The document compares the structural analysis and stress distribution of a biba dehulling machine designed using ANSYS software and constructed from either structural steel or cast iron. A biba dehulling machine was designed and its stresses were calculated using ANSYS to find regions susceptible to failure. The same design was then modeled using either structural steel or cast iron as the material to compare their performance and chances of failure during operation. Structural steel and cast iron were selected as potential materials for the machine construction and their suitability was evaluated based on the stress analysis results from ANSYS modeling.
Effect of chopping oil palm fruit spikelets on the free fatty acid content re...eSAT Journals
Abstract Crushed oil palm fruit bunches from the continuous sterilization system cause damages and bruising of the fruits, yielding high lipase enzyme reaction if no heating pre-treatment was carried out immediately. Thus, this study was proposed to acquire the free fatty acid content (FFA) release rate and to determine the mechanical properties of chopped oil palm fruit spikelets. The fruit spikelets were chopped by using two different methods, which were manually chopping using a knife blade and utilizing a fabricated chopper blade. Damages obtained from the manually chopped using the knife blade were classified into two categories, which were minor and major damage. The chopper blade was fixed on the Instron Machine to obtain its mechanical properties, such as rupture force, deformation at rupture, hardness and energy at the break of the fruit spikelets. The chopped fruit spikelets were stored at different storage periods ranging between 0hr to 2hr at room temperature. Extraction of palm oil was extracted using the Soxhlet extractor and the FFA content of the palm oil was determined through titration method. Results showed that the mean rupture force, deformation at rupture, hardness and energy at break required when chopping the fruit spikelets were 2781N, 45.53mm, 61.02 N/mm and 36.71J respectively. The development of FFA content was highly influenced by the damaged area of the fruits and the length of storage periods. This is due to the development of lipase enzyme activity that occurred in the damaged cells, therefore simultaneously increasing the rate of FFA content released. Key Words: Oil Palm Fruit Spikelets, Chopping Methods, Mechanical Properties, Storage Periods, Free Fatty Acid Content.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IRJET-Effect of Additives on Morphology and Permeability of Dendrimer Membran...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the production of biogas from waste generated in the jaggery making process. Jaggery is a traditional Indian sweetener made from sugarcane juice. The jaggery making process generates bagasse (sugarcane fiber residue) and press mud (filtered sugarcane juice residue). These wastes can be used to produce biogas via anaerobic digestion. Biogas is a renewable energy source that can benefit rural communities. The document outlines the jaggery making process, characteristics of the bagasse and press mud wastes, and factors that influence biogas production such as temperature, nutrients, and retention time. The goal is to utilize low-cost biomass for biogas production and organic
The Effect of Moisture Content on Some Physical and Engineering Properties of...theijes
Locust bean is a perennial edible crop and important source of food that must be processed for preservation and availability throughout the year. Physical and mechanical properties of locust beans are necessary for the design of equipment to handle, transport, process and store the crop. The properties were evaluated as a function of moisture content of locust beans. The locust seeds were tested for size and shape, true density, bulk density, porosity, sphericity, static coefficient of friction on plywood, aluminium and stainless, angle of repose and specific heat atmoisture conten to franging from 10.50 and 20.76 % (dry basis). The average length, width, thickness and geometric mean diameter of the locust beans were 12.04, 8.36, 5.04 and 7.50 mm respectively, while the true density, bulk density, porosity, surface area and sphere city were, 1166.09 kg/m3 ,729.90 kg/m3 , 37.37 %, 204.25 mm2 and 0.67, respectively. The respective values of static coefficient of friction for plywood, stainless and aluminium were 0.56, 0.51 and 0.48 while the angle of repose was 40.17o .The higher friction of coefficient was observed on plywood and the lowest on aluminium. The specific heat was observed to be 3.8 kJ/kg/Kat moisture content of 10.50 %.The information provided in this study will be useful for locust bean seed processing machine design and fabrication as well as industrial processing and structural design of storage bin of the seed.
IRJET - Development of Fruit and Vegetable Slicing MachineIRJET Journal
This document describes the development of a fruit and vegetable slicing machine. It begins by providing background on the importance of fruit and vegetable processing in India. It then discusses how slicing is a key unit operation that helps enable other processing steps like drying or cooking.
The researchers measured various physical properties of potatoes and bananas, like size, density, and angle of repose, in order to inform the design of the slicing machine. They conceptually designed a machine with four main units: feeding, slicing, collection, and power transmission. The slicing machine was then tested on potatoes and bananas, evaluating metrics like slicing capacity, broken slices, and uniformity of slices. The machine was able to slice potatoes at 91.8 kg
This document provides an introduction to palm kernel and its economic importance. It discusses the various varieties of palm fruits and how palm oil is traditionally processed. The key methods of separating palm kernels from shells are then reviewed, including manual picking, clay bath separation, hydrocyclones, salt water baths, pneumatic winnowing, and continuous process clay bath separation. Experiments are described that were conducted using an adjustable inclined plane to determine the optimal angle of inclination and velocities of kernels and shells for maximum separation efficiency.
Comparative Evaluation of Proximate Composition and Functional Properties of ...iosrjce
The two varieties of cooking banana (Musa cardaba and Musa bluggoe) were evaluated for
proximate composition and functional properties. The results of the proximate composition showed that the
mean protein values ranged from 4.49 to 4.79%, fat content ranged from 0.78 to 0.84%, carbohydrate content
ranged from 78.85 to 79.88%, moisture content ranged from 10.00 to 10.34%, crude fibre ranged from 0.71 to
0.85% and ash content ranged from 3.83 to 4.62%. In the functional properties, the result showed that bulk
density ranged from 0.74% to 0.79%, water absorption capacity ranged from 1.89 to 1.93%, oil absorption
capacity ranged from 2.30 to 2.78%, while wettability ranged from 59.66 to 60.66 secs.
IRJET- Design & Development of Cashew Nut Scooping MachineIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and development of an automatic cashew nut scooping machine. It aims to address the labor intensive and inefficient nature of manual cashew nut scooping. The machine uses an electric motor powered impeller to hurl cashew nuts against a fixed wall, scooping them from their shells upon impact. Testing showed the machine achieved a scooping efficiency of 95% and whole kernel recovery rate of 70-75%, significantly outperforming manual scooping. It can process 150kg of nuts per hour compared to the 15kg per day achieved manually. The automatic machine reduces labor costs, improves production rates and efficiency, while eliminating health hazards of manual scooping.
