This document summarizes a study assessing the quality of irrigation water sources used for agricultural fields in Mezitli, Turkey. Water samples were taken from 20 sampling points over 4 months. Sample pH ranged from 7.05-8.26 and EC ranged from 292-1103 μmhos/cm. According to the US Salinity Lab classification, some waters were moderately saline (C2S1) while others were highly saline (C3S1). Boron levels in all samples were below the threshold of 0.67 ppm. Water quality parameters did not significantly change over the irrigation season. The study aims to evaluate water quality to ensure suitable irrigation and prevent salinity issues.
Suitability Assessment of Shallow Groundwater of a Typical Coastal Aquifers f...iosrjce
Shallow Groundwater of a coastal aquifer has been intensively used as a source of water for
irrigation farming in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. To assess the usability of this water for irrigation use,
twenty locations at buguma city were mapped out and five water wells were sampled for each location using
Simple random sampling technique. Each sample was analyzed for the cations(magnesium(Mg2+), sodium(Na+
),
potassium(K+
),calcium(Ca2+)),anion(nitrate ion(N03
-
)), trace elements(cadmium(Cd), iron(Fe), and zinc(Zn)and
other phsico-chemical parameters(Salinity(SI), electric conductivity(EC) and pH) adopting standard methods.
Based on the analyzed parameters, irrigation water quality parameters (RSC, SAR, %Na and %MR) and
indexes(Kelly index(KI), Permeability Index(PI) and the Canadian water quality index(CWQI)) were calculated
.To assess the usability of the shallow groundwater, results of the Water quality index models and other
calculated irrigation parameters were compared with the standards. On the average, virtually all the sampling
locations except Ombu, Igba and Jackreech were unsuitable for irrigation use.
Water Quality Assessment of El-Salam Canal (Egypt) Based on Physico-Chemical ...Premier Publishers
Water quality of El-Salam Canal was assessed using physico-chemical and certain biological characteristics. Downstream increase of total soluble inorganic nitrogen (TSIN) and dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) indicated increasing downstream eutrophication. The significant (P ≤ 0.01) downstream increase of chloride indicated elevated pollution. Water quality index (WQI) down (53) and up-stream (48) stations indicated bad to moderate condition, respectively. The increase of N, P, heavy metals and WQI may be attributed to excessive input of wastewater from El-Serw and Hadous drains. The highest concentrations of Fe (0.138 mg/l), Mn (0.116), Zn (0.057), Cu (0.019), Pb (0.278) and Cd (0.016) were recorded at downstream stations. Accumulation of these metals by hydrophytes followed the order: Fe ˃ Mn ˃ Zn ˃ Cu ˃ Pb ˃ Cd. Fifteen different hydrophytes were recorded with marked decline in species richness during winter and at downstream stations. The epiphytic microalgae were represented by 50 different taxa, belonging to six phylla including Cyanobacteria, Chlorophyta, Charophyta, Bacillariophyta, Euglenophyta and Rhodophyta. Thespecies composition and richness of the epiphytic microalgae was largely influenced by the plant species, as the highest number of species (42 taxa) was recorded for Ceratophyllum demersum and the lowest one (31 taxa) for Phragmites australis.
In Aleg, Mauritania, especially in the rural areas where there is no supply of
treated water for drinking and other domestic uses, natural surface water is the only
source. The objective was to assess the water quality of natural sources of water in
the rural areas of the BRAKNA region (in the south-west of the country) using a water
quality index (WQI) for different seasons. A total of 40 samples, that is, 20 in winter
and 20 in summer were collected from different sources for physicochemical analysis,
and a WQI was calculated. Twenty-seven parameters were evaluated (Rrgaonkar and
V. Deshpande et al. 2007).
Follow-up and physicochemical analyzes made it possible to determine the WQI
index. The results obtained show that raw water from Lake Aleg is classified in the
category "Unsuitable" (undesirable).
The overall quality of the waters is strongly influenced by the alternation of
seasons of the year. Correlation analysis showed a perfect correlation between WQI
and water turbidity (r = 0.999). This made it possible to specify the turbidity as a
factor of deterioration in the quality of the lake water
EVALUATION OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY OF VAIPPAR BASIN, TAMIL NADU, INDIA: A GEOI...SagarChougule11
The Vaippar Basin, one of the important basins of Tamil Nadu is located between 9° 0' 05" & 9° 44' 56" N latitudes and 77° 23' 25" & 78° 17' 02" E longitudes with an area of 5339 sq.km. Groundwater samples were collected from 91 different locations in the Vaippar basin, Tamil Nadu, India. Groundwater quality data for the period of 30 years (1983 to 2013) of both pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods were used to analyze the groundwater quality aspects of the Vaippar basin. The physico-chemical parameters such as Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), pH, HCO3-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, SO4-, NO3- and Cl have been analyzed to determine the geological and non-geological source of contamination. An overall hydrogeochemical analytical study using Electrical Conductivity, Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Sodium percentage (Na%) and Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) values reveals that most of the groundwater samples collected from the study area are suitable for drinking, irrigation, and industrial purposes.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Suitability Assessment of Shallow Groundwater of a Typical Coastal Aquifers f...iosrjce
Shallow Groundwater of a coastal aquifer has been intensively used as a source of water for
irrigation farming in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. To assess the usability of this water for irrigation use,
twenty locations at buguma city were mapped out and five water wells were sampled for each location using
Simple random sampling technique. Each sample was analyzed for the cations(magnesium(Mg2+), sodium(Na+
),
potassium(K+
),calcium(Ca2+)),anion(nitrate ion(N03
-
)), trace elements(cadmium(Cd), iron(Fe), and zinc(Zn)and
other phsico-chemical parameters(Salinity(SI), electric conductivity(EC) and pH) adopting standard methods.
