The document discusses the principal parts of verbs in English. It explains that all verbs have four main parts: the present, present participle, past, and past participle forms. Regular verbs are formed by adding "-ed" or "-d" to the present form, while irregular verbs have unpredictable changes in form between their present, past, and past participle. The document then categorizes irregular verbs into five groups based on their patterns of change.
Reference:
Francis, Nelson (n.d). The Structure of American English
Other grammarians may have other insights in the structure of the English language. Further readings is suggested.
Right subject verb agreement is one of the crucial requirements of correct writing. This presentation gives 20 useful rules to follow to have correct subject verb agreement.
Reference:
Francis, Nelson (n.d). The Structure of American English
Other grammarians may have other insights in the structure of the English language. Further readings is suggested.
Right subject verb agreement is one of the crucial requirements of correct writing. This presentation gives 20 useful rules to follow to have correct subject verb agreement.
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1. Principal Parts of Verbs…Principal Parts of Verbs…
• All verbs have 4 main parts…All verbs have 4 main parts…
– PresentPresent
– Present participle (used with helping verbs)Present participle (used with helping verbs)
– PastPast
– Past participle (used with helping verbs)Past participle (used with helping verbs)
2. Regular Verbs are formed asRegular Verbs are formed as
follows:follows:
Present Present
Participle
Past Past Participle
Jump(s) Jumping Jumped jumped
Stop(s) Stopping Stopped stopped
live(s) Living Lived lived
type(s) Typing Typed typed
swallow(s) Swallowing Swallowed swallowed
snore(s) Snoring Snored snored
3. Patterns:Patterns:
• Present is the regular form, you may needPresent is the regular form, you may need
to add an Sto add an S
– II swimswim. She. She swimsswims. They. They swimswim..
– II cookcook. He. He cookscooks. They. They cookcook..
– II jumpjump. Bob. Bob jumpsjumps. We. We jumpjump..
4. And…And…
• Present participle-add an “ing” (you mayPresent participle-add an “ing” (you may
need to drop an E or double a consonantneed to drop an E or double a consonant
I amI am swimmingswimming. (doubled m at end). (doubled m at end)
The sun isThe sun is shiningshining. (dropped the e. (dropped the e
from shine.)from shine.)
5. And…And…
• Past and Past participle-add “ed” (if itPast and Past participle-add “ed” (if it
already ends in, drop the extra E; you mayalready ends in, drop the extra E; you may
need to double consonant here as well)need to double consonant here as well)
– Mrs. ArtusoMrs. Artuso timedtimed the race. (dropped the e inthe race. (dropped the e in
time before adding ed)time before adding ed)
– TimTim battedbatted second last inning. (doubled t insecond last inning. (doubled t in
bat)bat)
6.
7. Irregular VerbsIrregular Verbs
Irregular verbs are verbs whose pastIrregular verbs are verbs whose past
and past participle are not made byand past participle are not made by
adding –ed or –d to the present.adding –ed or –d to the present.
8. There are five different groups:There are five different groups:
• Group 1: the verb does not change from present to past.Group 1: the verb does not change from present to past.
• Group 2: the verb takes on a new form/spelling for past,Group 2: the verb takes on a new form/spelling for past,
but past and past participle are spelled the samebut past and past participle are spelled the same
• Group 3: The past participle is formed by adding n or enGroup 3: The past participle is formed by adding n or en
to the past (which is a different spelling from the present)to the past (which is a different spelling from the present)
• Group 4: The past form is a different spelling, but theGroup 4: The past form is a different spelling, but the
past participle is formed by adding en or n to the present.past participle is formed by adding en or n to the present.
• Group 5: The vowel in present form is “I” which changesGroup 5: The vowel in present form is “I” which changes
to an “A” in the past and then a “U” in the past participleto an “A” in the past and then a “U” in the past participle
9. Group1: The verb doesn’t changeGroup1: The verb doesn’t change
from present to pastfrom present to past
• BurstBurst
• CostCost
• CutCut
• HitHit
• Shut ****notice that they all end in tShut ****notice that they all end in t
• HurtHurt
• LetLet
• putput
• SetSet
10. Examples:Examples:
• Today I burst a balloon.Today I burst a balloon. PresentPresent
• I am bursting to tell you a secret.I am bursting to tell you a secret. PresentPresent
ParticipleParticiple
• Yesterday, the dam burst and flooded theYesterday, the dam burst and flooded the
town.town. PastPast
• I have burst a balloon before.I have burst a balloon before. PastPast
ParticipleParticiple
11. Group 2: New spelling for past, butGroup 2: New spelling for past, but
it is the same for past participleit is the same for past participle
• BringBring is bringingis bringing broughtbrought has broughthas brought
• ShineShine is shiningis shining shoneshone has shonehas shone
• SaySay is sayingis saying saidsaid has saidhas said
• ThinkThink is thinkingis thinking thoughtthought has thoughthas thought
• BuyBuy is buyingis buying boughtbought has boughthas bought
• CatchCatch is catchingis catching caughtcaught has caughthas caught
• WindWind is windingis winding woundwound has woundhas wound
• LayLay is layingis laying laidlaid has laidhas laid
12. Group 3: The past participle isGroup 3: The past participle is
formed by adding n or en to theformed by adding n or en to the
pastpast
• BiteBite is bitingis biting bitbit hashas bitbittenten
• BreakBreak is breakingis breaking brokebroke hashas brokebrokenn
• FreezeFreeze is freezingis freezing frozefroze hashas frozefrozenn
• StealSteal is stealingis stealing stolestole hashas stolestolenn
• TearTear is tearingis tearing toretore hashas tortornn
• LieLie is lyingis lying laylay hashas lalainin
• WearWear is wearingis wearing worewore hashas worwornn
13. Group 4: past participle is formedGroup 4: past participle is formed
form the present; adding en or nform the present; adding en or n
• BlowBlow is blowingis blowing blewblew hashas blowblownn
• FallFall is fallingis falling fellfell hashas fallfallenen
• GiveGive is givingis giving gavegave hashas givegivenn
• KnowKnow is knowingis knowing knewknew hashas knowknownn
• RunRun is runningis running ranran hashas runrun
• SeeSee is seeingis seeing sawsaw hashas seeseenn
• WritWritee is writingis writing wrotewrote hashas writwrittenten
14. Group 5: I to A to UGroup 5: I to A to U
• DrinkDrink is drinkingis drinking drankdrank drunkdrunk
• RingRing is ringingis ringing rangrang rungrung
• ShrinkShrink is shrinkingis shrinking shrankshrank shrunkshrunk
• SpringSpring is springingis springing sprangsprang sprungsprung
• SwimSwim is swimmingis swimming swamswam swumswum
• BeginBegin is beginningis beginning beganbegan begunbegun
• SinkSink is sinkingis sinking sanksank sunksunk