Effect of chopping oil palm fruit spikelets on the free fatty acid content re...eSAT Journals
Abstract Crushed oil palm fruit bunches from the continuous sterilization system cause damages and bruising of the fruits, yielding high lipase enzyme reaction if no heating pre-treatment was carried out immediately. Thus, this study was proposed to acquire the free fatty acid content (FFA) release rate and to determine the mechanical properties of chopped oil palm fruit spikelets. The fruit spikelets were chopped by using two different methods, which were manually chopping using a knife blade and utilizing a fabricated chopper blade. Damages obtained from the manually chopped using the knife blade were classified into two categories, which were minor and major damage. The chopper blade was fixed on the Instron Machine to obtain its mechanical properties, such as rupture force, deformation at rupture, hardness and energy at the break of the fruit spikelets. The chopped fruit spikelets were stored at different storage periods ranging between 0hr to 2hr at room temperature. Extraction of palm oil was extracted using the Soxhlet extractor and the FFA content of the palm oil was determined through titration method. Results showed that the mean rupture force, deformation at rupture, hardness and energy at break required when chopping the fruit spikelets were 2781N, 45.53mm, 61.02 N/mm and 36.71J respectively. The development of FFA content was highly influenced by the damaged area of the fruits and the length of storage periods. This is due to the development of lipase enzyme activity that occurred in the damaged cells, therefore simultaneously increasing the rate of FFA content released. Key Words: Oil Palm Fruit Spikelets, Chopping Methods, Mechanical Properties, Storage Periods, Free Fatty Acid Content.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IRJET-Effect of Additives on Morphology and Permeability of Dendrimer Membran...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the production of biogas from waste generated in the jaggery making process. Jaggery is a traditional Indian sweetener made from sugarcane juice. The jaggery making process generates bagasse (sugarcane fiber residue) and press mud (filtered sugarcane juice residue). These wastes can be used to produce biogas via anaerobic digestion. Biogas is a renewable energy source that can benefit rural communities. The document outlines the jaggery making process, characteristics of the bagasse and press mud wastes, and factors that influence biogas production such as temperature, nutrients, and retention time. The goal is to utilize low-cost biomass for biogas production and organic
The Effect of Moisture Content on Some Physical and Engineering Properties of...theijes
Locust bean is a perennial edible crop and important source of food that must be processed for preservation and availability throughout the year. Physical and mechanical properties of locust beans are necessary for the design of equipment to handle, transport, process and store the crop. The properties were evaluated as a function of moisture content of locust beans. The locust seeds were tested for size and shape, true density, bulk density, porosity, sphericity, static coefficient of friction on plywood, aluminium and stainless, angle of repose and specific heat atmoisture conten to franging from 10.50 and 20.76 % (dry basis). The average length, width, thickness and geometric mean diameter of the locust beans were 12.04, 8.36, 5.04 and 7.50 mm respectively, while the true density, bulk density, porosity, surface area and sphere city were, 1166.09 kg/m3 ,729.90 kg/m3 , 37.37 %, 204.25 mm2 and 0.67, respectively. The respective values of static coefficient of friction for plywood, stainless and aluminium were 0.56, 0.51 and 0.48 while the angle of repose was 40.17o .The higher friction of coefficient was observed on plywood and the lowest on aluminium. The specific heat was observed to be 3.8 kJ/kg/Kat moisture content of 10.50 %.The information provided in this study will be useful for locust bean seed processing machine design and fabrication as well as industrial processing and structural design of storage bin of the seed.
IRJET - Development of Fruit and Vegetable Slicing MachineIRJET Journal
This document describes the development of a fruit and vegetable slicing machine. It begins by providing background on the importance of fruit and vegetable processing in India. It then discusses how slicing is a key unit operation that helps enable other processing steps like drying or cooking.
The researchers measured various physical properties of potatoes and bananas, like size, density, and angle of repose, in order to inform the design of the slicing machine. They conceptually designed a machine with four main units: feeding, slicing, collection, and power transmission. The slicing machine was then tested on potatoes and bananas, evaluating metrics like slicing capacity, broken slices, and uniformity of slices. The machine was able to slice potatoes at 91.8 kg
This document provides an introduction to palm kernel and its economic importance. It discusses the various varieties of palm fruits and how palm oil is traditionally processed. The key methods of separating palm kernels from shells are then reviewed, including manual picking, clay bath separation, hydrocyclones, salt water baths, pneumatic winnowing, and continuous process clay bath separation. Experiments are described that were conducted using an adjustable inclined plane to determine the optimal angle of inclination and velocities of kernels and shells for maximum separation efficiency.
Comparative Evaluation of Proximate Composition and Functional Properties of ...iosrjce
The two varieties of cooking banana (Musa cardaba and Musa bluggoe) were evaluated for
proximate composition and functional properties. The results of the proximate composition showed that the
mean protein values ranged from 4.49 to 4.79%, fat content ranged from 0.78 to 0.84%, carbohydrate content
ranged from 78.85 to 79.88%, moisture content ranged from 10.00 to 10.34%, crude fibre ranged from 0.71 to
0.85% and ash content ranged from 3.83 to 4.62%. In the functional properties, the result showed that bulk
density ranged from 0.74% to 0.79%, water absorption capacity ranged from 1.89 to 1.93%, oil absorption
capacity ranged from 2.30 to 2.78%, while wettability ranged from 59.66 to 60.66 secs.
IRJET- Design & Development of Cashew Nut Scooping MachineIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and development of an automatic cashew nut scooping machine. It aims to address the labor intensive and inefficient nature of manual cashew nut scooping. The machine uses an electric motor powered impeller to hurl cashew nuts against a fixed wall, scooping them from their shells upon impact. Testing showed the machine achieved a scooping efficiency of 95% and whole kernel recovery rate of 70-75%, significantly outperforming manual scooping. It can process 150kg of nuts per hour compared to the 15kg per day achieved manually. The automatic machine reduces labor costs, improves production rates and efficiency, while eliminating health hazards of manual scooping.