Based on the analyzed parameters, irrigation water quality parameters (RSC, SAR, %Na and %MR) and
indexes(Kelly index(KI), Permeability Index(PI) and the Canadian water quality index(CWQI)) were calculated
.To assess the usability of the shallow groundwater, results of the Water quality index models and other
calculated irrigation parameters were compared with the standards. On the average, virtually all the sampling
locations except Ombu, Igba and Jackreech were unsuitable for irrigation use.
Water Quality Assessment of El-Salam Canal (Egypt) Based on Physico-Chemical ...Premier Publishers
Water quality of El-Salam Canal was assessed using physico-chemical and certain biological characteristics. Downstream increase of total soluble inorganic nitrogen (TSIN) and dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) indicated increasing downstream eutrophication. The significant (P ≤ 0.01) downstream increase of chloride indicated elevated pollution. Water quality index (WQI) down (53) and up-stream (48) stations indicated bad to moderate condition, respectively. The increase of N, P, heavy metals and WQI may be attributed to excessive input of wastewater from El-Serw and Hadous drains. The highest concentrations of Fe (0.138 mg/l), Mn (0.116), Zn (0.057), Cu (0.019), Pb (0.278) and Cd (0.016) were recorded at downstream stations. Accumulation of these metals by hydrophytes followed the order: Fe ˃ Mn ˃ Zn ˃ Cu ˃ Pb ˃ Cd. Fifteen different hydrophytes were recorded with marked decline in species richness during winter and at downstream stations. The epiphytic microalgae were represented by 50 different taxa, belonging to six phylla including Cyanobacteria, Chlorophyta, Charophyta, Bacillariophyta, Euglenophyta and Rhodophyta. Thespecies composition and richness of the epiphytic microalgae was largely influenced by the plant species, as the highest number of species (42 taxa) was recorded for Ceratophyllum demersum and the lowest one (31 taxa) for Phragmites australis.
In Aleg, Mauritania, especially in the rural areas where there is no supply of
treated water for drinking and other domestic uses, natural surface water is the only
source. The objective was to assess the water quality of natural sources of water in
the rural areas of the BRAKNA region (in the south-west of the country) using a water
quality index (WQI) for different seasons. A total of 40 samples, that is, 20 in winter
and 20 in summer were collected from different sources for physicochemical analysis,
and a WQI was calculated. Twenty-seven parameters were evaluated (Rrgaonkar and
V. Deshpande et al. 2007).
Follow-up and physicochemical analyzes made it possible to determine the WQI
index. The results obtained show that raw water from Lake Aleg is classified in the
category "Unsuitable" (undesirable).
The overall quality of the waters is strongly influenced by the alternation of
seasons of the year. Correlation analysis showed a perfect correlation between WQI
and water turbidity (r = 0.999). This made it possible to specify the turbidity as a
factor of deterioration in the quality of the lake water
EVALUATION OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY OF VAIPPAR BASIN, TAMIL NADU, INDIA: A GEOI...SagarChougule11
The Vaippar Basin, one of the important basins of Tamil Nadu is located between 9° 0' 05" & 9° 44' 56" N latitudes and 77° 23' 25" & 78° 17' 02" E longitudes with an area of 5339 sq.km. Groundwater samples were collected from 91 different locations in the Vaippar basin, Tamil Nadu, India. Groundwater quality data for the period of 30 years (1983 to 2013) of both pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods were used to analyze the groundwater quality aspects of the Vaippar basin. The physico-chemical parameters such as Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), pH, HCO3-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, SO4-, NO3- and Cl have been analyzed to determine the geological and non-geological source of contamination. An overall hydrogeochemical analytical study using Electrical Conductivity, Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Sodium percentage (Na%) and Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) values reveals that most of the groundwater samples collected from the study area are suitable for drinking, irrigation, and industrial purposes.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Lake Water Quality Indexing To Identify Suitable Sites For Household Utility:...IJERA Editor
Water management practices need a fresh look in order to avoid water crisis in the next two decades. This
essentially requires looking for proper management practices for growing economy and population. The water
resources of the Lake basins remain almost constant while demand of water for various purposes is increasing.
Water pollution as a corollary of accelerated industrial growth has drawn concerns over public health and
environment. Water is required for different purposes like domestic, agricultural, hydro-power, navigation,
recreation, etc. Utilization in all these diverse uses of water should be optimized and an awareness of water as a
inadequate resource should be fostered. Water quality index (WQI) is precious and unique rating to depict the
overall water quality status in appropriate treatment technique to meet the concerned issues. This paper
elaborates on the WQI concepts and current scenario of Jambhulwadi Lake which will help in future as natural
potable groundwater resource. It also focuses on case scenario of calculating WQI using Weighted Arithmetic
Water Quality Index an example dataset. The quality of water way to evaluate by testing various physicochemical
parameters such as pH, Temperature, Total Dissolved Solid (TDS),Alkalinity Total Hardness,
Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD),Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Nitrites,
Phosphate, Conductivity
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Final year civil engineering project report physico chemical analsis of groun...Shaik Jawad
Final year civil engineering project report
environmental engineering project report
environmental engineering project report
environmental engineering
remote sensing technique
ground water quality
physico chemical analysis of ground water quality
physico chemical analysis of ground water quality with application of GIS AND REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUE
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Evaluation of Ground Water Quality and Suitability for Irrigation Purposes in...inventionjournals
The current study aims at evaluating the ground water quality in Alagilat area, Northwest Libya, for irrigation application. Sixty-fife samples were collected from ground water wells at different depths. The samples were analyzed for Ca2+, K + , Mg2+, Na+ , Cl- , HCO3 - , CO3 2- , SO4 -2 , NO3 - , EC, TDS and TH. For classification purpose, some chemical indices like EC, Sodium percent (SP), Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), Permeability index (PI), Magnesium ratio (MR) and Kelly`s ratio (KR), were calculated. The results indicated that the 83.1% and 12.31 % of the samples EC level fall under doubtful and unsuitable category. This in turn implies to the importance of carrying out a pre-treatment and monitoring of the studied samples if they were to be utilized in irrigation. One option is to grow salt tolerant crops to overcome this issue. Regarding the remaining indices, the results showed that more than 95% of the samples were found to be within the safe limit and likely suitable for agricultural irrigation purposes.
