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Water Quality Modeling for Groundwater, Surface Water, and Watersheds: Basic Theory and Applications
- 1. Water Quality Modeling for Groundwater, Surface Water, and Watersheds: Basic Theory and Applications Ryan Bailey Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering Colorado State University rtbailey@engr.colostate.edu 1
- 3. 2006-2008 Assessment of Groundwater Quantity on Atoll Islands in the Federated States of Micronesia Personal Background
- 4. 2008-2012 Selenium & Nitrogen Fate and Transport in Agricultural Groundwater Systems Personal Background
- 5. Research Projects • Selenium in Groundwater Systems • Salinity in Groundwater Systems • Small Island Water Resources Assessment • Groundwater in the Ogallala Aquifer Region • Nutrient transport in subsurface tile drains • Groundwater-surface water interactions • Coupled land surface / groundwater modeling
- 6. Outline 1. Importance of Water Quality (Case Study) 2. Basics of Water Quality Modeling (Transport) 3. Projects using Water Quality Modeling 6
- 7. Basics of Water Quality Hydrologic Cycle
- 8. Groundwater Contamination Case Studies – Woburn, Massachusetts
- 9. Groundwater Contamination Case Studies – Woburn, Massachusetts TCE (tetrachloroethylene) • Solvent for organic materials (used for dry cleaning, degreasing automotive parts, paint strippers) • First synthesized in 1821 (Michael Faraday) • Group 2A carcinogen (likely to cause cancer) • Central nervous system depressant • Dissolves fats from skin (skin irritation) • Banned from use in new dry-cleaning machines in 2007 • EPA drinking water: < 5 ppb (µg/L) C2Cl4
- 10. Tanneries, Dry Cleaning, Textile Mills, Paper Industries, Chemical Companies http://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPH-Modules/PH/Woburn/Woburn_print.html Groundwater Contamination Case Studies – Woburn, Massachusetts
- 11. Incidents of Leukemia Where did the TCE originate from? Who is at fault? Groundwater Contamination Case Studies – Woburn, Massachusetts
- 12. Groundwater Contamination Case Studies – Woburn, Massachusetts 1964-1967 http://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPH-Modules/PH/Woburn/Woburn_print.html Dump chemicals (TCE) Trichloroethylene Until 1960s Dry Cleaning Tannery
- 13. Complaints about the water in east Woburn began after Well G began pumping water in November of 1964 Complaints forced pumping to stop in October 1969, but they were reopened whenever the demand for water increased during the summer or when there was drought. Whenever Wells G and H began pumping, there were complaints about the "putrid, ill-smelling, and foul water." Groundwater Contamination Case Studies – Woburn, Massachusetts How to pinpoint origin of contamination at Wells?
- 15. Water Quality Effects Chemicals Toxin and Carcinogen Skin disorders, keratosis, cardiovascular, respiratory • Mobilized by weathering reactions, biological activity, volcanic emissions, mining, use of arsenical pesticides • Groundwater: increased contact between water and rocks (high vulnerability) • Large scale contamination in Bangladesh
- 16. Water Quality Effects Chemicals Toxin and Carcinogen Skin disorders, keratosis, cardiovascular, respiratory • Mobilized by weathering reactions, biological activity, volcanic emissions, mining, use of arsenical pesticides • Groundwater: increased contact between water and rocks (high vulnerability) • Large scale contamination in Bangladesh
- 17. Water Quality Effects Impacts from long-term consumption: < 0.5 mg/L Tooth Decay 0.5 – 1.5 mg/L Dental Health 1.5 – 4 mg/L Dental Fluorosis > 4 mg/L Dental and Skeletal Fluorosis > 10 mg/L Crippling Skeletal Fluorosis Dental Fluorosis Chemicals
- 18. Water Quality Effects Impacts from long-term consumption: < 0.5 mg/L Tooth Decay 0.5 – 1.5 mg/L Dental Health 1.5 – 4 mg/L Dental Fluorosis > 4 mg/L Dental and Skeletal Fluorosis > 10 mg/L Crippling Skeletal Fluorosis Chemicals
- 19. Water Contamination Sources of Contaminants • Septic tanks and cesspools • Land application (agriculture) • Landfills • Open dumps • Residential disposal • Mine wastes / Mine drainage • Radioactive-waste disposal sites • Pipelines • Pesticide • Manure • Urban Runoff • Atmospheric pollutants • Saltwater Intrusion