This document describes the design and development of an improved palm kernel shelling and sorting machine. Key aspects of the design include:
1) The cracking unit uses a cylindrical chamber with rectangular impeller blades that crack palm kernels through high-speed impact against the chamber walls.
2) The sorting unit consists of a vibrating mesh tray that separates cracked palm kernels from shell fragments based on differences in size and velocity.
3) Performance testing found the machine achieved a 90% shelling-sorting efficiency, 59kg/h throughput, and 70% recovery of whole palm kernels with low production costs.
Development of a Palm Fruit Bunch Chopper and Spikelet Stripperinventionjournals
The inadequacy of processing technology involved in the palm fruit processing has been attributed to the manual method and individualized processing machinery. This imposes the need to develop an all-in-one machine to increase efficiency, reduce time, space and drudgery. The palm fruit bunch chopper and spikelet machine comprise of the frame, chopping, stripping and cleaning chambers and the outlets (fruitlets, spikelet and dirt). Evaluation of the machine was varied on the level of ripeness of fresh palm fruit bunch, fermentation time of 24, 48, and 72hours, shafts speed (stripper shaft 320, 350, 500rpm and blower shaft 1300, 1500, 2100rpm). The stripping and quality performance efficiency with output capacity of stripping increased with level of ripeness, shafts speed and fermentation time from 15.949 – 94.015%, 12.843 – 79.943% and 59.208 – 249.056kg/hr respectively. The optimum chopping, stripping, quality performance and cleaning efficiency was obtained from the over-ripe fresh fruit bunch, 72hours fermentation time, 500rpm shafts speed and moisture content of 46.16% (db). The cost of producing one unit of the combined palm fruit bunch processor as at the time of fabrication was estimated to be ₦85,000 not including the cost of electric motor and the power required when operated with electric motor of 5.5hp.
Development of a Palm Fruit Bunch Chopper and Spikelet Stripperinventionjournals
The inadequacy of processing technology involved in the palm fruit processing has been attributed to the manual method and individualized processing machinery. This imposes the need to develop an all-in-one machine to increase efficiency, reduce time, space and drudgery. The palm fruit bunch chopper and spikelet machine comprise of the frame, chopping, stripping and cleaning chambers and the outlets (fruitlets, spikelet and dirt). Evaluation of the machine was varied on the level of ripeness of fresh palm fruit bunch, fermentation time of 24, 48, and 72hours, shafts speed (stripper shaft 320, 350, 500rpm and blower shaft 1300, 1500, 2100rpm). The stripping and quality performance efficiency with output capacity of stripping increased with level of ripeness, shafts speed and fermentation time from 15.949 – 94.015%, 12.843 – 79.943% and 59.208 – 249.056kg/hr respectively. The optimum chopping, stripping, quality performance and cleaning efficiency was obtained from the over-ripe fresh fruit bunch, 72hours fermentation time, 500rpm shafts speed and moisture content of 46.16% (db). The cost of producing one unit of the combined palm fruit bunch processor as at the time of fabrication was estimated to be ₦85,000 not including the cost of electric motor and the power required when operated with electric motor of 5.5hp
OPTIMIZATION AND TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER USING NATURAL COAGULANTSIRJET Journal
This document discusses using natural coagulants from okra and jackfruit seeds to treat wastewater. It analyzes the characteristics of raw sewage water and finds the optimal dosages of okra powder and jackfruit seed powder for coagulation/flocculation treatment are 120 mg/L and 80 mg/L, respectively. Jackfruit seed powder more efficiently reduces turbidity by 84%, while okra powder performs better at reducing chemical oxygen demand by 80%. Both natural coagulants show potential as alternatives to chemical treatments and producing less toxic sludge.
Design & Performances of Coconut De-Shelling MachineIJERA Editor
The traditional method used in India, for the separation of copra and shell from partially-dried split coconuts, is labour intensive. To overcome this problem, a power operated coconut de-shelling machine was designed and developed. A coconut de-shelling machine comprising of cutter with belt drive. Performances test analysis conducted show that the machine de-shelled the fruits without nut breakage and also that its average de-shelling efficiency and capacity are 90% and 195 coconut per hour. All materials used in the fabrication of this machine are of standard specification and locally sourced. The estimated cost of producing one unit of the machine is twenty five thousand six hundred (Rs.25, 600). The machine also eliminated dependency on the epileptic public electric power supply in our rural areas which constitutes the major obstacle in the use of other mechanized coconut de-shelling equipment in the rural area.
ASSESSMENT AND OPTIMIZATION OF THE USE OF A PLANT BASED BIO- FLOCCULANTS FOR ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that assessed the use of plant-based bio-flocculants for treating dairy effluent. Specifically, it investigated using tamarind seed powder and aloe vera leaf powder as natural coagulants. The dairy effluent was characterized and then treated with different dosages of the bio-flocculants. Jar tests determined the optimum dosages were 120 mg/L for tamarind seed powder and 100 mg/L for aloe vera powder. Tamarind seed powder performed better at reducing BOD levels by 88.64%, while aloe vera powder performed better at reducing COD and turbidity levels by 88.44% and 87% respectively.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IRJET- A Review on Design and Development of Coconut Deshelling MachineIRJET Journal
The document reviews several designs for coconut de-shelling machines. It summarizes 7 different designs:
1. A machine with two cutters mounted on a shared shaft with gear drive that can de-shell 300 coconuts per hour.
2. A power-operated machine that can de-shell 200 nuts or 400 cups per batch in 4 minutes, 4 times faster than manual methods.
3. A semi-automatic young coconut cutting machine that can cut 480 fruits per hour at a cost of $2.63 per 1000 fruits.
4. A motorized groundnut sheller that can shell 78% of nuts and has a throughput of 345.4kg per hour.
DEVELOPMENT OF PAPER AND INVITATION CARDS USING ARECA NUT HUSK FIBERSIRJET Journal
This document describes a study on developing paper and invitation cards using areca nut husk fibers as a way to manage agro-waste. Areca nuts are an important crop in India that generate large amounts of husk waste. The study involved collecting, drying, and separating fibers from areca nut husks. Various tests were conducted to analyze the fibers. The fibers were then cooked, bleached, and made into sheets to produce paper and invitation cards. The study found that areca nut husk fibers can yield paper comparable to traditional wood fibers. Using this agro-waste helps reduce deforestation while providing an economic use of waste and affordable products.