INFLUENCE OF LEACHATE MIGRATION ON GROUND WATER QUALITY Dr. Naveen BP
In this paper, the concept of leachate pollution index, a tool for quantifying the leachate pollution potential and water quality index for surrounding water bodies of Mavallipura landfill site in Bangalore has been applied. It has been found that the leachate generated from the Mavallipura landfill site has high contamination potential to the surrounding water bodies. The results revealed that quality of ground water resources in Mavallipura landfill is deteriorating largely, as a result of the poor practice of solid waste management. Hence, an effective remedial plan needs to be prepared for the sustainable water quality maintenance of the area.
The quality groundwater for irrigation in Fetzara basin, northeast AlgeriaInnspub Net
The Fetzara basin occupying an area of about 515 km2 is a part of the alluvial deposits of the Annaba plain. The main source of irrigation water in Fetzara basin is groundwater, hence its quality needs to be controlled; otherwise it can damage soil and reduce crop production. The aim of this study was to review hydro chemical processes that control the groundwater chemistry and to determine the suitability of groundwater for irrigation. Hydro chemical analysis has been carried out based on concentrations of Ca++, Mg++, Na+, K+, Cl-, SO4–, CO3– and HCO3-. Different irrigation quality parameters viz, salinity, Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), sodium percentage (Na%), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Magnesium Hazards (MH), Kelly’s index (KI) and Permeability Index (PI) are calculated for the evaluation of groundwater quality for irrigation purposes. The evaluation of SAR (2.127-9.021) and EC (1240-6390 µS/cm) resulted in classification category ‘C3S1 and C4S1’, indicating high salinity and low sodium water which can be used for irrigation in most soils and crops with little to medium danger of development of exchangeable sodium and salinity. However, samples with doubtful Na% (56%), unsuitable KI and MH (88%, 64% respectively), and high salinity hazard (60%) values restrict the suitability of the groundwater for agricultural purposes, and plants with good salt tolerance should be selected for such ground waters.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Lake Water Quality Indexing To Identify Suitable Sites For Household Utility:...IJERA Editor
Water management practices need a fresh look in order to avoid water crisis in the next two decades. This
essentially requires looking for proper management practices for growing economy and population. The water
resources of the Lake basins remain almost constant while demand of water for various purposes is increasing.
Water pollution as a corollary of accelerated industrial growth has drawn concerns over public health and
environment. Water is required for different purposes like domestic, agricultural, hydro-power, navigation,
recreation, etc. Utilization in all these diverse uses of water should be optimized and an awareness of water as a
inadequate resource should be fostered. Water quality index (WQI) is precious and unique rating to depict the
overall water quality status in appropriate treatment technique to meet the concerned issues. This paper
elaborates on the WQI concepts and current scenario of Jambhulwadi Lake which will help in future as natural
potable groundwater resource. It also focuses on case scenario of calculating WQI using Weighted Arithmetic
Water Quality Index an example dataset. The quality of water way to evaluate by testing various physicochemical
parameters such as pH, Temperature, Total Dissolved Solid (TDS),Alkalinity Total Hardness,
Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD),Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Nitrites,
Phosphate, Conductivity
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Final year civil engineering project report physico chemical analsis of groun...Shaik Jawad
Final year civil engineering project report
environmental engineering project report
environmental engineering project report
environmental engineering
remote sensing technique
ground water quality
physico chemical analysis of ground water quality
physico chemical analysis of ground water quality with application of GIS AND REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUE
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Evaluation of Ground Water Quality and Suitability for Irrigation Purposes in...inventionjournals
The current study aims at evaluating the ground water quality in Alagilat area, Northwest Libya, for irrigation application. Sixty-fife samples were collected from ground water wells at different depths. The samples were analyzed for Ca2+, K + , Mg2+, Na+ , Cl- , HCO3 - , CO3 2- , SO4 -2 , NO3 - , EC, TDS and TH. For classification purpose, some chemical indices like EC, Sodium percent (SP), Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), Permeability index (PI), Magnesium ratio (MR) and Kelly`s ratio (KR), were calculated. The results indicated that the 83.1% and 12.31 % of the samples EC level fall under doubtful and unsuitable category. This in turn implies to the importance of carrying out a pre-treatment and monitoring of the studied samples if they were to be utilized in irrigation. One option is to grow salt tolerant crops to overcome this issue. Regarding the remaining indices, the results showed that more than 95% of the samples were found to be within the safe limit and likely suitable for agricultural irrigation purposes.
INFLUENCE OF LEACHATE MIGRATION ON GROUND WATER QUALITY Dr. Naveen BP
In this paper, the concept of leachate pollution index, a tool for quantifying the leachate pollution potential and water quality index for surrounding water bodies of Mavallipura landfill site in Bangalore has been applied. It has been found that the leachate generated from the Mavallipura landfill site has high contamination potential to the surrounding water bodies. The results revealed that quality of ground water resources in Mavallipura landfill is deteriorating largely, as a result of the poor practice of solid waste management. Hence, an effective remedial plan needs to be prepared for the sustainable water quality maintenance of the area.
