The document discusses different types of nouns including common nouns, proper nouns, concrete nouns, abstract nouns, collective nouns, and material nouns. It also covers pluralizing nouns, gender of nouns, and case of nouns. Specifically, it provides examples and rules for forming plural nouns depending on their ending letters and irregular spellings. It also defines masculine, feminine, common, and neuter genders as well as nominative, objective, and possessive cases for nouns.

1. Noun, Pluralizing, Gender, Case
Lecture No.2
Zafar Ullah, zafarullah76@gmail.com

2. Noun
A noun is a word that names
something: a
person, a place, a thing, or an idea.
Examples:
student
Shakar Parea
hospital
CUST
2

3. Six Types of Nouns
• 1. Common
• 2. Proper
• 3.Concrete
• 4.Abstract
• 5.Collective
• 6. Material Noun
3

4. 1.Common Nouns
A common noun refers to a common
person, place, thing, or idea. Common
nouns are not capitalized.
Examples:
• scientist
• mosque
• car
• theory
4

5. 2.Proper Nouns
A proper noun names a particular
person,
place, thing, or idea.
Examples:
• Dr. Abdus Salam
• Faisal Mosque
• Suzuki
• Two Nation Theory 5

6. Tell if the underlined noun is common or proper.
• Fatima visited her school
last Friday.
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7. 3. Concrete Nouns
A concrete noun names a thing that is
tangible (can be seen, touched, heard,
smelled, or tasted). Concrete nouns are
either proper noun or common noun.
Examples:
• child
• music
• Grand Canyon
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8. 4. Abstract Nouns
An abstract noun names an idea, a
condition, or a feeling—in other words,
something that cannot be touched, smelled,
tasted, seen or heard.
Examples:
• Freedom, bravery
• Greed, cowardice
• Progress, courage
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9. 5. Collective Nouns
A collective noun names a group or a unit.
Examples:
• United States
• team
• crowd
• community
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10. List of Collective Nouns
• a circle of friends
• a panel of experts
• a body of men
• a class of pupils
• a pack of hounds
• See more collective nouns from
http://www.focus.olsztyn.pl/collective-
nouns.html
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11. Collective Nouns Singular/ Plural
A collective noun is singular when it refers to a group
considered as one unit;
it is plural when it refers to the individuals in the
group.
The class was on its best behaviour. (group as a unit)
The class are preparing for their final exams.
(individuals in the group.)
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12. 6. Material Noun
• It refers to a material or substance from
which things are made such as silver,
gold, iron, cotton, diamond, plastic,
protein.
• Iron is used in all industries.
• Protein is critical for energy."
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13. Forms of Nouns
Nouns are grouped according to their
number, gender, and case.
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14. Number of Noun
Number indicates whether the noun is
singular or plural.
• 1.Singular Noun: A singular noun refers to ONE
person, place, thing, or idea.
actor stadium Canadian bully
person
• 2. Plural Noun: A plural noun refers to MORE
THAN ONE person, place thing, or idea.
actors stadiums Canadians bullies
people
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15. Plural Nouns
• A plural form of a noun
names more than one. It
usually ends with s or es.
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16. Pluralizing with “s”
Form the plurals of most nouns by
adding s
to the singular.
cheerleader—cheerleaders
wheel—wheels
crate--crates
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17. Nouns Ending in x, ch, sh, ss,
Form the plurals of nouns ending in sh,
ch,
x, s, and z, by adding es to the
singular.
box…. boxes,
fox--foxes
lunch—lunches
dish—dishes
mess—messes 17