IRJET- A Review on Design and Development of Pedal Operated Maize ShellerIRJET Journal
This document reviews the design and development of a pedal-operated maize sheller. It begins with an introduction to maize/corn as the third most important crop in India. Traditionally, maize is shelled by hand which is time-consuming and inefficient. Existing power-operated shellers require electricity and have high capital costs, making them unsuitable for rural areas. The document then reviews several existing maize sheller designs. It identifies opportunities to improve efficiency and reduce costs. The goal is to develop an affordable pedal-powered sheller suitable for Indian farmers. The document concludes that a pedal-operated design could provide higher productivity than manual shelling while being more accessible to farmers than electric models
IRJET - Experimental Investigation on Treatment of Dairy Wastewater using Nat...IRJET Journal
This document investigates using natural coagulants to treat dairy wastewater. Dairy wastewater contains high levels of organic materials, suspended solids, BOD, COD, nutrients and variations in pH. Four natural coagulants - Senna auriculate, Strychnos potatorum, Phyllanthus emblica, and Carica papaya seeds - were tested at dosages of 2-10g/L. Testing showed that the natural coagulants reduced parameters like turbidity, BOD, COD, chlorides and sulphates the most at dosages between 6-10g/L. The natural coagulants were found to be an effective, economical and
Design and Construction of a Small-scale Motorized Bitter Leaf Juice ExtractorBRNSS Publication Hub
A small-scale motorized bitter leaf juice extractor was designed and fabricated, using locally available construction materials. The essential components of the machine include feeding hopper, end plate, worm shaft, juice sieve, juice collector, waste collector transmission belt, main frame, pulleys, and bearings. In operation, the worm shaft conveys, crushes, presses, and squeezes the herb to extract the juice. The juice extracted is filtered through the juice sieve into the juice collector while the residual waste is collected through the end plate. The result showed that the average juice yield and juice extraction efficiency were 77% and 97.1%, respectively. The machine is powered by a 0.33 hp electric motor; the machine has a capacity of 35.4 g/min. It is affordable for small-scale farmers and industries in rural communities.
The document describes the design and evaluation of a corn sheller machine. It discusses how existing corn de-husking methods are not effective for small Indian farmers. The designed machine uses a DC motor to rotate sharp cutting blades that remove corn kernels from cobs as they are fed through. An evaluation of the machine found it was able to shell 20kg of corn in under 3 minutes with a threshing efficiency of 78.93% and separation efficiency of 56.06%. The machine was concluded to satisfactorily shell corn and could process about 1 tonne per 9 hour shift, providing an innovative solution for efficient corn processing by small Indian farmers.
Effects of Pretreatments and Drying Methods on Some Anti-nutrients and Proxim...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of different pretreatments and drying methods on anti-nutrients and proximate composition of peanuts. Fresh peanuts were dried using microwave drying or conventional oven drying at temperatures of 50, 60, and 70°C, with or without pretreatment by soaking in water or brine solution. Pretreatment and microwave drying was found to most effectively reduce anti-nutrients like oxalates and tannins in peanuts. Soaking in brine before microwave drying at 70°C reduced oxalates the most, from an average of 24.58% in raw peanuts to 2.08%. Soaking in water before microwave drying at 70°C reduced tannins
Design of a Process Plant for the Production of Poundo YamCSCJournals
This paper explicitly gives the details of the design of an integrated process plant for poundo yam production. The paper covers the deign analysis of each machine involved in the production process of the process plant. Viz a viz peeling and slicing machine; parboiling machine; conveyor; sieving machine; drying machine and grinding machine. It explained the material required for the fabrication of each part of the machines used in the process plant and the cost analysis. A simulation was done to confirm the workability of the design for fabrication purpose. The plant has a capacity of converting 23 tubers of yam(discorea alata) into 250kg of poundo yam in 7hrs.
Design and Fabrication of Arecanut Dehusker Machine & Automatic SegregationIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and fabrication of an arecanut dehusker machine. It aims to increase the production rate and safety of dehusking arecanuts, which is currently done manually. The machine consists of a hopper, dehusking rollers, and an automatic sorting system using computer vision. It can dehusk 8kg of arecanuts per hour with 75% efficiency at 125 RPM. The design specifications, calculations, working principle and testing results are provided. It was concluded that the portable and low-cost machine successfully dehusks dry arecanuts while solving issues with previous designs like inadequate removal and inability to handle different sizes.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
This document summarizes a research study on the effects of blanching water temperature and soaking time on the quality attributes of yam flour. Fresh yam tubers were blanched at temperatures of 40, 50, and 60°C and soaked for 12, 24, and 48 hours. The yam flour was then analyzed for physical and proximate qualities. Results showed that blanching temperature and soaking time significantly affected moisture content, protein, carbohydrates, bulk density, swelling capacity, foaming capacity, and water absorption capacity. The best combination for quality was 40°C blanching temperature and 12 hours soaking time.
IRJET- Removal of Turbidity from Dairy Waste Water using Natural CoagulantsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on using natural coagulants to remove turbidity from dairy wastewater. Five natural coagulants were tested: drumstick seeds, chickpeas, fenugreek, hyacinth beans, and tamarind seeds. Initial parameters of the dairy wastewater were measured. Jar tests were conducted to determine the optimum dosage, time, speed, and pH for coagulation using each coagulant. Tamrid indica (tamarind seeds) was found to be the most effective, removing 58.5 NTU of turbidity at an optimum dosage of 5mg/L over 30 minutes at 40rpm and a pH of 9.
IRJET- Efficiency of Jackfruit Seed Powder as a Natural CoagulantIRJET Journal
This study evaluated the efficiency of jackfruit seed powder as a natural coagulant for treating dairy and kitchen wastewater. Jar tests were conducted with varying dosages of jackfruit seed powder. For dairy wastewater, the optimum dosage was found to be 1600 mg/L, which reduced turbidity by 82% and COD by 57%. For kitchen wastewater, the optimum dosage was 600 mg/L, reducing turbidity by 88.4% and COD by 53%. The study demonstrated that jackfruit seed powder is an effective and eco-friendly natural coagulant for wastewater treatment.
