This document presents four proposed VLSI realization architectures for implementing a high-speed and low-power 64-bit binary division. The architectures use digit-recurrence division algorithms with radix-16 representations and signed digit number systems to represent partial remainders and quotient digits. This allows carry-free addition for calculating next partial remainders and reduces the number of required division iterations. Two representations - static and semidynamic - are used for generating divisor multiples. Radix-16 signed digit sets between [-9,9] are used to represent quotient digits. Carry save and maximally redundant number systems are explored for representing partial remainders to reduce power dissipation. Simulation results show the proposed methods achieve 26-35% lower power
This document discusses the implementation of a Radix-4 Booth multiplier using VHDL. It begins with an introduction to multipliers and their importance in digital circuits. It then provides background on Booth multiplication algorithms and related work that has been done to improve multiplier speed and efficiency. The methodology section describes the design of a configurable Booth multiplier that can detect the bit range of the operands and perform the multiplication accordingly in fewer cycles to reduce delay. Simulation results are provided to verify the operation of the Radix-4 Booth multiplier design for different input values.
In present day MAC unit is demanded in most of the Digital signal processing. Function of addition and multiplication is performed by the MAC unit. MAC operates in two stages. Firstly, multiplier computes the given number output and the result is forwarded to second stage i.e. addition/accumulation operates. Speed of multiplier is important in MAC unit which determines critical path as well as area is also of great importance in designing of MAC unit. Multiplier plays an important roles in many digital signal processing (DSP) applications such as in convolution, digital filters and other data processing unit. Many research has been performed on MAC implementation. This paper provides analysis of the research and investigations held till now.
IRJET- Efficient Design of Radix Booth MultiplierIRJET Journal
The document proposes a method to optimize binary radix-16 Booth multipliers by reducing the maximum height of the partial product columns from (n + 1)/4 to n/4 for n-bit operands. This is achieved by performing a short carry-propagate addition in parallel to the regular partial product generation, which reduces the maximum height by one row. The method allows further optimizations in the partial product array reduction stage in terms of area, delay, and power. It can also allow additional partial products to be included without increasing delay. The method is generally applicable but provides the most benefit for 64-bit radix-16 Booth multipliers.
Design of a Novel Multiplier and Accumulator using Modified Booth Algorithm w...IRJET Journal
The document describes a novel design for a multiplier and accumulator (MAC) unit using the modified Booth algorithm and parallel self-timed adder (PASTA). The modified Booth algorithm reduces the number of partial products compared to a regular multiplication process, lowering delay. A carry save adder design is also proposed to further improve performance in terms of computation speed, power consumption, and area compared to a conventional design using the modified Booth algorithm. Simulation results show the proposed MAC design with PASTA has better performance and reduced area overhead and critical path delay compared to conventional methods.
Implementation and Performance Analysis of a Vedic Multiplier Using Tanner ED...ijsrd.com
high density, VLSI chips have led to rapid and innovative development in low power design during the recent years .The need for low power design is becoming a major issue in high performance digital systems such as microprocessor, digital signal processor and other applications. For these applications, Multiplier is the major core block. Based on the Multiplier design, an efficient processor is designed. Power and area efficient multiplier using CMOS logic circuits for applications in various digital signal processors is designed. This multiplier is implemented using Vedic multiplication algorithms mainly the "UrdhvaTriyakBhyam sutra., which is the most generalized one Vedic multiplication algorithm [1] . A multiplier is a very important element in almost all the processors and contributes substantially to the total power consumption of the system. The novel point is the efficient use of Vedic algorithm (sutras) that reduces the number of computational steps considerably compared with any conventional method . The schematic for this multiplier is designed using TANNER TOOL. Paper presents a systematic design methodology for this improved performance digital multiplier based on Vedic mathematics.
IRJET- Design of 16 Bit Low Power Vedic Architecture using CSA & UTSIRJET Journal
The document proposes a 16-bit low power Vedic architecture using the Urdhava Tiryakbhyam Sutra (UTS) method of Vedic mathematics and carry select adders. UTS allows for the parallel generation of partial products in multiplication, improving speed. The proposed design decomposes 16-bit numbers into pairs of 8-bit blocks, uses 8-bit UTS multipliers, and adds results with carry select adders. This structure is expected to reduce power consumption and delay compared to other multipliers.
IRJET- Image and Signal Filtering using Fir Filter Made using Approximate Hyb...IRJET Journal
This document proposes and evaluates approximate hybrid high radix encoding techniques for designing energy-efficient inexact multipliers. A novel approximate hybrid high radix encoding is proposed that encodes the most significant bits of the multiplicand using radix-4 encoding and the least significant bits using approximate radix-2k encoding. Approximations are performed by rounding high radix values to the nearest power of two. The technique is applied to design 16x16 bit multipliers using 4:2 compressors to reduce the area compared to normal adders. Simulation results show the proposed design achieves area savings compared to an accurate radix-4 multiplier. The document also explores applying the proposed encoding technique to the design of finite impulse response filters using
Improvement in Computational Complexity of the MIMO ML Decoder in High Mobili...IRJET Journal
The document proposes using a non-stationary channel model and algorithms like QR decomposition with sorting and Dijkstra's algorithm to reduce the computational complexity of maximum likelihood decoding for MIMO systems in high mobility wireless communications. It discusses how these techniques can decompose the received signal matrix, sort it to determine an efficient detection order, and find the shortest path to minimize complexity. The results demonstrate that these methods can successfully identify the shortest path between source and destination nodes for high mobility signals.
This document discusses the implementation of a Radix-4 Booth multiplier using VHDL. It begins with an introduction to multipliers and their importance in digital circuits. It then provides background on Booth multiplication algorithms and related work that has been done to improve multiplier speed and efficiency. The methodology section describes the design of a configurable Booth multiplier that can detect the bit range of the operands and perform the multiplication accordingly in fewer cycles to reduce delay. Simulation results are provided to verify the operation of the Radix-4 Booth multiplier design for different input values.
In present day MAC unit is demanded in most of the Digital signal processing. Function of addition and multiplication is performed by the MAC unit. MAC operates in two stages. Firstly, multiplier computes the given number output and the result is forwarded to second stage i.e. addition/accumulation operates. Speed of multiplier is important in MAC unit which determines critical path as well as area is also of great importance in designing of MAC unit. Multiplier plays an important roles in many digital signal processing (DSP) applications such as in convolution, digital filters and other data processing unit. Many research has been performed on MAC implementation. This paper provides analysis of the research and investigations held till now.
IRJET- Efficient Design of Radix Booth MultiplierIRJET Journal
The document proposes a method to optimize binary radix-16 Booth multipliers by reducing the maximum height of the partial product columns from (n + 1)/4 to n/4 for n-bit operands. This is achieved by performing a short carry-propagate addition in parallel to the regular partial product generation, which reduces the maximum height by one row. The method allows further optimizations in the partial product array reduction stage in terms of area, delay, and power. It can also allow additional partial products to be included without increasing delay. The method is generally applicable but provides the most benefit for 64-bit radix-16 Booth multipliers.