18. Pluralize with “es”
• s
–buses
• x
–taxes
• ch
–benches
• sh
–dishes 18

19. Nouns Ending in Y
The plurals of common nouns that end in y—preceded by a
consonant—are formed by changing the y to i and adding
es.
fly—flies jalopy(old car)—jalopies
Form the plural of nouns that end in y—preceded by a
vowel—by adding only an s.
donkey—donkeys monkey—monkeys
Note: Form the plurals of all proper nouns ending
in y by adding s.
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20. Add ies to pluralize that end with a consonant and a y:
• lady
–ladies
• fry
–fries
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21. Nouns Ending in f or fe
Form the plurals of nouns that end in f or fe in one
of two ways: if the final f sound is still heard in the
plural form of the word, simply add s; but if the
final
f sound becomes a v sound, change the f to ve
and add s.
Plural ends with f sound: roof—roofs: chief—chiefs
Plural ends with v sound: wife—wives; loaf--loaves
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22. Some nouns that end in f or fe change to ves when
made plural:
• calf
–calves
• knife
–knives
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23. Nouns Ending in O
The plurals of nouns ending in o—preceded
by a vowel—are formed by adding an s.
radio—radios rodeo( tricks to catch wild
animals with ropes—rodeos
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24. Nouns Ending in O
The plurals of most nouns ending in o—
preceded by a consonant—are formed by
adding es.
echo—echoes hero—heroes tomato--
tomatoes
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25. Some nouns that end in o change to es
when made plural. Some change to s:
• kangaroo
–kangaroos
• potato
–potatoes
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26. Some nouns do not change at all when
made plural:
• sheep
–sheep
• deer
–deer
26

27. Some nouns become a new word when
made plural:
• man
–men
• goose
–geese
27

28. Quiz: Pluralize
1. half
2. foot
3. piano
4. spy
5. brush
ANSWERS
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29. Answers
1. halves
2. feet
3. pianos
4. spies
5. brushes
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30. Quiz: Pluralize
1. mouse
2. memo
3. shelf
4. leaf
5. child
ANSWERS
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31. Can you make these nouns plural?
1. mice
2. memos
3. shelves
4. leaves
5. children
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32. Quiz: Pluralize
1. thief
2. woman
3. fish
4. photo
5. dice
ANSWERS
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33. Can you make these nouns plural?
1. thieves
2. women
3. fish
4. photos
5. dice
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34. Nouns Ending in ful
Form the plurals of nouns that end in ful by
adding an s at the end of the word.
three pailfuls four mouthfuls
Two spoonfuls
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35. Compound Nouns
Form the plurals of most compound
nouns
by adding s or es to the important word
in
the compound.
brothers-in-law maids of honor
secretaries of state
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36. Examples
36

37. Irregular Spelling
A number of words form a plural by
taking
on an irregular spelling.
crisis—crises child—children radius—radii
criterion—criteria goose—geese
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38. Unchanged Plural
Some nouns remain unchanged when used
as plurals.
deer hair fish sheep salmon aircraft
series
moose
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39. Foreign Language Numbers
39

40. Gender of A Noun
Gender indicates whether a noun is
masculine, feminine, neuter, or indefinite.
• i) Masculine: A noun that denotes a male
human/ animal is masculine. For example uncle,
brother, men,
• ii)Feminine: A noun that denotes a female
human/ animal is feminine. For example aunt,
sister, women, cow, hen, filly
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41. Types of Gender
iii) Common Gender: A noun that
denotes either male or female is said
to be of the Common Gender. Parent,
teacher, baby, doctor
• iv) Neuter Gender: a noun that
denotes a thing neither a male nor a
female.
• book, pen, room
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42. Case of a Noun
Case tells how nouns are related to
other
words used with them. There are three
cases:
1.Nominative/ subjective,
2.Objective/accusative
3. Possessive
42

43. 1. Nominative/ subject
• When a noun (or Pronoun) is used as the
Subject of a verb, it is said to be in the
Nominative Case.
• Atif threw a ball.( Atif –Nominative)
• He read ‘High school English Grammar.”
( He- Nominative)
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44. 2. Objective/ Accusative
• When a noun (or Pronoun) is used as the
Object of a verb, it is said to be in the
Objective Case.
• Atif threw a ball.(ball –Objective)
• He read ‘High school English Grammar.”
(‘High school English Grammar - Objective)
44

45. 3. Possessive/ Genitive
• The noun which shows ownership or
possession is called Possessive case.
• The boy’s book has lost.
• Shakespeare’s dramas are everlasting.
• For Jesus’ sake
• Girls’ college is vast.
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46. Thanks
46

47. Question Answers
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