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the Sungal Tunnel project in Jammu and Kashmir, India, which is being constructed using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM).
2) NATM involves continuous monitoring during construction to adapt to changing ground conditions, and makes extensive use of shotcrete for temporary tunnel support.
3) The methodology section outlines the systematic geotechnical design process for tunnels according to Austrian guidelines, and describes the various steps of NATM tunnel construction including initial and secondary tunnel support.
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTUREIRJET Journal
This study examines the effect of response reduction factors (R factors) on reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures through nonlinear dynamic analysis. Three RC frame models with varying heights (4, 8, and 12 stories) were analyzed in ETABS software under different R factors ranging from 1 to 5. The results showed that displacement increased as the R factor decreased, indicating less linear behavior for lower R factors. Drift also decreased proportionally with increasing R factors from 1 to 5. Shear forces in the frames decreased with higher R factors. In general, R factors of 3 to 5 produced more satisfactory performance with less displacement and drift. The displacement variations between different building heights were consistent at different R factors. This study evaluated how R factors influence
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This document describes the design and development of an improved palm kernel shelling and sorting machine. Key aspects of the design include:
1) The cracking unit uses a cylindrical chamber with rectangular impeller blades that crack palm kernels through high-speed impact against the chamber walls.
2) The sorting unit consists of a vibrating mesh tray that separates cracked palm kernels from shell fragments based on differences in size and velocity.
3) Performance testing found the machine achieved a 90% shelling-sorting efficiency, 59kg/h throughput, and 70% recovery of whole palm kernels with low production costs.
Development of a Palm Fruit Bunch Chopper and Spikelet Stripperinventionjournals
The inadequacy of processing technology involved in the palm fruit processing has been attributed to the manual method and individualized processing machinery. This imposes the need to develop an all-in-one machine to increase efficiency, reduce time, space and drudgery. The palm fruit bunch chopper and spikelet machine comprise of the frame, chopping, stripping and cleaning chambers and the outlets (fruitlets, spikelet and dirt). Evaluation of the machine was varied on the level of ripeness of fresh palm fruit bunch, fermentation time of 24, 48, and 72hours, shafts speed (stripper shaft 320, 350, 500rpm and blower shaft 1300, 1500, 2100rpm). The stripping and quality performance efficiency with output capacity of stripping increased with level of ripeness, shafts speed and fermentation time from 15.949 – 94.015%, 12.843 – 79.943% and 59.208 – 249.056kg/hr respectively. The optimum chopping, stripping, quality performance and cleaning efficiency was obtained from the over-ripe fresh fruit bunch, 72hours fermentation time, 500rpm shafts speed and moisture content of 46.16% (db). The cost of producing one unit of the combined palm fruit bunch processor as at the time of fabrication was estimated to be ₦85,000 not including the cost of electric motor and the power required when operated with electric motor of 5.5hp.
Development of a Palm Fruit Bunch Chopper and Spikelet Stripperinventionjournals
The inadequacy of processing technology involved in the palm fruit processing has been attributed to the manual method and individualized processing machinery. This imposes the need to develop an all-in-one machine to increase efficiency, reduce time, space and drudgery. The palm fruit bunch chopper and spikelet machine comprise of the frame, chopping, stripping and cleaning chambers and the outlets (fruitlets, spikelet and dirt). Evaluation of the machine was varied on the level of ripeness of fresh palm fruit bunch, fermentation time of 24, 48, and 72hours, shafts speed (stripper shaft 320, 350, 500rpm and blower shaft 1300, 1500, 2100rpm). The stripping and quality performance efficiency with output capacity of stripping increased with level of ripeness, shafts speed and fermentation time from 15.949 – 94.015%, 12.843 – 79.943% and 59.208 – 249.056kg/hr respectively. The optimum chopping, stripping, quality performance and cleaning efficiency was obtained from the over-ripe fresh fruit bunch, 72hours fermentation time, 500rpm shafts speed and moisture content of 46.16% (db). The cost of producing one unit of the combined palm fruit bunch processor as at the time of fabrication was estimated to be ₦85,000 not including the cost of electric motor and the power required when operated with electric motor of 5.5hp
OPTIMIZATION AND TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER USING NATURAL COAGULANTSIRJET Journal
This document discusses using natural coagulants from okra and jackfruit seeds to treat wastewater. It analyzes the characteristics of raw sewage water and finds the optimal dosages of okra powder and jackfruit seed powder for coagulation/flocculation treatment are 120 mg/L and 80 mg/L, respectively. Jackfruit seed powder more efficiently reduces turbidity by 84%, while okra powder performs better at reducing chemical oxygen demand by 80%. Both natural coagulants show potential as alternatives to chemical treatments and producing less toxic sludge.
Design & Performances of Coconut De-Shelling MachineIJERA Editor
The traditional method used in India, for the separation of copra and shell from partially-dried split coconuts, is labour intensive. To overcome this problem, a power operated coconut de-shelling machine was designed and developed. A coconut de-shelling machine comprising of cutter with belt drive. Performances test analysis conducted show that the machine de-shelled the fruits without nut breakage and also that its average de-shelling efficiency and capacity are 90% and 195 coconut per hour. All materials used in the fabrication of this machine are of standard specification and locally sourced. The estimated cost of producing one unit of the machine is twenty five thousand six hundred (Rs.25, 600). The machine also eliminated dependency on the epileptic public electric power supply in our rural areas which constitutes the major obstacle in the use of other mechanized coconut de-shelling equipment in the rural area.