- 22. Outline 1. Importance of Water Quality (Case Study) 2. Basics of Water Quality Modeling (Transport) 3. Project using Water Quality Modeling 22
- 23. Water Quality Effects Modeling Transport in Rivers and Aquifers O’Connor et al. (2010)
- 24. Water Quality Effects Modeling Transport in Rivers and Aquifers O’Connor et al. (2010) 1. Advection 2. Dispersion 3. Chemical Reactions
- 25. Water Quality Effects Modeling Transport in Rivers and Aquifers O’Connor et al. (2010) 1. Advection 2. Dispersion 3. Chemical Reactions
- 26. Water Quality Effects Modeling Transport in Rivers and Aquifers O’Connor et al. (2010) 1. Advection 2. Dispersion 3. Chemical Reactions
- 27. Water Quality Effects Modeling Transport in Rivers and Aquifers O’Connor et al. (2010) 1. Advection 2. Dispersion 3. Chemical Reactions Sorption Redox reactions
- 28. Water Quality Effects Modeling Transport in Rivers and Aquifers O’Connor et al. (2010) 1. Advection 2. Dispersion 3. Chemical Reactions 1. Conservation of Mass 2. Partial Differential Equation 3. Numerical Methods (model)
- 29. Water Quality Effects Modeling Transport in Rivers and Aquifers
- 30. Water Quality Effects Modeling Transport in Rivers and Aquifers Groundwater Flow
- 31. Water Quality Effects Modeling Transport in Rivers and Aquifers Groundwater Flow
- 32. Water Quality Effects Modeling Transport in Rivers and Aquifers Contaminant Transport
- 33. Water Quality Effects Modeling Transport in Rivers and Aquifers
- 34. Water Quality Effects Modeling Transport in Rivers and Aquifers
- 35. Water Quality Effects Models for Groundwater/River Transport RT3D (Reactive Transport in 3 Dimensions)
- 36. Water Quality Effects Models for Groundwater/River Transport SEAWAT Islands Coasts
- 37. Water Quality Effects Models for Groundwater/River Transport OTIS-QUAL2E (One Dimensional Transport Inflow and Storage) Nitrogen cycling in stream
- 38. Outline 1. Importance of Water Quality (Case Study) 2. Basics of Water Quality Modeling (Transport) 3. Project using Water Quality Modeling 38
- 42. Selenium Contamination Selenium (Se): the “double-edged sword” element < 40 µg/day: Muscular dystrophy; Liver, muscle, heart disease, Cardiovascular cancer > 400 µg/day: Nervous system, growth retardation, deformities Particularly harmful to aquatic life (waterfowl and fish)
- 43. Selenium Contamination 1980s: Kesterson Reservoir - High Se drainage water - Deformation of water fowl (bioaccumulation) Kesterson Reservoir, CA 1990s and 2000s - Reports from sites worldwide - Se contamination in groundwater and surface water. - Deformation of water fowl, fish - Also: deficiency (Finland, China)
- 44. Selenium Contamination 1980s and 1990s: National Irrigation Water Quality Program Shale Bedrock + Irrigation = Se Problem Arkansas River Valley, CO (high flow + O2,NO3)
- 45. Selenium Contamination Bureau of Reclamation (Gunnison Basin, CO) www.usbr.gov/uc/wcau/progact/smp/overview.html NO3,O2 FeSe2 Se
- 46. Selenium Modeling in Arkansas River Valley
- 47. Selenium Modeling in Arkansas River Valley
- 48. Selenium Modeling in Arkansas River Valley Fort Lyon Holbrook Highline Catlin RF Ditch Otero 6 Irrigation Canals Highline Otero Catlin Rocky Ford Ditch Holbrook Fort Lyon Pumping Wells Depth to Bedrock (~15 m)Surface Shale
- 49. Selenium Modeling in Arkansas River Valley Fertilizer Loading (N) NO3 leaching, interaction with shale Release of Selenium into groundwater
- 50. Pueblo Reservoir John Martin Reservoir Upstream Study Region Downstream Study Region Se (µg/L) Se (µg/L) 50 (EPA Ag. Std)
- 51. Pueblo Reservoir John Martin Reservoir Upstream Study Region Downstream Study Region Se (µg/L) Se (µg/L) 4.6 4.6
- 52. Pueblo Reservoir Upstream Study Region Construct Groundwater Flow Model Construct Contaminant Transport Model RT3D (Aquifer, River) Identify strategies to mitigate Se contamination
- 53. Infiltration (irrigation, rainfall) Evapotranspiration (crops) Canal seepage River-aquifer interaction Pumping Aquifer Parameters MODFLOW Hydraulic Head
- 54. Selenium Modeling in Arkansas River Valley
- 55. Selenium Modeling in Arkansas River Valley • Crop type for each irrigated field • Distribution of Shale • Plant, Harvest, Plowing days • Fertilizer (time and amount) (N) • Root zone hydrology • Nitrogen cycling • Oxidation of Selenium from shale RT3D OTIS Concentration of NO3 and Se in Aquifer and River