Design of a Novel Multiplier and Accumulator using Modified Booth Algorithm w...IRJET Journal
The document describes a novel design for a multiplier and accumulator (MAC) unit using the modified Booth algorithm and parallel self-timed adder (PASTA). The modified Booth algorithm reduces the number of partial products compared to a regular multiplication process, lowering delay. A carry save adder design is also proposed to further improve performance in terms of computation speed, power consumption, and area compared to a conventional design using the modified Booth algorithm. Simulation results show the proposed MAC design with PASTA has better performance and reduced area overhead and critical path delay compared to conventional methods.
Implementation and Performance Analysis of a Vedic Multiplier Using Tanner ED...ijsrd.com
high density, VLSI chips have led to rapid and innovative development in low power design during the recent years .The need for low power design is becoming a major issue in high performance digital systems such as microprocessor, digital signal processor and other applications. For these applications, Multiplier is the major core block. Based on the Multiplier design, an efficient processor is designed. Power and area efficient multiplier using CMOS logic circuits for applications in various digital signal processors is designed. This multiplier is implemented using Vedic multiplication algorithms mainly the "UrdhvaTriyakBhyam sutra., which is the most generalized one Vedic multiplication algorithm [1] . A multiplier is a very important element in almost all the processors and contributes substantially to the total power consumption of the system. The novel point is the efficient use of Vedic algorithm (sutras) that reduces the number of computational steps considerably compared with any conventional method . The schematic for this multiplier is designed using TANNER TOOL. Paper presents a systematic design methodology for this improved performance digital multiplier based on Vedic mathematics.
IRJET- Design of 16 Bit Low Power Vedic Architecture using CSA & UTSIRJET Journal
The document proposes a 16-bit low power Vedic architecture using the Urdhava Tiryakbhyam Sutra (UTS) method of Vedic mathematics and carry select adders. UTS allows for the parallel generation of partial products in multiplication, improving speed. The proposed design decomposes 16-bit numbers into pairs of 8-bit blocks, uses 8-bit UTS multipliers, and adds results with carry select adders. This structure is expected to reduce power consumption and delay compared to other multipliers.
IRJET- Image and Signal Filtering using Fir Filter Made using Approximate Hyb...IRJET Journal
This document proposes and evaluates approximate hybrid high radix encoding techniques for designing energy-efficient inexact multipliers. A novel approximate hybrid high radix encoding is proposed that encodes the most significant bits of the multiplicand using radix-4 encoding and the least significant bits using approximate radix-2k encoding. Approximations are performed by rounding high radix values to the nearest power of two. The technique is applied to design 16x16 bit multipliers using 4:2 compressors to reduce the area compared to normal adders. Simulation results show the proposed design achieves area savings compared to an accurate radix-4 multiplier. The document also explores applying the proposed encoding technique to the design of finite impulse response filters using
Improvement in Computational Complexity of the MIMO ML Decoder in High Mobili...IRJET Journal
The document proposes using a non-stationary channel model and algorithms like QR decomposition with sorting and Dijkstra's algorithm to reduce the computational complexity of maximum likelihood decoding for MIMO systems in high mobility wireless communications. It discusses how these techniques can decompose the received signal matrix, sort it to determine an efficient detection order, and find the shortest path to minimize complexity. The results demonstrate that these methods can successfully identify the shortest path between source and destination nodes for high mobility signals.
A Pipelined Fused Processing Unit for DSP Applicationsijiert bestjournal
This document describes the design of a pipelined processing unit for a DSP FFT processor. It includes fused floating point units like a dot product unit and add/subtract unit to perform FFT butterfly operations more efficiently. The dot product unit performs two multiplications and an addition/subtraction in one cycle to reduce latency and area compared to discrete implementations. The add/subtract unit calculates the sum and difference of two numbers in parallel. These fused units are used to implement a radix-2 FFT butterfly that is 20% faster and 30% smaller than a conventional design. The processing unit can perform 26 different floating point and logical operations needed for FFT processing. Simulation results show the performance benefits of the fused units and radix-2
This document describes a bit-serial multiplier project implemented using Verilog HDL. It discusses bit-serial arithmetic and its advantages over parallel multipliers. The project involves designing and simulating a bit-serial multiplier using a Xilinx tool. The multiplier is tested to verify correct functionality.
High-Speed and Energy-Efficient MAC Design using Vedic Multiplier and Carry S...IRJET Journal
The document describes a proposed design for a high-speed and energy-efficient multiply-accumulate (MAC) unit using a Vedic multiplier and various carry-skip adders. It first examines the area and delays of three types of carry-skip adder designs. It then describes the design of a 16x16-bit Vedic multiplier based on the Urdhva-Tiryagbhyam multiplication algorithm. Finally, it presents the proposed MAC unit architecture which integrates the Vedic multiplier with the different carry-skip adder designs to achieve improved speed and energy efficiency compared to existing MAC units. The goal is to reduce multiplication delay and improve performance for applications like digital signal processing.
IMPLEMENTATION OF UNSIGNED MULTIPLIER USING MODIFIED CSLAeeiej_journal
This document discusses the implementation of an unsigned multiplier using a modified carry select adder technique. It begins with an introduction to digital arithmetic operations like multiplication and addition. It then describes the proposed system, which uses a modified carry select adder based multiplier to reduce area over a traditional carry look ahead adder based multiplier, while maintaining similar delay times. The document provides details on the design of regular and modified square root carry select adders used in the multiplier. It discusses how replacing ripple carry adders with binary to excess-1 converters in the modified design can further reduce area and power consumption.
IRJET- Dadda Algorithm based Lowpower High Speed Multiplier using 4T XOR GateIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed low power and high speed 4-bit multiplier design using the Dadda algorithm and optimized building blocks. The Dadda algorithm is used to reduce the propagation delay by reducing the height of the partial product tree from 4 to 2 stages. Optimized 4T XOR gates and 14T full adders are used as building blocks to reduce power consumption. The design is implemented using DSCH 2 and Micro wind tools and compared to other multiplier architectures like array and Wallace tree multipliers.
Fpga based efficient multiplier for image processing applications using recur...VLSICS Design
The Digital Image processing applications like medical imaging, satellite imaging, Biometric trait images
etc., rely on multipliers to improve the quality of image. However, existing multiplication techniques
introduce errors in the output with consumption of more time, hence error free high speed multipliers has
to be designed. In this paper we propose FPGA based Recursive Error Free Mitchell Log Multiplier
(REFMLM) for image Filters. The 2x2 error free Mitchell log multiplier is designed with zero error by
introducing error correction term is used in higher order Karastuba-Ofman Multiplier (KOM)
Architectures. The higher order KOM multipliers is decomposed into number of lower order multipliers
using radix 2 till basic multiplier block of order 2x2 which is designed by error free Mitchell log multiplier.