ASSESSMENT AND OPTIMIZATION OF THE USE OF A PLANT BASED BIO- FLOCCULANTS FOR ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that assessed the use of plant-based bio-flocculants for treating dairy effluent. Specifically, it investigated using tamarind seed powder and aloe vera leaf powder as natural coagulants. The dairy effluent was characterized and then treated with different dosages of the bio-flocculants. Jar tests determined the optimum dosages were 120 mg/L for tamarind seed powder and 100 mg/L for aloe vera powder. Tamarind seed powder performed better at reducing BOD levels by 88.64%, while aloe vera powder performed better at reducing COD and turbidity levels by 88.44% and 87% respectively.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IRJET- A Review on Design and Development of Coconut Deshelling MachineIRJET Journal
The document reviews several designs for coconut de-shelling machines. It summarizes 7 different designs:
1. A machine with two cutters mounted on a shared shaft with gear drive that can de-shell 300 coconuts per hour.
2. A power-operated machine that can de-shell 200 nuts or 400 cups per batch in 4 minutes, 4 times faster than manual methods.
3. A semi-automatic young coconut cutting machine that can cut 480 fruits per hour at a cost of $2.63 per 1000 fruits.
4. A motorized groundnut sheller that can shell 78% of nuts and has a throughput of 345.4kg per hour.
DEVELOPMENT OF PAPER AND INVITATION CARDS USING ARECA NUT HUSK FIBERSIRJET Journal
This document describes a study on developing paper and invitation cards using areca nut husk fibers as a way to manage agro-waste. Areca nuts are an important crop in India that generate large amounts of husk waste. The study involved collecting, drying, and separating fibers from areca nut husks. Various tests were conducted to analyze the fibers. The fibers were then cooked, bleached, and made into sheets to produce paper and invitation cards. The study found that areca nut husk fibers can yield paper comparable to traditional wood fibers. Using this agro-waste helps reduce deforestation while providing an economic use of waste and affordable products.
IRJET- A Review on Design and Development of Pedal Operated Maize ShellerIRJET Journal
This document reviews the design and development of a pedal-operated maize sheller. It begins with an introduction to maize/corn as the third most important crop in India. Traditionally, maize is shelled by hand which is time-consuming and inefficient. Existing power-operated shellers require electricity and have high capital costs, making them unsuitable for rural areas. The document then reviews several existing maize sheller designs. It identifies opportunities to improve efficiency and reduce costs. The goal is to develop an affordable pedal-powered sheller suitable for Indian farmers. The document concludes that a pedal-operated design could provide higher productivity than manual shelling while being more accessible to farmers than electric models
IRJET - Experimental Investigation on Treatment of Dairy Wastewater using Nat...IRJET Journal
This document investigates using natural coagulants to treat dairy wastewater. Dairy wastewater contains high levels of organic materials, suspended solids, BOD, COD, nutrients and variations in pH. Four natural coagulants - Senna auriculate, Strychnos potatorum, Phyllanthus emblica, and Carica papaya seeds - were tested at dosages of 2-10g/L. Testing showed that the natural coagulants reduced parameters like turbidity, BOD, COD, chlorides and sulphates the most at dosages between 6-10g/L. The natural coagulants were found to be an effective, economical and
Design and Construction of a Small-scale Motorized Bitter Leaf Juice ExtractorBRNSS Publication Hub
A small-scale motorized bitter leaf juice extractor was designed and fabricated, using locally available construction materials. The essential components of the machine include feeding hopper, end plate, worm shaft, juice sieve, juice collector, waste collector transmission belt, main frame, pulleys, and bearings. In operation, the worm shaft conveys, crushes, presses, and squeezes the herb to extract the juice. The juice extracted is filtered through the juice sieve into the juice collector while the residual waste is collected through the end plate. The result showed that the average juice yield and juice extraction efficiency were 77% and 97.1%, respectively. The machine is powered by a 0.33 hp electric motor; the machine has a capacity of 35.4 g/min. It is affordable for small-scale farmers and industries in rural communities.
The document describes the design and evaluation of a corn sheller machine. It discusses how existing corn de-husking methods are not effective for small Indian farmers. The designed machine uses a DC motor to rotate sharp cutting blades that remove corn kernels from cobs as they are fed through. An evaluation of the machine found it was able to shell 20kg of corn in under 3 minutes with a threshing efficiency of 78.93% and separation efficiency of 56.06%. The machine was concluded to satisfactorily shell corn and could process about 1 tonne per 9 hour shift, providing an innovative solution for efficient corn processing by small Indian farmers.
Effects of Pretreatments and Drying Methods on Some Anti-nutrients and Proxim...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of different pretreatments and drying methods on anti-nutrients and proximate composition of peanuts. Fresh peanuts were dried using microwave drying or conventional oven drying at temperatures of 50, 60, and 70°C, with or without pretreatment by soaking in water or brine solution. Pretreatment and microwave drying was found to most effectively reduce anti-nutrients like oxalates and tannins in peanuts. Soaking in brine before microwave drying at 70°C reduced oxalates the most, from an average of 24.58% in raw peanuts to 2.08%. Soaking in water before microwave drying at 70°C reduced tannins
Design of a Process Plant for the Production of Poundo YamCSCJournals
This paper explicitly gives the details of the design of an integrated process plant for poundo yam production. The paper covers the deign analysis of each machine involved in the production process of the process plant. Viz a viz peeling and slicing machine; parboiling machine; conveyor; sieving machine; drying machine and grinding machine. It explained the material required for the fabrication of each part of the machines used in the process plant and the cost analysis. A simulation was done to confirm the workability of the design for fabrication purpose. The plant has a capacity of converting 23 tubers of yam(discorea alata) into 250kg of poundo yam in 7hrs.
Design and Fabrication of Arecanut Dehusker Machine & Automatic SegregationIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and fabrication of an arecanut dehusker machine. It aims to increase the production rate and safety of dehusking arecanuts, which is currently done manually. The machine consists of a hopper, dehusking rollers, and an automatic sorting system using computer vision. It can dehusk 8kg of arecanuts per hour with 75% efficiency at 125 RPM. The design specifications, calculations, working principle and testing results are provided. It was concluded that the portable and low-cost machine successfully dehusks dry arecanuts while solving issues with previous designs like inadequate removal and inability to handle different sizes.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
This document summarizes a research study on the effects of blanching water temperature and soaking time on the quality attributes of yam flour. Fresh yam tubers were blanched at temperatures of 40, 50, and 60°C and soaked for 12, 24, and 48 hours. The yam flour was then analyzed for physical and proximate qualities. Results showed that blanching temperature and soaking time significantly affected moisture content, protein, carbohydrates, bulk density, swelling capacity, foaming capacity, and water absorption capacity. The best combination for quality was 40°C blanching temperature and 12 hours soaking time.