The quality groundwater for irrigation in Fetzara basin, northeast AlgeriaInnspub Net
The Fetzara basin occupying an area of about 515 km2 is a part of the alluvial deposits of the Annaba plain. The main source of irrigation water in Fetzara basin is groundwater, hence its quality needs to be controlled; otherwise it can damage soil and reduce crop production. The aim of this study was to review hydro chemical processes that control the groundwater chemistry and to determine the suitability of groundwater for irrigation. Hydro chemical analysis has been carried out based on concentrations of Ca++, Mg++, Na+, K+, Cl-, SO4–, CO3– and HCO3-. Different irrigation quality parameters viz, salinity, Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), sodium percentage (Na%), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Magnesium Hazards (MH), Kelly’s index (KI) and Permeability Index (PI) are calculated for the evaluation of groundwater quality for irrigation purposes. The evaluation of SAR (2.127-9.021) and EC (1240-6390 µS/cm) resulted in classification category ‘C3S1 and C4S1’, indicating high salinity and low sodium water which can be used for irrigation in most soils and crops with little to medium danger of development of exchangeable sodium and salinity. However, samples with doubtful Na% (56%), unsuitable KI and MH (88%, 64% respectively), and high salinity hazard (60%) values restrict the suitability of the groundwater for agricultural purposes, and plants with good salt tolerance should be selected for such ground waters.
Assessment of Water Quality of Lakes for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes in ...IJERA Editor
Lake water is an important source for drinking, domestic and irrigation purposes in rural and urban India. The present study aims at evaluating the water quality of various lakes in Raipur city, Chhatisgarh. There existed 154 lakes in the city but it shrinked to 85 in number due to encroachment or drying up of lakes. Twenty seven prominent lakes are selected to study and evaluate the water quality for drinking and irrigation purposes. The water samples were collected and analysed for pH, Turbidity, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Alkalinity, Hardness, Sodium(Na+), Potassium(K+), Calcium(Ca2+), Magnesium(Mg2+), Bicarbonate(HCO3-), Sulphate (SO42-), Nitrate (NO3−),Phosphate(PO43-) Fluoride(F-), Chloride (Cl−), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Coliform (TC) and Fecal Coliform (FC). There are variations for pH (6.59-8.29), EC (382-2330μS/cm), Turbidity (1-232 NTU), TDS (244-1491 mg/L), Alkalinity (120-600 mg/L), Hardness (66-330mg/L), Na+(37-430 mg/L), K+ (8-253 mg/L), Ca2+ (9-90 mg/L), Mg2+(3-26 mg/L), SO42- (5-200 mg/L), NO3-(0-19 mg/L), PO43-(0.19-5.3 mg/L), F-(0.18-1.41 mg/L) and Cl- (46-388 mg/L), DO(1-8.6 mg/L), BOD (0.1-11.3 mg/L), COD (8-118 mg/L), Total Coliform( 15-3600 MPN/100ml) and Fecal Coliform (4-240 MPN/100 ml). The results have been compared with the drinking water standard prescribed by Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS). All the physiochemical parameters are within the prescribed limit except turbidity, fecal & total coliform. The Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and salinity hazards are studied to classify the water for irrigation uses. It is found that lake water is suitable for irrigation purposes.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Study of the Quality of Irrigation Water in South-East El-Kantara Canal, Nort...Medhat Elzahar
The study examines the irrigation water quality
for North Sinai Development Project (NSDP). The water
resources investigated are agriculture wastewater mixed with
Nile freshwater in a ratio of 1:1. This study focuses on the
quality of irrigation water used in the reclamation and
cultivation of 75,000 acres of the South-East EL-Kantra Canal
lies in the NSDP. Six monitoring locations along the canal path
were chosen for examination. Water samples were collected
every month during the period from Dec. 2007 to Nov. 2014.
The water parameters were set using the Egyptian irrigation
water standards, based on the local Decree 92/2013 for the
Executive Regulation of Law 48/1982, concerning the protection
of the Nile River and its waterways from pollution, as well as
the United States Environmental Agency, USEPA 2012
Guidelines for reclaimed water quality for irrigation. The
results of the study clearly demonstrate restrictions to irrigate
the uncooked vegetables and uncooked crops for human. The
need for increasing the mixed Nile freshwater portion or
pretreatment of the agriculture wastewater prior to mixing
with the Nile freshwater to satisfy Egyptian irrigation water
standards and USEPA 2012 as several water quality results,
such as BOD, DO, and fecal coliform, are unacceptable. As a
suggestion, we recommend using aerated lagoons, stabilization
ponds or wetlands to treat polluted agriculture wastewater
before adding to the Nile river water to satisfy Egyptian
irrigation water criteria.
An Evaluation System of Surface Water Quality in Algeria (Application on the ...IJERA Editor
Easily accessible surface waters remain very fragile and very vulnerable to various types of pollution. Chellif,
Macta and Tafna Basins are considered as the main water resources feeding the North West of Algeria; however,
protection and conservation of these water resources become the major concern of the researchers. The
evaluation system of the water quality is based on the measure of physic-chemical parameters of the surface
water according to the uses of water for drink, industry or agriculture. In this work we have to proceed to an
application of this system to the surface waters on the three basins. Physic-chemical analyses are used for a
period of three years (2012-2014) and several points chosen on the three catchments are taken into account.