The 8x8 REFMLM is tested for Gaussian filter to remove noise in fingerprint image. The Multiplier is
synthesized using Spartan 3 FPGA family device XC3S1500-5fg320. It is observed that the performance
parameters such as area utilization, speed, error and PSNR are better in the case of proposed architecture
compared to existing architectures.
This document summarizes the delay and area analysis of a regular 16-bit square root carry select adder (SQRT CSLA) architecture and a proposed modified architecture. The regular design contains five groups of ripple carry adders of different sizes. The delay and area of each group is evaluated based on the delays of basic blocks like full adders and multiplexers. The proposed design aims to reduce area and power by replacing one ripple carry adder in each group with a binary to excess-1 converter, which requires fewer logic gates. Implementation results show the proposed design has lower area and power with a slight increase in delay compared to the regular SQRT CSLA architecture.
IRJET- Approximate Multiplier and 8 Bit Dadda Multiplier Implemented through ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and implementation of approximate multipliers for image processing applications. It proposes two new 4x4 approximate adders to reduce hardware complexity in a Dadda multiplier architecture. An 8x8 unsigned Dadda tree multiplier is modeled to evaluate the impact of using the proposed adders, which reduce the partial products into fewer columns while maintaining accuracy. Experimental results show the proposed multipliers achieve lower power-delay product compared to other approximate designs for similar precision in applications like JPEG image compression.
A Time-Area-Power Efficient High Speed Vedic Mathematics Multiplier using Com...Kumar Goud
Abstract: With the advent of new technology in the fields of VLSI and communication, there is also an ever growing demand for high speed processing and low area design. It is also a well known fact that the multiplier unit forms an integral part of processor design. Due to this regard, high speed multiplier architectures become the need of the day. In this paper, we introduce a novel architecture to perform high speed multiplication using ancient Vedic maths techniques. A new high speed approach utilizing 4:2 compressors and novel 7:2 compressors for addition has also been incorporated in the same and has been explored. Upon comparison, the compressor based multiplier introduced in this paper, is almost two times faster than the popular methods of multiplication. With regards to area, a 1% reduction is seen. The design and experiments were carried out on a Xilinx Spartan 3e series of FPGA and the timing and area of the design, on the same have been calculated.
Keywords—4:2 Compressor, 7:2 Compressor, Booth’s multiplier, high speed multiplier, modified Booth’s multiplier, Urdhwa Tiryakbhyam Sutra, Vedic Mathematics.
Compare Efficiency of Different Multipliers Using Verilog Simulation & Modify...IJLT EMAS
This document compares the efficiency of different multiplier designs including array, Wallace, Dadda, and modified array multipliers using Verilog simulation. It finds that the modified array multiplier has the best performance in terms of speed, area, power consumption, and design complexity.
Specifically, simulation results show the modified array multiplier has the lowest delay at 13.305 ns, uses the fewest logic resources including 16 slices and 27 4-input LUTs, and consumes the least power. While the basic array multiplier using ripple carry adders has the highest delay, uses more resources and power. Wallace and Dadda trees provide improvements over the basic array but are still outperformed by the modified array structure.
Parallel Processing Technique for Time Efficient Matrix MultiplicationIJERA Editor
The document proposes a parallel-parallel input single output (PPI-SO) design for matrix multiplication that reduces hardware resources compared to existing designs. It uses fewer multipliers and registers than existing designs, trading off increased completion time. Simulation results show the PPI-SO design uses 30% less energy and involves 70% less area-delay product than other designs.
This paper introduces two architectures for modulo 2n+1 adders. The first architecture is based on a sparse carry computation unit that computes only some carries, enabled by a new inverted circular idempotency property. This sparse approach reduces area and power compared to prior proposals while maintaining speed. The second architecture unifies the design of modulo 2n+1 and 2n-1 adders by showing 2n+1 addition can be treated as a subcase of 2n-1 addition with minor extra logic.
This document describes a student's 4-bit serial multiplier project. It includes an abstract, introduction, multiplication algorithm description, component descriptions, Verilog code, test bench, and expected output. The project was designed and tested using Xilinx tools to multiply 4-bit numbers in a serial fashion using basic logic gates like AND gates and adders. The student provides documentation of the design process and codes to verify the serial multiplication functionality.
IRJET-Hardware Co-Simulation of Classical Edge Detection Algorithms using Xil...IRJET Journal
This document describes hardware co-simulation of classical edge detection algorithms using Xilinx System Generator. It presents designs for Robert, Prewitt, and Sobel edge detection operators using minimum FPGA resources. The designs were tested on a Spartan-3E FPGA board using JTAG hardware co-simulation. Results show the Sobel operator provides the best edge detection, followed by Prewitt and Robert. Compared to prior work, the proposed designs utilize significantly fewer FPGA slices, flip flops, and lookup tables, demonstrating more efficient implementation of the classical edge detection algorithms.
In this project 31 % area delay product reduction is possible with the use of the CSLA based 32 bit unsigned parallel multiplier than CLAA based 32 bit unsigned parallel multiplier
Permonace Modeling of Pipelined Linear Algebra Architectures on ASICIRJET Journal
The document discusses modeling and implementation of pipelined linear algebra architectures on application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs). It describes mathematical models to calculate the computational time of dot product, matrix-vector multiplication, and matrix-matrix multiplication architectures based on factors like number of pipelines and memory bandwidth. Verilog code is synthesized for the modules and ASIC implementations including floorplanning, placement, routing and 100% code coverage are performed. Pipelined designs are proposed to efficiently process linear algebra computations which are core components of many applications.
IRJET- Analog to Digital Conversion Process by Matlab SimulinkIRJET Journal
This document describes the process of analog to digital conversion using MATLAB Simulink. It involves sampling an analog input signal, quantizing it to discrete levels, encoding the quantized levels into a binary format, and outputting the digital signal. The key steps are: 1) sampling the analog signal at discrete time intervals, 2) quantizing the sampled signal amplitudes to fixed precision levels, 3) encoding the quantized levels into a binary format of 1s and 0s, which forms the digital output. The document includes block diagrams of the conversion process and figures of the Simulink model used to simulate it.
High Speed and Time Efficient 1-D DWT on Xilinx Virtex4 DWT Using 9/7 Filter ...IOSR Journals
This document describes a new efficient distributed arithmetic (NEDA) technique for implementing a high speed 1-D discrete wavelet transform (DWT) using a 9/7 filter on a Xilinx Virtex4 FPGA. The key aspects of the NEDA technique are that it uses adders as the main component and does not require multipliers, subtraction, or ROM. Simulation results show the proposed NEDA architecture requires fewer logic resources and has a shorter maximum path delay compared to existing distributed arithmetic techniques.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Netlist Optimization for CMOS Place and Route in MICROWINDIRJET Journal
This document discusses netlist optimization for CMOS place and route in the MICROWIND tool. It presents an algorithm to rearrange the Verilog netlist generated in DSCH to optimize the layout generated in MICROWIND. The algorithm first extracts interconnect wire nodes from the netlist and calculates fan-out of each gate. It then rearranges the netlist by placing lines with the highest fan-out wires together to minimize interconnect length. Alternatively, it can rearrange the netlist by logic gate type to group similar gates together. Experimental results on circuits like an ADC show the optimized netlists reduce total area and number of metal layers compared to the original netlist. The optimization logic aims to generate more efficient layouts in MICROW
The document describes a design for a low power 32x32 multiplier that combines Booth and Vedic multiplication architectures. It partitions each 32-bit input into two 16-bit blocks, uses 16x16 Booth multipliers to generate partial products for each block, and employs 16x16 Vedic multipliers and carry select adders to add the partial products. This combined architecture achieves lower power and faster performance than individual Booth or Vedic multipliers. The design is implemented using Xilinx Vivado and evaluated for applications such as floating point multiplication.
