between two points, measured in volts. An electromotive force (EMF) maintains potential difference through a device like a voltaic cell.
3) Resistance is a material's opposition to electric current, causing heat production. It is measured in ohms. Power is the rate at which electrical work is done, measured in watts. Electrical energy is the total work done and is measured in kil
NS2 5.3 Basic Electricity
The document discusses the basic principles of electricity, including how voltage is generated through various means such as friction, pressure, heat, light, chemical reactions, and magnetism. It also covers electrical components like conductors, insulators, batteries, circuits, and formulas such as Ohm's Law. The relationships between voltage, current, resistance, and power in electrical circuits are explained.
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1. What makes Electricity
- 1. What makes Electricity? 1 What makes Electricity? What is Electricity? Electricity is a flow of charged particles. Charged particles of an atom can be electrons or ions. http://www.ssc.education.ed.ac.uk/bsl/chemistry /atomd.html What makes an Atom? An ATOM is the smallest piece of an element that exist. “Everything is made of atoms. Atoms are very small. 7 million atoms joined together in a straight line would be about 1mm long.” Extract above is from http://www.gcsescience.com/a1-atom-electron-neutron-proton.htm What is the Difference between an Atom and an Ion? An ATOM has the same number of protons and electrons. An atom has no overall electric charge. If an atom loses or gains electrons it is no longer called an atom. It is called an ion. What is the Difference between an Atom and an Ion? an ION An ion has a full outer shell of electrons. An ion is either positive or negative because it has an electric charge. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion