This document summarizes key information about biodiesel fuel quality and specifications. It discusses the importance of producing biodiesel that meets ASTM D6751 standards to ensure trouble-free performance. The BQ-9000 program helps promote high quality biodiesel production. Critical fuel properties like flash point, acid number, and glycerin content are examined. Factors that can impact biodiesel quality like feedstock, production process, storage and potential impurities are also summarized.
A powerpoint presentation on biofuels . Application , manufacture , advantages and disadvantages of biofuels also included . Presentation based on sustainable devolopment . A useful powerpoint presentation for engineering students . GO GREEN . Thank you .
In this world of concerns regarding depletion of fossil fuels, pollution control and other factors leading to threat of man kind survival a way of producing biodiesel from algae which can be a source of alternative fuel. Lots of methods and sources being used for producing biodiesel but from algae one can produce high amount of biodiesel depending on the type of species or strain selected and this way this is a viable and feasible method to produce biodiesel.....
A powerpoint presentation on biofuels . Application , manufacture , advantages and disadvantages of biofuels also included . Presentation based on sustainable devolopment . A useful powerpoint presentation for engineering students . GO GREEN . Thank you .
In this world of concerns regarding depletion of fossil fuels, pollution control and other factors leading to threat of man kind survival a way of producing biodiesel from algae which can be a source of alternative fuel. Lots of methods and sources being used for producing biodiesel but from algae one can produce high amount of biodiesel depending on the type of species or strain selected and this way this is a viable and feasible method to produce biodiesel.....
Biohydrogen may produced by steam reforming of methane (biogas) produced by anaerobic digestion of organic waste. In the latter process, natural gas and steam react to produce hydrogen and carbon dioxide.
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to examine the increasing economic feasibility of algae biofuels. Algae can be grown in places where traditional crops cannot be grown and it consumes carbon dioxide, thus making it better than traditional sources of biofuels. It can also be harvested every 10 days thus making its oil yield per acre 200 times higher than corn and 40 times higher than sunflowers. The problem is that harvesting and extracting the algae requires large amounts of labor and energy (drying) and the algae may damage surrounding eco-systems. Thus new and better processes along with large scale production are needed to solve these problems. These slides discuss the various approaches (open pond, photo-bioreactor, fermentation), their advantages and disadvantages, their existing and future costs, and other improvements that are driving steadily falling costs. In the short term, algae will continue to be used in niche applications such as cosmetics, food, and fertilizers. In the long run, as the cost reductions continue, algae might become a major source of fuel for transportation and other applications.
Microbial application for biofuel productionSAIMA BARKI
Microbial application for biofuel production-Third generation of the biofuels-emerging trend to accomplish with decreasing energy resources of the world-twenty-first century- a clean and green environment to decrease the greenhouse gases and to protect the third world countriess and also the food insecurities.
Biohydrogen may produced by steam reforming of methane (biogas) produced by anaerobic digestion of organic waste. In the latter process, natural gas and steam react to produce hydrogen and carbon dioxide.
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to examine the increasing economic feasibility of algae biofuels. Algae can be grown in places where traditional crops cannot be grown and it consumes carbon dioxide, thus making it better than traditional sources of biofuels. It can also be harvested every 10 days thus making its oil yield per acre 200 times higher than corn and 40 times higher than sunflowers. The problem is that harvesting and extracting the algae requires large amounts of labor and energy (drying) and the algae may damage surrounding eco-systems. Thus new and better processes along with large scale production are needed to solve these problems. These slides discuss the various approaches (open pond, photo-bioreactor, fermentation), their advantages and disadvantages, their existing and future costs, and other improvements that are driving steadily falling costs. In the short term, algae will continue to be used in niche applications such as cosmetics, food, and fertilizers. In the long run, as the cost reductions continue, algae might become a major source of fuel for transportation and other applications.
Microbial application for biofuel productionSAIMA BARKI
Microbial application for biofuel production-Third generation of the biofuels-emerging trend to accomplish with decreasing energy resources of the world-twenty-first century- a clean and green environment to decrease the greenhouse gases and to protect the third world countriess and also the food insecurities.
The performance and exhaust emission analysis of diesel engine using waste co...eSAT Journals
Abstract
From last ten year there has been number of increase in vehicles and corresponding to increase in the fuel price. For this reason
the scientist will move towards alternative fuels like vegetable oils, biodiesel, etc. Biodiesel is one of the substitute fuels which is
obtained from vegetable oils, Waste cooking oil. In this experiment, the biodiesel is produced from waste cooking oil using
transisterification process, the present work has focused mainly on the performance and exhaust emission of waste cooking oil
and its blend with diesel on diesel engine and its suitability is examined. The oil blended with diesel in proportion of 25/75%,
50/50%, 75/25%, and 100/100% on quantity basis after that biodiesel is analyzed. The performance and exhaust emission of
blend are check out at a variable loads (brake power) of 0 1,2,3,4 at constant speed of 1500rpm and 5kW and results are
compared. The experimental results show that there is mixing of lower percent of biodiesel in diesel give good results means
increase mechanical efficiency, the brake thermal efficiency, and BSFC are well comparable with diesel. At full load CO, CO2,
and HC are lower compare to diesel. Hence we can use the biodiesel which produced from waste cooking oil can be an
alternative fuel in a diesel engine. And also up to B25 there is no modification of our engine.