This document describes a proposed VLSI implementation of a high-speed DCT architecture for H.264 video codec design. It presents a Booth radix-8 multiplier-based multiply-accumulate (MAC) unit to improve throughput and minimize area complexity for 8x8 2D DCT computation. The proposed MAC architecture achieves a maximum operating frequency of 129.18MHz while reducing area by 64% compared to a regular merged MAC unit with a conventional multiplier. FPGA implementation and performance analysis demonstrate the suitability of the proposed DCT architecture for applications in HDTV systems.
A Pipelined Fused Processing Unit for DSP Applicationsijiert bestjournal
This document describes the design of a pipelined processing unit for a DSP FFT processor. It includes fused floating point units like a dot product unit and add/subtract unit to perform FFT butterfly operations more efficiently. The dot product unit performs two multiplications and an addition/subtraction in one cycle to reduce latency and area compared to discrete implementations. The add/subtract unit calculates the sum and difference of two numbers in parallel. These fused units are used to implement a radix-2 FFT butterfly that is 20% faster and 30% smaller than a conventional design. The processing unit can perform 26 different floating point and logical operations needed for FFT processing. Simulation results show the performance benefits of the fused units and radix-2
This document describes a bit-serial multiplier project implemented using Verilog HDL. It discusses bit-serial arithmetic and its advantages over parallel multipliers. The project involves designing and simulating a bit-serial multiplier using a Xilinx tool. The multiplier is tested to verify correct functionality.
High-Speed and Energy-Efficient MAC Design using Vedic Multiplier and Carry S...IRJET Journal
The document describes a proposed design for a high-speed and energy-efficient multiply-accumulate (MAC) unit using a Vedic multiplier and various carry-skip adders. It first examines the area and delays of three types of carry-skip adder designs. It then describes the design of a 16x16-bit Vedic multiplier based on the Urdhva-Tiryagbhyam multiplication algorithm. Finally, it presents the proposed MAC unit architecture which integrates the Vedic multiplier with the different carry-skip adder designs to achieve improved speed and energy efficiency compared to existing MAC units. The goal is to reduce multiplication delay and improve performance for applications like digital signal processing.
IMPLEMENTATION OF UNSIGNED MULTIPLIER USING MODIFIED CSLAeeiej_journal
This document discusses the implementation of an unsigned multiplier using a modified carry select adder technique. It begins with an introduction to digital arithmetic operations like multiplication and addition. It then describes the proposed system, which uses a modified carry select adder based multiplier to reduce area over a traditional carry look ahead adder based multiplier, while maintaining similar delay times. The document provides details on the design of regular and modified square root carry select adders used in the multiplier. It discusses how replacing ripple carry adders with binary to excess-1 converters in the modified design can further reduce area and power consumption.
IRJET- Dadda Algorithm based Lowpower High Speed Multiplier using 4T XOR GateIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed low power and high speed 4-bit multiplier design using the Dadda algorithm and optimized building blocks. The Dadda algorithm is used to reduce the propagation delay by reducing the height of the partial product tree from 4 to 2 stages. Optimized 4T XOR gates and 14T full adders are used as building blocks to reduce power consumption. The design is implemented using DSCH 2 and Micro wind tools and compared to other multiplier architectures like array and Wallace tree multipliers.
Fpga based efficient multiplier for image processing applications using recur...VLSICS Design
The Digital Image processing applications like medical imaging, satellite imaging, Biometric trait images
etc., rely on multipliers to improve the quality of image. However, existing multiplication techniques
introduce errors in the output with consumption of more time, hence error free high speed multipliers has
to be designed. In this paper we propose FPGA based Recursive Error Free Mitchell Log Multiplier
(REFMLM) for image Filters. The 2x2 error free Mitchell log multiplier is designed with zero error by
introducing error correction term is used in higher order Karastuba-Ofman Multiplier (KOM)
Architectures. The higher order KOM multipliers is decomposed into number of lower order multipliers
using radix 2 till basic multiplier block of order 2x2 which is designed by error free Mitchell log multiplier.
The 8x8 REFMLM is tested for Gaussian filter to remove noise in fingerprint image. The Multiplier is
synthesized using Spartan 3 FPGA family device XC3S1500-5fg320. It is observed that the performance
parameters such as area utilization, speed, error and PSNR are better in the case of proposed architecture
compared to existing architectures.
This document summarizes the delay and area analysis of a regular 16-bit square root carry select adder (SQRT CSLA) architecture and a proposed modified architecture. The regular design contains five groups of ripple carry adders of different sizes. The delay and area of each group is evaluated based on the delays of basic blocks like full adders and multiplexers. The proposed design aims to reduce area and power by replacing one ripple carry adder in each group with a binary to excess-1 converter, which requires fewer logic gates. Implementation results show the proposed design has lower area and power with a slight increase in delay compared to the regular SQRT CSLA architecture.
IRJET- Approximate Multiplier and 8 Bit Dadda Multiplier Implemented through ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and implementation of approximate multipliers for image processing applications. It proposes two new 4x4 approximate adders to reduce hardware complexity in a Dadda multiplier architecture. An 8x8 unsigned Dadda tree multiplier is modeled to evaluate the impact of using the proposed adders, which reduce the partial products into fewer columns while maintaining accuracy. Experimental results show the proposed multipliers achieve lower power-delay product compared to other approximate designs for similar precision in applications like JPEG image compression.
A Time-Area-Power Efficient High Speed Vedic Mathematics Multiplier using Com...Kumar Goud
Abstract: With the advent of new technology in the fields of VLSI and communication, there is also an ever growing demand for high speed processing and low area design. It is also a well known fact that the multiplier unit forms an integral part of processor design. Due to this regard, high speed multiplier architectures become the need of the day. In this paper, we introduce a novel architecture to perform high speed multiplication using ancient Vedic maths techniques. A new high speed approach utilizing 4:2 compressors and novel 7:2 compressors for addition has also been incorporated in the same and has been explored. Upon comparison, the compressor based multiplier introduced in this paper, is almost two times faster than the popular methods of multiplication. With regards to area, a 1% reduction is seen. The design and experiments were carried out on a Xilinx Spartan 3e series of FPGA and the timing and area of the design, on the same have been calculated.
Keywords—4:2 Compressor, 7:2 Compressor, Booth’s multiplier, high speed multiplier, modified Booth’s multiplier, Urdhwa Tiryakbhyam Sutra, Vedic Mathematics.
Compare Efficiency of Different Multipliers Using Verilog Simulation & Modify...IJLT EMAS
This document compares the efficiency of different multiplier designs including array, Wallace, Dadda, and modified array multipliers using Verilog simulation. It finds that the modified array multiplier has the best performance in terms of speed, area, power consumption, and design complexity.
Specifically, simulation results show the modified array multiplier has the lowest delay at 13.305 ns, uses the fewest logic resources including 16 slices and 27 4-input LUTs, and consumes the least power. While the basic array multiplier using ripple carry adders has the highest delay, uses more resources and power. Wallace and Dadda trees provide improvements over the basic array but are still outperformed by the modified array structure.
Parallel Processing Technique for Time Efficient Matrix MultiplicationIJERA Editor
The document proposes a parallel-parallel input single output (PPI-SO) design for matrix multiplication that reduces hardware resources compared to existing designs. It uses fewer multipliers and registers than existing designs, trading off increased completion time. Simulation results show the PPI-SO design uses 30% less energy and involves 70% less area-delay product than other designs.
This paper introduces two architectures for modulo 2n+1 adders. The first architecture is based on a sparse carry computation unit that computes only some carries, enabled by a new inverted circular idempotency property. This sparse approach reduces area and power compared to prior proposals while maintaining speed. The second architecture unifies the design of modulo 2n+1 and 2n-1 adders by showing 2n+1 addition can be treated as a subcase of 2n-1 addition with minor extra logic.
This document describes a student's 4-bit serial multiplier project. It includes an abstract, introduction, multiplication algorithm description, component descriptions, Verilog code, test bench, and expected output. The project was designed and tested using Xilinx tools to multiply 4-bit numbers in a serial fashion using basic logic gates like AND gates and adders. The student provides documentation of the design process and codes to verify the serial multiplication functionality.
IRJET-Hardware Co-Simulation of Classical Edge Detection Algorithms using Xil...IRJET Journal
This document describes hardware co-simulation of classical edge detection algorithms using Xilinx System Generator. It presents designs for Robert, Prewitt, and Sobel edge detection operators using minimum FPGA resources. The designs were tested on a Spartan-3E FPGA board using JTAG hardware co-simulation. Results show the Sobel operator provides the best edge detection, followed by Prewitt and Robert. Compared to prior work, the proposed designs utilize significantly fewer FPGA slices, flip flops, and lookup tables, demonstrating more efficient implementation of the classical edge detection algorithms.
In this project 31 % area delay product reduction is possible with the use of the CSLA based 32 bit unsigned parallel multiplier than CLAA based 32 bit unsigned parallel multiplier
Permonace Modeling of Pipelined Linear Algebra Architectures on ASICIRJET Journal
The document discusses modeling and implementation of pipelined linear algebra architectures on application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs). It describes mathematical models to calculate the computational time of dot product, matrix-vector multiplication, and matrix-matrix multiplication architectures based on factors like number of pipelines and memory bandwidth. Verilog code is synthesized for the modules and ASIC implementations including floorplanning, placement, routing and 100% code coverage are performed. Pipelined designs are proposed to efficiently process linear algebra computations which are core components of many applications.
IRJET- Analog to Digital Conversion Process by Matlab SimulinkIRJET Journal
This document describes the process of analog to digital conversion using MATLAB Simulink. It involves sampling an analog input signal, quantizing it to discrete levels, encoding the quantized levels into a binary format, and outputting the digital signal. The key steps are: 1) sampling the analog signal at discrete time intervals, 2) quantizing the sampled signal amplitudes to fixed precision levels, 3) encoding the quantized levels into a binary format of 1s and 0s, which forms the digital output. The document includes block diagrams of the conversion process and figures of the Simulink model used to simulate it.
High Speed and Time Efficient 1-D DWT on Xilinx Virtex4 DWT Using 9/7 Filter ...IOSR Journals
This document describes a new efficient distributed arithmetic (NEDA) technique for implementing a high speed 1-D discrete wavelet transform (DWT) using a 9/7 filter on a Xilinx Virtex4 FPGA. The key aspects of the NEDA technique are that it uses adders as the main component and does not require multipliers, subtraction, or ROM. Simulation results show the proposed NEDA architecture requires fewer logic resources and has a shorter maximum path delay compared to existing distributed arithmetic techniques.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Netlist Optimization for CMOS Place and Route in MICROWINDIRJET Journal
This document discusses netlist optimization for CMOS place and route in the MICROWIND tool. It presents an algorithm to rearrange the Verilog netlist generated in DSCH to optimize the layout generated in MICROWIND. The algorithm first extracts interconnect wire nodes from the netlist and calculates fan-out of each gate. It then rearranges the netlist by placing lines with the highest fan-out wires together to minimize interconnect length. Alternatively, it can rearrange the netlist by logic gate type to group similar gates together. Experimental results on circuits like an ADC show the optimized netlists reduce total area and number of metal layers compared to the original netlist. The optimization logic aims to generate more efficient layouts in MICROW
The document describes a design for a low power 32x32 multiplier that combines Booth and Vedic multiplication architectures. It partitions each 32-bit input into two 16-bit blocks, uses 16x16 Booth multipliers to generate partial products for each block, and employs 16x16 Vedic multipliers and carry select adders to add the partial products. This combined architecture achieves lower power and faster performance than individual Booth or Vedic multipliers. The design is implemented using Xilinx Vivado and evaluated for applications such as floating point multiplication.
This document describes a proposed VLSI implementation of a high-speed DCT architecture for H.264 video codec design. It presents a Booth radix-8 multiplier-based multiply-accumulate (MAC) unit to improve throughput and minimize area complexity for 8x8 2D DCT computation. The proposed MAC architecture achieves a maximum operating frequency of 129.18MHz while reducing area by 64% compared to a regular merged MAC unit with a conventional multiplier. FPGA implementation and performance analysis demonstrate the suitability of the proposed DCT architecture for applications in HDTV systems.
High Speed and Area Efficient Matrix Multiplication using Radix-4 Booth Multi...IRJET Journal
This document describes several designs for high-speed matrix multiplication. It proposes a new design called Parallel-Parallel Input Multi-Output (PPI-MO) that uses multiple multipliers and registers to perform matrix multiplication in parallel. This increases throughput. For an n×n matrix multiplication, it uses n2 multipliers, n2 registers, and n(n-2) adders. Elements of the first matrix are input to rows of multipliers simultaneously, while elements of the second matrix are input to columns. The partial products from each column are added to calculate elements of the output matrix.
IRJET- Review Paper on Radix-2 DIT Fast Fourier Transform using Reversible GateIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses a review paper on implementing a radix-2 Decimation-In-Time (DIT) Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) using reversible DKG gates.
2) The proposed design uses a 4x4 reversible DKG gate that functions as both an adder and subtractor.
3) The design is synthesized using Xilinx ISE software and simulated using VHDL test benches to evaluate performance.