- 56. Selenium Modeling in Arkansas River Valley
- 57. Selenium Modeling in Arkansas River Valley
- 58. Selenium Modeling in Arkansas River Valley Cells adjacent to shale Cells underlying fields
- 59. Selenium Modeling in Arkansas River Valley
- 60. Selenium Modeling in Arkansas River Valley
- 61. Selenium Modeling in Arkansas River Valley O2 mg/L
- 62. Selenium Modeling in Arkansas River Valley NO3 mg/L
- 63. Selenium Modeling in Arkansas River Valley SeO4 µg/L
- 64. Selenium Modeling in Arkansas River Valley 1. Sealing Irrigation Canals (20%-60% seepage reduction) 2. Decrease volume of applied irrigation water (10-30%) 3. Land Fallowing (“lease fallowing”) (5-25%) 4. Decrease Fertilizer Loading (10-30%) 5. Enhance Riparian Buffer Zones (enhanced chemical activity)
- 65. Selenium Modeling in Arkansas River Valley 1. Sealing Irrigation Canals 2. Decrease volume of applied irrigation water 3. Land Fallowing (“lease fallowing”) 4. Decrease Fertilizer Loading 5. Enhance Riparian Buffer Zones (enhanced chemical activity) 10% 15% 15% 10% 15% 50%Combos:
- 66. Selenium Modeling in Arkansas River Valley Travel time to reach surface water
- 68. Overwash from Tsunami Event • December 26, 2004 • ~ 230,000 deaths
- 69. Overwash from Tsunami Event Sumatra, Indonesia Sri Lanka
- 70. Overwash from Tsunami Event • December 26, 2004 • ~ 230,000 deaths • Wave height in Maldives: 1.3 to 3.3 m
- 71. Laamu Atoll Maldives 1 km2 Overwash from Tsunami Event Small Coral Islands
- 72. Fresh Groundwater Seawater Overwash from Tsunami Event Small Coral Islands
- 73. Overwash from Tsunami Event
- 74. Fresh Groundwater Seawater Overwash from Tsunami Event Small Coral Islands 1. How much contamination occurs? 2. When can groundwater be used again?
- 75. Overwash from Tsunami Event Small Coral Islands 1. Impose overwash 2. Rainfall on island 3. Track salinity SEAWAT
- 76. Overwash from Tsunami Event Small Coral Islands 1 day 4 months 15 months 2 years
- 77. Groundwater Contamination Case Studies – Woburn, Massachusetts Where did the TCE originate from? Who is at fault? MODFLOW model + MT3DMS model (TCE, PCE) (1960-1986) Maura Metheny, 2004 (Ohio State University
- 78. Groundwater Contamination Case Studies – Woburn, Massachusetts
- 79. Groundwater Contamination Case Studies – Woburn, Massachusetts
- 80. Groundwater Contamination Case Studies – Woburn, Massachusetts
- 81. Groundwater Contamination Case Studies – Woburn, Massachusetts
- 82. Groundwater Contamination Case Studies – Woburn, Massachusetts
- 83. Groundwater Contamination Case Studies – Woburn, Massachusetts http://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPH-Modules/PH/Woburn/Woburn_print.html
- 84. Concluding Remarks • Water quality a concern in many parts of the worlds • Water-borne diseases still occur in many regions • Numerical models can be used to track contaminants in the environment (groundwater and surface water) • Models can be used to explore effect of management practices on contamination and remediation • Models can be used to determine historical patterns of contaminant transport
- 86. Soho (London, England) 1854 • 500 deaths in 10 days • Due to Cholera
- 87. Soho (London, England) Questions 1. Why did it affect the Soho neighborhood so strongly? 2. How can you prevent the spread of the disease?
- 89. Dr. John Snow • 1838: Admitted to the Royal College of Surgeons of England • One of the first physicians to use anesthesia (ether, chloroform) for surgey • 1853: personally administered chloroform to Queen Victoria during birth • Skeptic of “miasma” theory (cholera spread by “bad air”) • 1854: investigated cholera outbreak in Soho Soho (London, England)
- 91. How to prove? 1. Woman several km from neighborhood died 2. Men in brewery did not die 3. Families with deaths in other neighborhoods always sent their children to fetch water from the Broad Street pump Theory
- 92. Groundwater at Soho Vibrio cholerae
- 94. Groundwater at Soho Sand / Gravel (“sweet” water) Broad Street Pump Diaper / Rags from sick Infant
- 95. Groundwater at Soho Start of 20th century: Add chlorine to water supplies (kill bacteria)
- 96. Cholera Outbreaks 7th Cholera Pandemic (1961-1971)
- 97. Cholera Outbreaks Congo (Rwanda crisis) • 1994 • 23,800 deaths 2001: 41 outbreaks in 28 countries Latin America • 1991 • 400,000 cases • 4,000 deaths