Keywords: Trasisterification Process, Engine Performance, Exhaust Emissions, Fossil Fuel, Biodiesel, Alternative
Fuels.
Experimental investigation of four stroke single cylinder rope brake dynamome...Premier Publishers
The present work is focused on the effects of waste cooking oil based methyl ester and its blends with petrodiesel on a single cylinder, 4 stroke, naturally aspirated, direct injection, water cooled, rope brake dynamometer assisted CI engine at varying loads. The physical and chemical properties of WCO based methyl ester were determined using standard ASTM methods. The suitability of WCO based methyl ester and its blends were evaluated through determining the performance and emission characteristics of CI engine. These results were compared to petrodiesel for validation. By analyzing these results, it was observed that the performance and emission characteristics were shown both satisfactory and unsatisfactory results. This was due to lower calorific value and high viscosity of waste cooking oil methyl ester resulted delay in combustion. From the critical analysis, it was observed that B20 of WCO based methyl ester reserved 32.2% brake thermal efficiency slightly greater than petrodiesel i.e. 32% without any engine modifications. It is concluded that B20 of WCO based methyl ester is suitable with no modification in engine.
Emission Measurements of Various Biofuels using a Commercial Swirl-Type Air-A...JOACHIM AGOU
A joint university-industry research program funded by Rolls-Royce Canada, NSERC and CRIAQ is actually pursued at Université Laval to characterize the combustion performance of liquid (biodiesel blends) and gaseous (syngas blends) biofuels in terms of emissions & smoke and lean blow out. The final objective of the proposed research is to characterize the most promising liquid and gaseous novel biofuels for use in industrial gas turbines in order to reduce greenhouse gases and potentially operation costs. These combustion tests allowed the characterization of standard diesel fuel as a baseline plus two biodiesel blends as well as standard methane as a baseline plus ten syngas blends (CH4, H2, CO and CO2) in order to evaluate the emissions of the main pollutants (CO, CO2, NOx, UHCs and smoke). Combustor exit and wall temperature measurements were also taken to characterize adequately the boundary conditions for future CFD simulations. The flame was contained in a quartz tube combustor operating at ambient outlet conditions and the fuel was delivered through a commercial swirl-type, airblast dual fuel atomizer. The air mass flow rate was kept constant for all fuels to maintain the same pressure drop (ΔP) across the fuel injector while the fuel flow was varied to cover equivalence ratios from 0.5 to 1. A probe connected to a FTIR/FID/O2 gas analyzer system and a smoke filter was fixed to a 3D-axis traverse in order to sample combustion products in a cross pattern at the combustor exit. This way, concentrations of various emissions were obtained at five radial positions. Burned gases and wall temperatures were measured with thermocouples along the test rig. This paper reports the findings of these experimental tests and presents the comparisons of the biofuels with baseline fuels to identify some benefits of these novel biofuels while maintaining an acceptable overall combustion performance.
Comparative Study for Biodiesel Properties and Standards for Gas TurbineJOACHIM AGOU
Due to the depletion of fossil fuels, decrease of the conventional oil reserves,
environmental and economic concerns, bio-fuels have gathered a significant attention
as alternative fuels for the future. Their applications in automobiles, industrial gas
turbines and aviation are increasing day by day. This article will discuss bio-diesels and
will provide an overview of their physical properties and compositions, which play an
important role in their injection, atomization, combustion performance and emissions.
Furthermore, it will be judicious to mention the conformity of bio-diesels and their
blends with the standards and regulations. Consequently, the purpose of this study will
be to reveal the acceptance criteria imposed by the standards in order to determine
which bio-diesels will be the most adequate.
Production and Analysis of Chemical Properties of Chicken Fat Based Biodiesel...IJERD Editor
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
This paper was presented at the Biodiesel Exposicion Technica in Rosario Argentina in July 2007. It covers the basics of biodiesel stability issues and mechanical, operational and chemical solutions to protect biodiesel stability.
This presentation shows the chemical reaction involved in preparation of biodiesel (ie. transesterification of long chained fatty acids). Jatropha is the most popular and most suitable oil seed in India for producing Biodiesel. This presentation shows Jatropha availability in India. Further, it also shows the test results of different biodiesel blends on 3100 HP locomotive engine that was performed in Research Designs and Standards Organization(RDSO), Lucknow.