In this paper we shall apply the quality index calculation method for the Water Quality Evaluation system
(WQES) and the follow-up of the impacts of the anthropologic activities on the natural environment The main
results are the validation of the WQES method for different type of pollution as mineral, organic, heavy metals
in the West of Algeria, this methodology give us possibility for better investigation of the water pollution
A Study on the Investigation of Some Quality Parameters of Atikhisar Dam Lake...ijtsrd
This study was carried out seasonally to determine some nutrient load concentrations in the Atikhisar Dam Lake, which provides drinking water to the city center of Çanakkale and also serves the purpose of protection from floods. For this purpose, water samples were taken from 3 sampling points in Atikhisar Dam Lake. 5 parameters nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, phosphate and suspended solids were examined in the water samples taken. At the end of the study, it is understood that the dam has a good water quality and there is no significant pollution problem. To ensure the sustainability of water resources, dam waters, which contain a significant part of natural resources, should be monitored regularly. Pinar Yildirim "A Study on the Investigation of Some Quality Parameters of Atikhisar Dam Lake in Çanakkale" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52539.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/52539/a-study-on-the-investigation-of-some-quality-parameters-of-atikhisar-dam-lake-in-çanakkale/pinar-yildirim
The basic reason behind the need to
monitor water quality is to verify whether the examined
water quality is suitable for intended usage or not. This
study is conducted on Al -Shamiya al- sharqi drain in
Diwaniya city in Iraq to make valid assessment for the
level of parameters measured and to realize their effects
on irrigation. In order to assess the drainage water
quality for irrigation purposes with a high accuracy, the
Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI) will be examined
and upgraded (integrated with GIS) to make a
classification for drainage water. For this purpose, ten
samples of drainage water were taken from different ten
location of the stuay area. The collected samples were
analyzed chemically for different elements which affect
water quality for irrigation.These elements are :
Calcium(Ca+2), Sodium(Na+
), Magnesium(Mg+2),
Chloride( ), Potassium(K+
), Bicarbonate(HCO3),
Nitrate(NO3), Sulfate( , Phosphate( , Electrical
Conductivity(EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total
Suspended Solids (TSS) and pH-values (PH). Sodium
Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and Sodium Content (Na%)
have been also calculated. Results suggest that, the use of
GIS and Water Quality Index (WQI) methods could
provide an extremely interesting as well as efficient tool
to water resource management. The results analysis of
(IWQI) maps confirms that: 52% of the drainage water
in study area falls within the "Low restriction" (LR) and
47%of study area has water with (Moderate
restriction)(MR),While 1% of drainage water in the
study area classified as (Sever restriction) (SR). So, the
drainage water should be used with the soil having high
permeability with some constraints imposed on types of
plant for specified tolerance of salts
CHARACTERIZATION OF LEACHATE FROM MUNCIPAL LANDFILL AND ITS EFFECT ON SURROUN...Dr. Naveen BP
Percolating water passing through waste becomes contaminated and will have dissolved soluble organic and inorganic compounds as well as suspended particles. Also the pore fluid of the waste is often released and mixes with this water. The entire contaminated fluid is called leachate. There are many factors that affect leachate production like annual precipitation, runoff, infiltration, evaporation, transpiration, and freezing, mean ambient temperature, waste composition, waste density, initial moisture content, and depth of the waste fill. The production of leachate reduces when a landfill is closed. The decomposition of waste in presence of water can be separated into two different phases of degradation viz., initial aerobic and subsequent anaerobic. Generally, the leachate undergoes natural chemical changes over time that reduces its toxicity. Some of the soluble contaminants enrich the water table, or the saturated zone. Some of remaining molecules naturally adsorbed to the clay liner particles. The paper discusses the characteristics of leachate generated from municipal solid waste landfill and its effect on surrounding water bodies near Mavallipura landfill area in Bangalore. Two samples of water from the nearby pond and well were collected from downstream of Mavallipura landfill site. Physico-chemical characterization of leachate has shown that the leachate contains high concentrations of organic and inorganic constituents beyond the permissible limits. While the heavy metals concentration was in traces as the waste is dumped in the landfill is mainly domestic in nature. The pH of the leachate is marginally alkaline as the pH is 7.4. The results also showed that the highest metal concentration that exists in the leachate was Iron which is about of 11.16 ppm. BOD5 and COD of the leachate are 1500 mg/l and 10400 mg/l, respectively. The leachate characteristics indicate favorable growth of algae in natural water contaminated with leachate with the alkaline condition and with the presence of magnesium as nutrient, which has been confirmed in the nearby surface pond. Knowledge of leachate quality will be useful in planning and providing remedial measures to protect surface and ground water quality in the area.
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in March in which eight water quality parameters were analyzed: Turbidity, total
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of Al-Hilla River indicates that the river water is unsuitable for drinking which is
majorly attributed to the total dissolved solids and turbidity. This interprets the
condition of the river which can help the local authority in taking action by identifying
the sources of pollution and improving the water quality and stakeholders should be
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Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
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Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
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Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
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The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
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Irrigation Water Quality Assessment for Water Resources used in Irrigation of Agricultural Fields in Mezitli Town of Mersin Province
1. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-7, Issue-9, September- 2021]
Page | 62
Irrigation Water Quality Assessment for Water Resources used in
Irrigation of Agricultural Fields in Mezitli Town of Mersin
Province
Ahmet Melih Yılmaz1
, Onur Avcı2*
Department of Farm Building and Irrigation, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Selçuk, Konya-Turkey
This paper was produced from the Master Thesis of Onur Avcı.