IRJET - Comparison of Vedic, Wallac Tree and Array MultipliersIRJET Journal
This document compares three multiplication methods: Vedic, Wallace tree, and array multipliers. It implements 8-bit versions of each multiplier in Xilinx and compares their performance in terms of delay, power utilization, and speed. The results show that the Vedic multiplier has the lowest delay and utilizes less power and area than the other multipliers, making it the fastest and most efficient technique for complex mathematical problems according to this research.
A METHODOLOGY FOR IMPROVEMENT OF ROBA MULTIPLIER FOR ELECTRONIC APPLICATIONSVLSICS Design
In this paper, propose an approximate multiplier that is high speed yet energy efficient. The approach is to
around the operands to the closest exponent of 2. This way the machine intensive a part of the
multiplication is omitted up speed and energy consumption. The potency of the planned multiplier factor is
evaluated by comparing its performance with those of some approximate and correct multipliers using
different design parameters. In this proposed approach combined the conventional RoBA multiplier with
Kogge-stone parallel prefix adder. The results revealed that, in most (all) cases, the newly designed RoBA
multiplier architectures outperformed the corresponding approximate (exact) multipliers. Thus improved
the parameters of RoBA multiplier which can be used in the voice or image smoothing applications in the
DSP
A METHODOLOGY FOR IMPROVEMENT OF ROBA MULTIPLIER FOR ELECTRONIC APPLICATIONSVLSICS Design
In this paper, propose an approximate multiplier that is high speed yet energy efficient. The approach is to around the operands to the closest exponent of 2. This way the machine intensive a part of the multiplication is omitted up speed and energy consumption. The potency of the planned multiplier factor is evaluated by comparing its performance with those of some approximate and correct multipliers using different design parameters. In this proposed approach combined the conventional RoBA multiplier with Kogge-stone parallel prefix adder. The results revealed that, in most (all) cases, the newly designed RoBA multiplier architectures outperformed the corresponding approximate (exact) multipliers. Thus improved the parameters of RoBA multiplier which can be used in the voice or image smoothing applications in the DSP.
A METHODOLOGY FOR IMPROVEMENT OF ROBA MULTIPLIER FOR ELECTRONIC APPLICATIONSVLSICS Design
In this paper, propose an approximate multiplier that is high speed yet energy efficient. The approach is to
around the operands to the closest exponent of 2. This way the machine intensive a part of the
multiplication is omitted up speed and energy consumption. The potency of the planned multiplier factor is
evaluated by comparing its performance with those of some approximate and correct multipliers using
different design parameters. In this proposed approach combined the conventional RoBA multiplier with
Kogge-stone parallel prefix adder. The results revealed that, in most (all) cases, the newly designed RoBA
multiplier architectures outperformed the corresponding approximate (exact) multipliers. Thus improved
the parameters of RoBA multiplier which can be used in the voice or image smoothing applications in the
DSP.
A METHODOLOGY FOR IMPROVEMENT OF ROBA MULTIPLIER FOR ELECTRONIC APPLICATIONSVLSICS Design
In this paper, propose an approximate multiplier that is high speed yet energy efficient. The approach is to around the operands to the closest exponent of 2. This way the machine intensive a part of the multiplication is omitted up speed and energy consumption. The potency of the planned multiplier factor is evaluated by comparing its performance with those of some approximate and correct multipliers using different design parameters. In this proposed approach combined the conventional RoBA multiplier with Kogge-stone parallel prefix adder. The results revealed that, in most (all) cases, the newly designed RoBA multiplier architectures outperformed the corresponding approximate (exact) multipliers. Thus improved the parameters of RoBA multiplier which can be used in the voice or image smoothing applications in the DSP.
IRJET - Design of a Low Power Serial- Parallel Multiplier with Low Transition...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design of a low power serial-parallel multiplier that uses a modified radix-4 Booth algorithm. It aims to improve performance over a standard serial-parallel Booth multiplier in terms of area, delay, and power. The proposed multiplier generates partial products conditionally, adding only non-zero Booth encodings and skipping zero operations to reduce transitions and increase throughput. It is implemented using FPGA technology to evaluate its utility for applications like digital signal processing and machine learning that require high performance multiplication.
This document presents a comparative study of implementing single precision floating point division using different computational algorithms on FPGAs. It describes two commonly used division algorithms: Goldschmidt and Newton-Raphson. The Goldschmidt algorithm continually multiplies the numerator and denominator by a common factor to converge the denominator to 1. The Newton-Raphson algorithm calculates the multiplicative inverse of the denominator through iterative processing. A 32-bit floating point divider is designed using a 32-bit floating point multiplier module based on 24-bit Vedic multiplication and a 32-bit floating point subtractor module. Synthesis results on a Xilinx Spartan 6 FPGA show the resource utilization and propagation delay for the proposed design, which is
Multipliers play an important role in today’s digital signal processing (DSP) and various other
applications. Multiplication is the most time consuming process in various signal processing operations like
convolution, circular convolution, auto-correlation and cross-correlation. With advances in technology, many
researchers have tried and are trying to design multipliers which offer either of the following- high speed, low
power consumption, regularity of layout and hence less area or even combination of them in multiplier. However
area and speed are two conflicting constraints. So improving speed results always in larger areas. So here we try
to find out the best trade off solution among the both of them. To have features like high speed and low power
consumption multipliers several algorithms have been introduced .In this paper, we describes Multipliers by using
various algorithm in VLSI technology.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
This document summarizes a research paper on designing a high-speed arithmetic architecture for a parallel multiplier-accumulator based on the radix-2 modified Booth algorithm. It presents the design of a modified Booth multiplier using a carry lookahead adder for high accuracy with a fixed width. It also proposes a high-speed MAC architecture that improves performance by eliminating the accumulator and modifying the carry-save adder to add lower bits in advance, reducing the number of inputs to the final adder. The proposed CSA architecture can efficiently implement the operations of the new MAC arithmetic.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
This document summarizes a research paper on designing a high-speed arithmetic architecture for a parallel multiplier-accumulator based on the radix-2 modified Booth algorithm. It presents the design of a modified Booth multiplier using a carry lookahead adder for high accuracy with a fixed width. It also proposes a high-speed MAC architecture that improves performance by eliminating the accumulator and modifying the carry-save adder to add lower bits in advance, reducing the number of inputs to the final adder. The proposed CSA architecture can efficiently implement the operations of the new MAC arithmetic.
IRJET - Distributed Arithmetic Method for Complex MultiplicationIRJET Journal
This document describes a distributed arithmetic method for complex multiplication that reduces complexity compared to a regular multiplier. It presents a distributed arithmetic based complex multiplier architecture that uses lookup tables instead of actual multipliers and adders. The architecture stores pre-calculated outcomes for the real and imaginary parts of the complex multiplication in ROMs. It shifts the inputs and uses the output bits as addresses for the ROMs to perform the multiplication with less components than a traditional design. The proposed architecture is implemented in Verilog and simulated using Xilinx tools to verify its functionality for signed, unsigned and hexadecimal numbers.