IRJET- Removal of Turbidity from Dairy Waste Water using Natural CoagulantsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on using natural coagulants to remove turbidity from dairy wastewater. Five natural coagulants were tested: drumstick seeds, chickpeas, fenugreek, hyacinth beans, and tamarind seeds. Initial parameters of the dairy wastewater were measured. Jar tests were conducted to determine the optimum dosage, time, speed, and pH for coagulation using each coagulant. Tamrid indica (tamarind seeds) was found to be the most effective, removing 58.5 NTU of turbidity at an optimum dosage of 5mg/L over 30 minutes at 40rpm and a pH of 9.
IRJET- Efficiency of Jackfruit Seed Powder as a Natural CoagulantIRJET Journal
This study evaluated the efficiency of jackfruit seed powder as a natural coagulant for treating dairy and kitchen wastewater. Jar tests were conducted with varying dosages of jackfruit seed powder. For dairy wastewater, the optimum dosage was found to be 1600 mg/L, which reduced turbidity by 82% and COD by 57%. For kitchen wastewater, the optimum dosage was 600 mg/L, reducing turbidity by 88.4% and COD by 53%. The study demonstrated that jackfruit seed powder is an effective and eco-friendly natural coagulant for wastewater treatment.
Similar to IRJET- Comparative Analysis Between Structural Steel & Cast Iron for Design and Analysis of Dehulling Machine for Biba using ANSYS (20)
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the Sungal Tunnel project in Jammu and Kashmir, India, which is being constructed using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM).
2) NATM involves continuous monitoring during construction to adapt to changing ground conditions, and makes extensive use of shotcrete for temporary tunnel support.
3) The methodology section outlines the systematic geotechnical design process for tunnels according to Austrian guidelines, and describes the various steps of NATM tunnel construction including initial and secondary tunnel support.
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTUREIRJET Journal
This study examines the effect of response reduction factors (R factors) on reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures through nonlinear dynamic analysis. Three RC frame models with varying heights (4, 8, and 12 stories) were analyzed in ETABS software under different R factors ranging from 1 to 5. The results showed that displacement increased as the R factor decreased, indicating less linear behavior for lower R factors. Drift also decreased proportionally with increasing R factors from 1 to 5. Shear forces in the frames decreased with higher R factors. In general, R factors of 3 to 5 produced more satisfactory performance with less displacement and drift. The displacement variations between different building heights were consistent at different R factors. This study evaluated how R factors influence
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RCC ELEMENT OF SLAB WITH STARK STEEL (HYSD STEEL) A...IRJET Journal
This study compares the use of Stark Steel and TMT Steel as reinforcement materials in a two-way reinforced concrete slab. Mechanical testing is conducted to determine the tensile strength, yield strength, and other properties of each material. A two-way slab design adhering to codes and standards is executed with both materials. The performance is analyzed in terms of deflection, stability under loads, and displacement. Cost analyses accounting for material, durability, maintenance, and life cycle costs are also conducted. The findings provide insights into the economic and structural implications of each material for reinforcement selection and recommendations on the most suitable material based on the analysis.
Effect of Camber and Angles of Attack on Airfoil CharacteristicsIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study analyzing the effect of camber, position of camber, and angle of attack on the aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils. Sixteen modified asymmetric NACA airfoils were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) by varying the camber, camber position, and angle of attack. The results showed the relationship between these parameters and the lift coefficient, drag coefficient, and lift to drag ratio. This provides insight into how changes in airfoil geometry impact aerodynamic performance.
A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Compos...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the progress and challenges of aluminum-based metal matrix composites (MMCs), focusing on their fabrication processes and applications. It discusses how various aluminum MMCs have been developed using reinforcements like borides, carbides, oxides, and nitrides to improve mechanical and wear properties. These composites have gained prominence for their lightweight, high-strength and corrosion resistance properties. The document also examines recent advancements in fabrication techniques for aluminum MMCs and their growing applications in industries such as aerospace and automotive. However, it notes that challenges remain around issues like improper mixing of reinforcements and reducing reinforcement agglomeration.
Dynamic Urban Transit Optimization: A Graph Neural Network Approach for Real-...IRJET Journal
This document discusses research on using graph neural networks (GNNs) for dynamic optimization of public transportation networks in real-time. GNNs represent transit networks as graphs with nodes as stops and edges as connections. The GNN model aims to optimize networks using real-time data on vehicle locations, arrival times, and passenger loads. This helps increase mobility, decrease traffic, and improve efficiency. The system continuously trains and infers to adapt to changing transit conditions, providing decision support tools. While research has focused on performance, more work is needed on security, socio-economic impacts, contextual generalization of models, continuous learning approaches, and effective real-time visualization.
Structural Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey Symmetric and Asymmetric Shape...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research project that aims to compare the structural performance of conventional slab and grid slab systems in multi-story buildings using ETABS software. The study will analyze both symmetric and asymmetric building models under various loading conditions. Parameters like deflections, moments, shears, and stresses will be examined to evaluate the structural effectiveness of each slab type. The results will provide insights into the comparative behavior of conventional and grid slabs to help engineers and architects select appropriate slab systems based on building layouts and design requirements.
A Review of “Seismic Response of RC Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irreg...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes and reviews a research paper on the seismic response of reinforced concrete (RC) structures with plan and vertical irregularities, with and without infill walls. It discusses how infill walls can improve or reduce the seismic performance of RC buildings, depending on factors like wall layout, height distribution, connection to the frame, and relative stiffness of walls and frames. The reviewed research paper analyzes the behavior of infill walls, effects of vertical irregularities, and seismic performance of high-rise structures under linear static and dynamic analysis. It studies response characteristics like story drift, deflection and shear. The document also provides literature on similar research investigating the effects of infill walls, soft stories, plan irregularities, and different
This document provides a review of machine learning techniques used in Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). It begins with an abstract that summarizes key applications of machine learning in ADAS, including object detection, recognition, and decision-making. The introduction discusses the integration of machine learning in ADAS and how it is transforming vehicle safety. The literature review then examines several research papers on topics like lightweight deep learning models for object detection and lane detection models using image processing. It concludes by discussing challenges and opportunities in the field, such as improving algorithm robustness and adaptability.
Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district,...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes temperature and precipitation trends in Asosa District, Benishangul Gumuz Region, Ethiopia from 1993 to 2022 based on data from the local meteorological station. The results show:
1) The average maximum and minimum annual temperatures have generally decreased over time, with maximum temperatures decreasing by a factor of -0.0341 and minimum by -0.0152.
2) Mann-Kendall tests found the decreasing temperature trends to be statistically significant for annual maximum temperatures but not for annual minimum temperatures.
3) Annual precipitation in Asosa District showed a statistically significant increasing trend.
The conclusions recommend development planners account for rising summer precipitation and declining temperatures in
P.E.B. Framed Structure Design and Analysis Using STAAD ProIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and analysis of pre-engineered building (PEB) framed structures using STAAD Pro software. It provides an overview of PEBs, including that they are designed off-site with building trusses and beams produced in a factory. STAAD Pro is identified as a key tool for modeling, analyzing, and designing PEBs to ensure their performance and safety under various load scenarios. The document outlines modeling structural parts in STAAD Pro, evaluating structural reactions, assigning loads, and following international design codes and standards. In summary, STAAD Pro is used to design and analyze PEB framed structures to ensure safety and code compliance.
A Review on Innovative Fiber Integration for Enhanced Reinforcement of Concre...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on innovative fiber integration methods for reinforcing concrete structures. It discusses studies that have explored using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites with recycled plastic aggregates to develop more sustainable strengthening techniques. It also examines using ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete to improve shear strength in beams. Additional topics covered include the dynamic responses of FRP-strengthened beams under static and impact loads, and the performance of preloaded CFRP-strengthened fiber reinforced concrete beams. The review highlights the potential of fiber composites to enable more sustainable and resilient construction practices.
Survey Paper on Cloud-Based Secured Healthcare SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a survey on securing patient healthcare data in cloud-based systems. It discusses using technologies like facial recognition, smart cards, and cloud computing combined with strong encryption to securely store patient data. The survey found that healthcare professionals believe digitizing patient records and storing them in a centralized cloud system would improve access during emergencies and enable more efficient care compared to paper-based systems. However, ensuring privacy and security of patient data is paramount as healthcare incorporates these digital technologies.
Review on studies and research on widening of existing concrete bridgesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes several studies that have been conducted on widening existing concrete bridges. It describes a study from China that examined load distribution factors for a bridge widened with composite steel-concrete girders. It also outlines challenges and solutions for widening a bridge in the UAE, including replacing bearings and stitching the new and existing structures. Additionally, it discusses two bridge widening projects in New Zealand that involved adding precast beams and stitching to connect structures. Finally, safety measures and challenges for strengthening a historic bridge in Switzerland under live traffic are presented.
React based fullstack edtech web applicationIRJET Journal
The document describes the architecture of an educational technology web application built using the MERN stack. It discusses the frontend developed with ReactJS, backend with NodeJS and ExpressJS, and MongoDB database. The frontend provides dynamic user interfaces, while the backend offers APIs for authentication, course management, and other functions. MongoDB enables flexible data storage. The architecture aims to provide a scalable, responsive platform for online learning.
A Comprehensive Review of Integrating IoT and Blockchain Technologies in the ...IRJET Journal
This paper proposes integrating Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technologies to help implement objectives of India's National Education Policy (NEP) in the education sector. The paper discusses how blockchain could be used for secure student data management, credential verification, and decentralized learning platforms. IoT devices could create smart classrooms, automate attendance tracking, and enable real-time monitoring. Blockchain would ensure integrity of exam processes and resource allocation, while smart contracts automate agreements. The paper argues this integration has potential to revolutionize education by making it more secure, transparent and efficient, in alignment with NEP goals. However, challenges like infrastructure needs, data privacy, and collaborative efforts are also discussed.
A REVIEW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COCONUT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE.IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on the performance of coconut fibre reinforced concrete. It summarizes several studies that tested different volume fractions and lengths of coconut fibres in concrete mixtures with varying compressive strengths. The studies found that coconut fibre improved properties like tensile strength, toughness, crack resistance, and spalling resistance compared to plain concrete. Volume fractions of 2-5% and fibre lengths of 20-50mm produced the best results. The document concludes that using a 4-5% volume fraction of coconut fibres 30-40mm in length with M30-M60 grade concrete would provide benefits based on previous research.
Optimizing Business Management Process Workflows: The Dynamic Influence of Mi...IRJET Journal
The document discusses optimizing business management processes through automation using Microsoft Power Automate and artificial intelligence. It provides an overview of Power Automate's key components and features for automating workflows across various apps and services. The document then presents several scenarios applying automation solutions to common business processes like data entry, monitoring, HR, finance, customer support, and more. It estimates the potential time and cost savings from implementing automation for each scenario. Finally, the conclusion emphasizes the transformative impact of AI and automation tools on business processes and the need for ongoing optimization.
Multistoried and Multi Bay Steel Building Frame by using Seismic DesignIRJET Journal
The document describes the seismic design of a G+5 steel building frame located in Roorkee, India according to Indian codes IS 1893-2002 and IS 800. The frame was analyzed using the equivalent static load method and response spectrum method, and its response in terms of displacements and shear forces were compared. Based on the analysis, the frame was designed as a seismic-resistant steel structure according to IS 800:2007. The software STAAD Pro was used for the analysis and design.
Cost Optimization of Construction Using Plastic Waste as a Sustainable Constr...IRJET Journal
This research paper explores using plastic waste as a sustainable and cost-effective construction material. The study focuses on manufacturing pavers and bricks using recycled plastic and partially replacing concrete with plastic alternatives. Initial results found that pavers and bricks made from recycled plastic demonstrate comparable strength and durability to traditional materials while providing environmental and cost benefits. Additionally, preliminary research indicates incorporating plastic waste as a partial concrete replacement significantly reduces construction costs without compromising structural integrity. The outcomes suggest adopting plastic waste in construction can address plastic pollution while optimizing costs, promoting more sustainable building practices.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.