*Corresponding Author
Abstract— This study was conducted for irrigation water quality assessment of water resources used in irrigation of
agricultural fields in Mezitli town of Mersin province. Water samples were taken from 20 sampling points of surface water
resources used for irrigations in irrigated farming lands of Mezitli town in 4 sampling periods (July – October). Samples
were analyzed for pH, EC, water-soluble cations (Ca, Mg, Na, K) and anions (CO3, HCO3, Cl and SO4), boron, %Na, SAR
and RSC. Sample pH values varied between 7,05 - 8,26 and EC values varied between 292 - 1103 µmhos/cm. According to
US Salinity Lab Classification System, irrigation waters were classified as C2S1 and C3S1 (moderately and highly saline
waters). Boron concentrations of all samples were below the threshold value of 0,67 ppm. Significant differences were not
observed in water quality parameters throughout the irrigation season.
Keywords— Irrigation, irrigation water quality, saline irrigation water, boron.
I. INTRODUCTION
Electrical conductivity (EC) is the most significant indicator of irrigation water quality. It is a measure of salinity with great
impacts on crop productivity. Waters with high EC values reduce crop yields through reducing plant competition for water
with the ions of soil solution. The greater the EC is, the less the water available for plants despite moist appearance of the soil
[1].
Besides irrigation water quantity, irrigation timing and irrigation methods, irrigation water quality is also a significant
parameter in modern irrigation systems [2]. When the sufficient quantity and quality irrigation water is not available,
improper water resources are used in irrigations. Such waters then alleviate salinity problem. In a previous study, water
samples were taken from 10 irrigation ponds in June, July, August and September to assess water quality of the ponds used
for irrigation water supply in Hakkari province of Turkey. Samples were analyzed for EC, pH, anion and cations (Ca+2
, Mg+2
,
K+
, Na+
, SO4
-2
, NO3
-2
, CO3
-2
, HCO3
-
and CI-
). Resultant values were used to calculate sodium adsorption ratio (SAR),
residual sodium carbonate (RSC) and percent sodium (% Na) values. Research findings revealed that pH, EC, SAR, RSC and
% Na values of irrigation ponds did not exceed threshold values, but Mg+2
and K+
values of the pond waters in Akçalı Village
– Kanatlı locality and K+
values in Kırıkdağ Village - Şişer locality exceeded threshold values [2].
Total salt quantity of irrigation waters is expressed as electrical conductivity (EC x 106
) in μmhos/cm
(1000μmhos/cm=1mmhos/cm=1dS/m). Majority of waters used successfully in irrigated farming has a total salt
concentration of less than 2250 μmhos/cm. In terms only of total salt concentration, electrical conductivity of irrigation
waters should be less than 750 μmhos/cm. However, irrigation waters with electrical conductivity of between 750 - 2250
μmhos/cm are largely used. Such waters may offer sufficient yield levels under proper drainage and operational conditions,
but salinity problem may emerge if the sufficient leaching was not provided under improper drainage conditions [3].
Received:- 13 September 2021/ Revised:- 19 September 2021/ Accepted:- 25 September 2021/ Published: 30-09-2021
Copyright @ 2021 International Journal of Environmental and Agriculture Research
This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
Non-Commercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted
Non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
2. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-7, Issue-9, September- 2021]
Page | 63
Yeter and Yurtseven [4] investigated the effects of different quality irrigation waters on alfalfa plants and reported recessed
growth, reduced yield and quality in alfalfa plant irrigated with saline waters. On the other hand, it was indicated that when
sufficient leaching was provided and excess salt was removed from the rootzone, plant growth and development returned to
normal levels. Researchers finally concluded that for high yield levels in alfalfa farming, irrigation water salinity should be
less than 1.5 dSm-1
.
Salinity and alkalinity problems are largely encountered in irrigated farming lands of arid and semi-arid regions of the world.
Low precipitation levels, poor-quality irrigation waters and high evaporation rates aggravate salinity and alkalinity problems
of these regions. Such problems also destruct structural characteristics of the soils [5-6].
Gürcan [7] conducted a study to assess the water quality in irrigation district of Ankara Haymana Soğulca Village irrigation
cooperative and classified irrigation water samples as C3 (highly saline) and indicated that these waters could not be used in
fields with limited drainage facilities. It was also indicated that despite salinity problems in water resources of the irrigation
district, salinity was not encountered in agricultural fields irrigated with these waters. However, it was recommended that
closed or open drainage facilities should be constructed to prevent potential salinity problems in the future.
Topçu and Taş [8] conducted a study on Çanakkale Biga Plain and investigated electrical conductivity (EC), pH, potassium
(K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), carbonate (CO3), bicarbonate (HCO3), chlorine (Cl), sulphate (SO4),
nitrate (NO3) and boron (B) of water samples taken from 20 groundwater wells. Considering the classification system of
Water Pollution Control Regulation (SKKY) and salinity parameters, 11 of 20 samples were classified as the second-class
and the rest was classified as the first-class. Apart from nitrate pollution in groundwaters, a distinctive problem was not
encountered in the research site overall.
Demer and Hepdeniz [9] investigated groundwater quality with the use of water samples taken from 21 groundwater wells in
Isparta Plain and reported water quality class of some wells as C3S1 (highly saline – slightly alkaline) and the rest as C2S1
(moderately saline – slightly alkaline).
Dorak and Çelik [10] conducted a study to determine the effects of domestic and industrial wastewater effluents on Nilüfer
Creek and took water samples from treated wastewater effluents of 5 treatment facilities and from the creeks to which treated
wastewater effluents were discharged at 4 different sampling periods between August 2013 – May 2014. It was reported that
water quality of Nilufer Creek and treatment facilities varied with the sampling periods, quality classes of water samples
based on EC and SAR were identified as between C2S1 - C4S4 and discharged effluents negatively influenced especially pH,
EC, ammonium, sulphate, boron and chlorine values of Nilfer Creek.