Empirical Analysis of Radix Sort using Curve Fitting Technique in Personal Co...IRJET Journal
The document empirically analyzes the radix sort algorithm using curve fitting techniques on data collected from running radix sort on different data sizes on a personal computer. It implements radix sort in C and runs it 100 times for data sizes ranging from 10,000 to 27,000, recording the average run times. It then uses curve fitting to identify the model that best fits the run time versus data size data points, using R-squared, adjusted R-squared, and root mean square error. The analysis finds that the power model provides the best fit for the data.
PARTIAL PRODUCT ARRAY HEIGHT REDUCTION USING RADIX-16 FOR 64-BIT BOOTH MULTI...Hari M
PARTIAL PRODUCT ARRAY HEIGHT REDUCTION USING RADIX-16 FOR 64-BIT BOOTH MULTIPLIER:
Reduce the maximum height of the partial product columns to [n/4] for n = 64-bit unsigned
operand. This is in contrast to the conventional maximum height of [(n + 1)/4].
The multiplier algorithm is normally used for higher bit length applications and ordinary multiplier is good for lower order bits.
A Fast Floating Point Double Precision Implementation on FpgaIJERA Editor
In the modern day digital systems, floating point units are an important component in many signal and image
processing applications. Many approaches of the floating point units have been proposed and compared with
their counterparts in recent years. IEEE 754 floating point standard allows two types of precision units for
floating point operations, single and double. In the proposed architecture double precision floating point unit is
used and basic arithmetic operations are performed. A parallel architecture is proposed along with the high
speed adder, which is shared among other operations and can perform operations independently as a separate
unit. To improve the area efficiency of the unit, carry select adder is designed with the novel resource sharing
technique which allows performing the operations with the minimum usage of the resources while computing
the carry and sum for „0‟ and „1‟. The design is implemented using the Xilinx Spartan 6 FPGA and the results
show the 23% improvement in the speed of the designed circuit
A comprehensive study on Applications of Vedic Multipliers in signal processingIRJET Journal
This document discusses applications of Vedic multipliers in signal processing. It begins with an abstract that introduces digital signal processing operations and their importance. Convolution and multiplication play important roles in signal processing operations like convolution and correlation. The document then discusses how implementing high-speed Vedic multipliers based on ancient Vedic mathematics can make digital signal processing operations more efficient by reducing processing time compared to MATLAB's inbuilt functions. It provides examples of how Vedic multipliers can be used in convolution, fast Fourier transforms, MAC units, and other signal processing applications.
Designing of Asynchronous Viterbi Decoder for Low Power Consumption using Han...IRJET Journal
This document reviews various methods for designing asynchronous Viterbi decoders for low power consumption using handshaking protocols. It describes synchronous and asynchronous design methodologies for Viterbi decoders and different handshaking protocols that can be used to synchronize asynchronous components and reduce power consumption. Specifically, it discusses the LEDR handshaking protocol, which can enhance throughput and is delay-insensitive. The document analyzes several papers that propose techniques like LEDR encoding, reduced switching activity decoding, and asynchronous circuits to decrease power usage in Viterbi decoder components like the add-compare-select and state metric update units.
Similar to IRJET- Implementation of Radix-16 and Binary 64 Division VLSI Realizations for Energy Efficiency and Low Power Dissipation (20)
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the Sungal Tunnel project in Jammu and Kashmir, India, which is being constructed using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM).
2) NATM involves continuous monitoring during construction to adapt to changing ground conditions, and makes extensive use of shotcrete for temporary tunnel support.
3) The methodology section outlines the systematic geotechnical design process for tunnels according to Austrian guidelines, and describes the various steps of NATM tunnel construction including initial and secondary tunnel support.
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTUREIRJET Journal
This study examines the effect of response reduction factors (R factors) on reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures through nonlinear dynamic analysis. Three RC frame models with varying heights (4, 8, and 12 stories) were analyzed in ETABS software under different R factors ranging from 1 to 5. The results showed that displacement increased as the R factor decreased, indicating less linear behavior for lower R factors. Drift also decreased proportionally with increasing R factors from 1 to 5. Shear forces in the frames decreased with higher R factors. In general, R factors of 3 to 5 produced more satisfactory performance with less displacement and drift. The displacement variations between different building heights were consistent at different R factors. This study evaluated how R factors influence
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RCC ELEMENT OF SLAB WITH STARK STEEL (HYSD STEEL) A...IRJET Journal
This study compares the use of Stark Steel and TMT Steel as reinforcement materials in a two-way reinforced concrete slab. Mechanical testing is conducted to determine the tensile strength, yield strength, and other properties of each material. A two-way slab design adhering to codes and standards is executed with both materials. The performance is analyzed in terms of deflection, stability under loads, and displacement. Cost analyses accounting for material, durability, maintenance, and life cycle costs are also conducted. The findings provide insights into the economic and structural implications of each material for reinforcement selection and recommendations on the most suitable material based on the analysis.
Effect of Camber and Angles of Attack on Airfoil CharacteristicsIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study analyzing the effect of camber, position of camber, and angle of attack on the aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils. Sixteen modified asymmetric NACA airfoils were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) by varying the camber, camber position, and angle of attack. The results showed the relationship between these parameters and the lift coefficient, drag coefficient, and lift to drag ratio. This provides insight into how changes in airfoil geometry impact aerodynamic performance.
A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Compos...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the progress and challenges of aluminum-based metal matrix composites (MMCs), focusing on their fabrication processes and applications. It discusses how various aluminum MMCs have been developed using reinforcements like borides, carbides, oxides, and nitrides to improve mechanical and wear properties. These composites have gained prominence for their lightweight, high-strength and corrosion resistance properties. The document also examines recent advancements in fabrication techniques for aluminum MMCs and their growing applications in industries such as aerospace and automotive. However, it notes that challenges remain around issues like improper mixing of reinforcements and reducing reinforcement agglomeration.
Dynamic Urban Transit Optimization: A Graph Neural Network Approach for Real-...IRJET Journal
This document discusses research on using graph neural networks (GNNs) for dynamic optimization of public transportation networks in real-time. GNNs represent transit networks as graphs with nodes as stops and edges as connections. The GNN model aims to optimize networks using real-time data on vehicle locations, arrival times, and passenger loads. This helps increase mobility, decrease traffic, and improve efficiency. The system continuously trains and infers to adapt to changing transit conditions, providing decision support tools. While research has focused on performance, more work is needed on security, socio-economic impacts, contextual generalization of models, continuous learning approaches, and effective real-time visualization.
Structural Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey Symmetric and Asymmetric Shape...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research project that aims to compare the structural performance of conventional slab and grid slab systems in multi-story buildings using ETABS software. The study will analyze both symmetric and asymmetric building models under various loading conditions. Parameters like deflections, moments, shears, and stresses will be examined to evaluate the structural effectiveness of each slab type. The results will provide insights into the comparative behavior of conventional and grid slabs to help engineers and architects select appropriate slab systems based on building layouts and design requirements.