46. 0.2139 Bound Glycerin Although cloudy, there were no droplets of precipitate. 0.0900 Bound Glycerin Crystal clear, no cloudiness or precipitate. Samples Passing 3/27
47. 0.9256 Bound Glycerin Note the falling droplets of unreacted oil. Samples Failing 3/27 1.8260 Bound Glycerin
52. Wilkes InfraSpec measures percent biodiesel in diesel fuel, ethanol in gasoline, water in ethanol as well as total glycerides during the biodiesel pass/fail determination in less than 5 minutes.
53. Paradigm Sensors * Paradigm Sensors’i-SPEC™ tests TOTAL GLYCERIN in blended fuels (B6-B20), which is in accordance with ASTM proposal that the biodiesel portion of the fuel must meet ASTM 6751 prior to blending.
Making high quality biodiesel consistently is of utmost importance The biggest concerns in making high quality biodiesel completeness of conversion and presence of contaminants like soap, glycerol, water, methanol, or unreacted catalyst. Common factors affecting quality are feedstock (FFA concentration and moisture content), appropriate quantity of catalyst; adequate agitation, adequate reaction heat and time; and thorough washing.
Reagents and Reference Materials - Most tests use reagents to prepare samples and/or reference materials for comparison of test results. This section provides detailed instructions with respect to the sourcing, specifications and maintenance of these materials. Sampling – The Methods prescribed for the taking, preparing, and maintaining of the test samples are set forth in this section. Careful attention to the Sampling section is critical in the ASTM testing process. Preparation of the Apparatus – The goal of the ASTM procedures is reproducibility over time and among laboratories. For this reason, there are detailed instructions for ensuring that the measurement apparatus is functioning properly and reproducibly before each test. Calibration – As a final determinant of proper functioning, many of the test instruments employ measurement of the property in question using a reference material as a part of the test methodology. The calibration procedure is an assurance that systematic errors are identified before actual testing begins. Procedure – This section provides detailed step-by-step instructions on how to conduct the measurements. It is particularly important to document each step and the results as the test procedure is performed.
Biodiesel can contain up to 1500ppm of dissolved water which can show up with a Karl Fischer Titration but this water may not show up in the water & sediment test.
The fundamental principle behind it is based on the Bunsen Reaction between iodine and sulfur dioxide in an aqueous medium. Karl Fischer discovered that this reaction could be modified to be used for the determination of water in a non-aqueous system containing an excess of sulfur dioxide. He used a primary alcohol (methanol) as the solvent, and a base (pyridine) as the buffering agent. Water and iodine are consumed in a 1:1 ratio in the above reaction. Once all of the water present is consumed, the presence of excess iodine is detected voltametrically by the titrator’s indicator electrode. That signals the end-point of the titration. The amount of water present in the sample is calculated based on the concentration of iodine in the Karl Fisher titrating reagent (i.e., titer) and the amount of Karl Fisher Reagent consumed in the titration.
Determined by heating the fuel in the presence of air so that all organic materials are burned away & only inorganic materials are left. The ash is then treated with sulfuric acid to enhance sensitivity to sodium & potassium compounds that remain from the catalyst. “Bake & measure”
Some animal fats & recycled oils have high sulfur levels and may not meet S15. This fuel can be sold into the offroad markets under the 500ppm sulfur fuels.
Also function of feedstock The more saturated the fat, the higher the cloud point (50-60F)
Making high quality biodiesel consistently is of utmost importance The biggest concerns in making high quality biodiesel completeness of conversion and presence of contaminants like soap, glycerol, water, methanol, or unreacted catalyst. Common factors affecting quality are feedstock (FFA concentration and moisture content), appropriate quantity of catalyst; adequate agitation, adequate reaction heat and time; and thorough washing.
The InfraSpec can measure percent biodiesel in diesel fuel, ethanol in gasoline, water in ethanol as well as total glycerides during the biodiesel reaction process. Using the InfraSpec Spectrometer for making pass/fail determinations for total glycerides can significantly reduce analysis time and increase reactor throughput by as much as 20 percent. The InfraSpec VFA-IR Spectrometer is compact and portable and has a simplified software interface for non-technically trained personnel giving the user the capability to measure the blend ratio of biofuels or total glycerides on site or at a manufacturing facility.
Paradigm Sensors’ i-SPEC™ Q-100 handheld field unit is capable of testing total glycerin, acid number, and methanol as well as biodiesel concentration, between B0 to B100, correlating with current FTIR and GC reference methodology
ASTM Standards: - All biodiesel sold should meet the the ASTM standards BQ 9000 Certification: - Two types of certification: Accredited Producer and Certified Marketer - in its introductory stages, only a few producers are accredited