Akaroğlu and Seferoğlu [11] conducted a study in Sultanhisar town of Aydın province to assess irrigation water quality and
reported that water quality classes varied between C2S1 - C3S1, canal water quality influenced fruit quality and boron content
of plants irrigated with these waters was greater than the boron content of control plants.
Aregahegn and Zerihun [12] took water samples from 17 sampling sites along the Awash River in four different sampling
periods to assess the water quality of Awash River and tributaries. General water quality and suitability for irrigation were
assessed with the use of several water quality parameters including pH, EC, SAR, RSC, Na +
, K +
, Ca++
+ Mg++
, CO3
2−
,
HCO3
−
and Cl−
. It was reported that entire quality parameters in Beseka Lake exceeded maximum allowable limits for
irrigation, physicochemical characteristics of Awash River varied with the sampling sites and water quality parameters, pH
and SAR values only of Beseka Lake and Meteka hot spring waters exceeded the allowable limits, Mojo, Wonji, Beseka,
Melkasedi, Werer, Ambash, Meteka and Meteka hot spring waters had moderate-high salinity (EC) levels and very high RSC
levels. It was recommended that industrial wastewater treatment facilities should be constructed to improve water quality of
Awash River and tributaries.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Mezitli with wonderful natural beauties is located on the cost of Mediterranean Sea. Total surface area of the town is 515.79
km2
and average altitude is 3-5 m. About ¾ of Mezitli soils are composed of mountains, plateaus and undulated topography.
3. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-7, Issue-9, September- 2021]
Page | 64
The coastline between the mountain and the sea contracts toward the west. Taurus Mountains set a barrier in front of
northernly winds and result in dominant Mediterranean climate in the region.
Mezitli is among the towns with the greatest sunshine durations. About 300 days of a year is shinny. Daily average sunshine
duration is 7.4 hours and such duration is between 8 – 10 hours in summer months. Average relative humidity is 72% and
monthly relative humidity is quite close to each other. Average monthly relative humidity varies between 65–75%. Annual
average temperature is 18.4 °C. Average temperatures of summer months vary between 25 – 33 °C and average temperatures
of winter months vary between 9–15 °C. Average sea water temperature is 20 °C. Sea water temperature reaches to 28 °C in
summer months and such a temperature is maintained for a long time, thus prolong tourism season.
Annual average precipitation is 618.6 mm with the greatest precipitation in December and the least in August. There are no
plains in the town and Gemrik, Garkın, Kalegediği, Gelin Kayası, Eyüp Kayası, Hazmur, Karagedik, Gicik Kayası,
Hürükızları Kepez, Manıt, Saladağ, Kuşkayası, Durnaz, Peynir, Koca Ellez Mountains are located on the north of the town.
There are Kandak, Tece and Mezitli creeks in the town center.
Maquis, encountered at altitudes of 500 – 600 m, is the dominant ever-green typical plant cover of the Mediterranean region.
Laurel, wild olive, carob, myrtle, rose laurel, banyan, blackberry and rosehip naturally grown in this zone. Forests start after
maquis. Oak trees grow at altitudes of between 100 - 1000 m, Calabrian pine between 100 - 1200 m, black pine at 1500 m,
cedar and juniper at 2000 m. Shrubs and pastures are encountered after 2500 m. Nomads (Yuruks) generally live on these
high altitudes [13]. Location of the research site is presented in Figure 1.
FIGURE 1: Location of the research site
Water samples were taken from 20 sampling points of surface water resources used for irrigations in irrigated farming lands
of Mezitli town in 4 sampling periods (July – October). Sample pH and EC readings were performed in each month. Water
samples taken in August were also subjected to water-soluble cations (Ca, Mg, Na, K) and anions (CO3, HCO3, Cl and SO4)
and boron analyses. With the use of these analysis results, %Na, SAR and RSC values were calculated and irrigation water
quality classes were determined.
4. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-7, Issue-9, September- 2021]
Page | 65
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Water samples were taken for 4 months throughout the irrigation season (July, August, September, October) from the water
resources (groundwater wells) used in irrigation of agricultural fields.
The pH and EC values of irrigation water samples taken in July, September and October are provided in Table 1. Irrigation
water pH values varied between 7,07 - 8,11 in July, between 7,14 - 8,15 in September and between 7,05 - 8,02 in October.
Irrigation water EC values varied between 343 - 1045 µmhos/cm in July, between 308-1103 µmhos/cm in September and
between 344-1056 µmhos/cm in October.
In July, the greatest salinity values were observed in samples 16 and 17, EC values of samples 15 and 20 were greater than
allowable limit value (750 µmhos/cm) and the rest was below the allowable limit (750 µmhos/cm), thus considered to be
used in irrigation of agricultural fields without generating a salinity problem. In September, the greatest irrigation water
salinity values were obtained from the samples 14, 15, 16 and 17, which were greater than the threshold salinity level (750
µmhos/cm) and the rest was below the threshold salinity level of 750 µmhos/cm, which was considered to be used in
irrigations. In October, the greatest salinity values were seen in the samples 14, 15, 16 and 17, which were greater than the
threshold salinity level (750 µmhos/cm), but the rest was below the threshold value of 750 µmhos/cm, which was considered
to be used in irrigation of agricultural fields.