A Review of “Seismic Response of RC Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irreg...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes and reviews a research paper on the seismic response of reinforced concrete (RC) structures with plan and vertical irregularities, with and without infill walls. It discusses how infill walls can improve or reduce the seismic performance of RC buildings, depending on factors like wall layout, height distribution, connection to the frame, and relative stiffness of walls and frames. The reviewed research paper analyzes the behavior of infill walls, effects of vertical irregularities, and seismic performance of high-rise structures under linear static and dynamic analysis. It studies response characteristics like story drift, deflection and shear. The document also provides literature on similar research investigating the effects of infill walls, soft stories, plan irregularities, and different
This document provides a review of machine learning techniques used in Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). It begins with an abstract that summarizes key applications of machine learning in ADAS, including object detection, recognition, and decision-making. The introduction discusses the integration of machine learning in ADAS and how it is transforming vehicle safety. The literature review then examines several research papers on topics like lightweight deep learning models for object detection and lane detection models using image processing. It concludes by discussing challenges and opportunities in the field, such as improving algorithm robustness and adaptability.
Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district,...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes temperature and precipitation trends in Asosa District, Benishangul Gumuz Region, Ethiopia from 1993 to 2022 based on data from the local meteorological station. The results show:
1) The average maximum and minimum annual temperatures have generally decreased over time, with maximum temperatures decreasing by a factor of -0.0341 and minimum by -0.0152.
2) Mann-Kendall tests found the decreasing temperature trends to be statistically significant for annual maximum temperatures but not for annual minimum temperatures.
3) Annual precipitation in Asosa District showed a statistically significant increasing trend.
The conclusions recommend development planners account for rising summer precipitation and declining temperatures in
P.E.B. Framed Structure Design and Analysis Using STAAD ProIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and analysis of pre-engineered building (PEB) framed structures using STAAD Pro software. It provides an overview of PEBs, including that they are designed off-site with building trusses and beams produced in a factory. STAAD Pro is identified as a key tool for modeling, analyzing, and designing PEBs to ensure their performance and safety under various load scenarios. The document outlines modeling structural parts in STAAD Pro, evaluating structural reactions, assigning loads, and following international design codes and standards. In summary, STAAD Pro is used to design and analyze PEB framed structures to ensure safety and code compliance.
A Review on Innovative Fiber Integration for Enhanced Reinforcement of Concre...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on innovative fiber integration methods for reinforcing concrete structures. It discusses studies that have explored using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites with recycled plastic aggregates to develop more sustainable strengthening techniques. It also examines using ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete to improve shear strength in beams. Additional topics covered include the dynamic responses of FRP-strengthened beams under static and impact loads, and the performance of preloaded CFRP-strengthened fiber reinforced concrete beams. The review highlights the potential of fiber composites to enable more sustainable and resilient construction practices.
Survey Paper on Cloud-Based Secured Healthcare SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a survey on securing patient healthcare data in cloud-based systems. It discusses using technologies like facial recognition, smart cards, and cloud computing combined with strong encryption to securely store patient data. The survey found that healthcare professionals believe digitizing patient records and storing them in a centralized cloud system would improve access during emergencies and enable more efficient care compared to paper-based systems. However, ensuring privacy and security of patient data is paramount as healthcare incorporates these digital technologies.
Review on studies and research on widening of existing concrete bridgesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes several studies that have been conducted on widening existing concrete bridges. It describes a study from China that examined load distribution factors for a bridge widened with composite steel-concrete girders. It also outlines challenges and solutions for widening a bridge in the UAE, including replacing bearings and stitching the new and existing structures. Additionally, it discusses two bridge widening projects in New Zealand that involved adding precast beams and stitching to connect structures. Finally, safety measures and challenges for strengthening a historic bridge in Switzerland under live traffic are presented.
React based fullstack edtech web applicationIRJET Journal
The document describes the architecture of an educational technology web application built using the MERN stack. It discusses the frontend developed with ReactJS, backend with NodeJS and ExpressJS, and MongoDB database. The frontend provides dynamic user interfaces, while the backend offers APIs for authentication, course management, and other functions. MongoDB enables flexible data storage. The architecture aims to provide a scalable, responsive platform for online learning.
A Comprehensive Review of Integrating IoT and Blockchain Technologies in the ...IRJET Journal
This paper proposes integrating Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technologies to help implement objectives of India's National Education Policy (NEP) in the education sector. The paper discusses how blockchain could be used for secure student data management, credential verification, and decentralized learning platforms. IoT devices could create smart classrooms, automate attendance tracking, and enable real-time monitoring. Blockchain would ensure integrity of exam processes and resource allocation, while smart contracts automate agreements. The paper argues this integration has potential to revolutionize education by making it more secure, transparent and efficient, in alignment with NEP goals. However, challenges like infrastructure needs, data privacy, and collaborative efforts are also discussed.
A REVIEW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COCONUT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE.IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on the performance of coconut fibre reinforced concrete. It summarizes several studies that tested different volume fractions and lengths of coconut fibres in concrete mixtures with varying compressive strengths. The studies found that coconut fibre improved properties like tensile strength, toughness, crack resistance, and spalling resistance compared to plain concrete. Volume fractions of 2-5% and fibre lengths of 20-50mm produced the best results. The document concludes that using a 4-5% volume fraction of coconut fibres 30-40mm in length with M30-M60 grade concrete would provide benefits based on previous research.
Optimizing Business Management Process Workflows: The Dynamic Influence of Mi...IRJET Journal
The document discusses optimizing business management processes through automation using Microsoft Power Automate and artificial intelligence. It provides an overview of Power Automate's key components and features for automating workflows across various apps and services. The document then presents several scenarios applying automation solutions to common business processes like data entry, monitoring, HR, finance, customer support, and more. It estimates the potential time and cost savings from implementing automation for each scenario. Finally, the conclusion emphasizes the transformative impact of AI and automation tools on business processes and the need for ongoing optimization.
Multistoried and Multi Bay Steel Building Frame by using Seismic DesignIRJET Journal
The document describes the seismic design of a G+5 steel building frame located in Roorkee, India according to Indian codes IS 1893-2002 and IS 800. The frame was analyzed using the equivalent static load method and response spectrum method, and its response in terms of displacements and shear forces were compared. Based on the analysis, the frame was designed as a seismic-resistant steel structure according to IS 800:2007. The software STAAD Pro was used for the analysis and design.
Cost Optimization of Construction Using Plastic Waste as a Sustainable Constr...IRJET Journal
This research paper explores using plastic waste as a sustainable and cost-effective construction material. The study focuses on manufacturing pavers and bricks using recycled plastic and partially replacing concrete with plastic alternatives. Initial results found that pavers and bricks made from recycled plastic demonstrate comparable strength and durability to traditional materials while providing environmental and cost benefits. Additionally, preliminary research indicates incorporating plastic waste as a partial concrete replacement significantly reduces construction costs without compromising structural integrity. The outcomes suggest adopting plastic waste in construction can address plastic pollution while optimizing costs, promoting more sustainable building practices.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.