TABLE 1
EC AND PH VALUES OF IRRIGATION WATER SAMPLES TAKEN IN JULY, SEPTEMBER AND OCTOBER
Sample
No
July September October
pH
EC x 106
µmhos/cm
25 o
C
pH
EC x 106
µmhos/cm
25 o
C
pH
EC x 106
µmhos/cm
25 o
C
1 8,11 549 7,93 551 7,86 548
2 7,72 553 7,88 547 7,98 556
3 7,60 452 8,11 525 8,02 498
4 7,65 435 8,15 516 8,01 502
5 7,40 452 8,08 519 7,88 503
6 7,09 585 7,20 554 7,15 576
7 7,08 582 7,23 570 7,05 565
8 7,60 351 7,82 311 7,88 346
9 7,56 351 7,90 308 7,75 344
10 7,30 343 7,44 353 7,50 349
11 7,31 349 7,50 351 7,66 359
12 7,90 715 7,48 724 7,60 710
13 7,80 717 7,39 730 7,48 720
14 7,11 724 7,15 1015 7,05 935
15 7,09 752 7,14 1040 7,11 1005
16 7,39 1045 7,56 1103 7,45 1018
17 7,31 1045 7,60 1094 7,55 1056
18 7,31 562 7,30 424 7,85 496
19 7,68 569 7,46 416 7,68 511
20 7,07 752 7,22 624 7,26 703
6. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-7, Issue-9, September- 2021]
Page | 67
Chemical analysis results of irrigation water samples taken in August are provided in Table 2. Irrigation water pH values
varied between 7,16 – 8,26 and EC values varied between 292 - 1101 µmhos/cm. Boron concentration of all samples was
below the threshold boron level of 0,67 ppm. In terms of water-soluble anions and cations, Ca was identified as the dominant
cation and HCO3 as the dominant anion. Sodium adsorption ratios (SAR) of the samples varied between 0.05 – 3,14; % Na
values varied between 1,62 - 48,04, residual sodium carbonate (RSC) values varied between 1,72 - 1,90 (in samples 16 and
17). According to US Salinity Lab Classification System, water samples taken in August were classified as C2S1 and C3S1.
EC values of irrigation water samples taken in August are presented in Figure 2. The greatest salinity values were obtained
from the samples 14, 15, 16 and 17, which were greater than the threshold salinity level (750 µmhos/cm) and the rest was
below the threshold level of 750 µmhos/cm, which was considered to be used in irrigations without a concern of salinity
problem.
FIGURE 2: EC values of irrigation water samples taken in August
IV. CONCLUSION
Following conclusions were drawn from the present study conducted to assess irrigation water quality of water resources
used in irrigation of agricultural fields of Mezitli town of Mersin province:
a) Water samples with salinity levels of lower than the threshold salinity level (750 µmhos/cm) were classified as
moderately saline (C2), thus they could be used in irrigations without posing a risk of salinity in surrounding fields.
Rest of the samples with salinity values greater than the threshold salinity value of 750 µmhos/cm was classified as
highly saline (C3), thus salt-resistant plants should be selected or special measures should be taken for salinity control.
EC values of present samples varied between 292 - 1101 µmhos/cm and pH values varied between 7,05 - 8,26. Based on
these values, irrigation water quality classes were identified as C2S1 (moderately saline – low alkaline) and C3S1 (highly
saline – low alkaline).
b) In terms of water-soluble anions and cations, Ca ++
was identified as dominant cation and HCO3
–
as dominant anion.
Sodium adsorption ratios (SAR) of the samples varied between 0,05 – 3,14; % Na values varied between 1,62 – 48,04
and boron concentrations of all samples was below the threshold boron level of 0,7 ppm.
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
EC
VALUES
(
µmhos
/
cm
)
WATER SAMPLES
EC VALUES OF WATER SAMPLES
Safe Irrigation Water Limits
250-750 µmhos/cm
7. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-7, Issue-9, September- 2021]
Page | 68
V. RECOMMENDATIONS
a) Drainage facilities should be developed to prevent emergence of a salinity problem and periodical maintenance of
available drainage facilities should be practiced.
b) Soils should be enriched in organic matter and soil tillage methods should precisely be selected.
c) Relevant measures should already be taken to prevent future salinity and alkalinity problems. Reclamation practices and
leaching should be emphasized.
d) To prevent yield losses, irrigation water should be applied through proper irrigation methods. Considering leaching
practices, sprinkler irrigation should be selected in places with insufficient water resources and ponding irrigation
(especially intermittent ponding) should be selected in places with sufficient water resources.
e) Trainings on soil – plant – water relations and irrigation water quality should be provided by agricultural institutions and
organizations to raise farmer’s awareness on these issues.
Note: This paper was derived from the MSc Thesis of Onur AVCI.
REFERENCES
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different crop rotations International Journal of Agriculture & Biology, 1560-8350/2006/08-2-142-146.
[7] S. Gürcan. 2016. “
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, S.Ü. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Y. L. Tezi, Konya (In Turkish).
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Sulama suyu kalitesi açısından çanakkale–biga ovası yeraltı sularının durumu“
. ÇOMÜ Zir. Fak. Derg.
(COMU J. Agric. Fac.) 2020: 8 (1): 251– 260 ISSN: 2147–8384 / e-ISSN: 2564–6826 doi: 10.33202/comuagri.732685. Çanakkale (In
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Isparta Ovasında (GB-Türkiye) sulama suyu kalitesinin istatistik ve coğrafi bilgi sistemleri
kullanılarak değerlendirilmesi“
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[10] S. Dorak, and H. Çelik. 2017. “
Irrigation water quality of Nilüfer Stream and effects of the wastewater discharges of the treatment
plants“
. Ege Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Derg., 54 (3): 249-257
[11] Ş.N. Akaroğlu, and S. Seferoğlu. 2018. “
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