Design of a Process Plant for the Production of Poundo YamCSCJournals
This paper explicitly gives the details of the design of an integrated process plant for poundo yam production. The paper covers the deign analysis of each machine involved in the production process of the process plant. Viz a viz peeling and slicing machine; parboiling machine; conveyor; sieving machine; drying machine and grinding machine. It explained the material required for the fabrication of each part of the machines used in the process plant and the cost analysis. A simulation was done to confirm the workability of the design for fabrication purpose. The plant has a capacity of converting 23 tubers of yam(discorea alata) into 250kg of poundo yam in 7hrs.
Optimization of process parameters for vinegar production using banana fermen...eSAT Journals
Abstract Vinegar fermentation was essentially a two-step process comprising the anaerobic conversion of sugars to ethanol (C2H5OH) and the aerobic oxidation of ethanol to acetic acid (CH3CO2H). It was to be found that vinegar could be successfully produced from the juice extracted from banana using yeast and Acetobacter. Banana fruit pulp was a suitable raw material for ethanol production by fermentation and for vinegar production by this ethanol. The present study indicates that a relatively good yield of ethanol and acetic acid can be obtained after optimization of certain physical conditions for fermentation. For Banana Alcohol, the highest alcohol level was 7.77% at 10% sugar level, 8% yeast cell concentration for 48 hrs. at 280C. For Banana Vinegar, the maximum acidity was obtained 4.67 % at 7.77% of alcohol level, 15% of A. aceti cell concentration for 72 hrs. at 37 oC. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was adopted to optimize the process parameters like Alcohol content, A.aceti cell concentration and time for the vinegar fermentation using Acetobactor aceti (MTCC 2623) using statistical software , Design Expert (version 8.0.7.1., StatEase, Inc., Minneapolis, USA). The statistical analyses and the closeness of the experimental results and model predictions highlight the reliability of the regression model. Keywords: Fermentation, Vinegar, Ethanol, Acetobactor aceti, Response Surface Methodology.
2192 article full text-3300-1-10-20210218 (1)pinkrose28
The document summarizes research on the utilization of date palm by-products in the food industry. It discusses how date fruit that does not meet commercial standards, as well as date seeds and fronds, are considered by-products. While currently used for animal feed or discarded, the review explores how these by-products can be processed into value-added food products or used in other industrial applications due to their nutritional composition. Specifically, it describes how low-quality date fruit can be made into date paste and date syrup for use in foods like bakery products and beverages. Date seeds contain compounds useful for animal feed, yeast growth, and pollutant treatment. Overall, the review aims to promote more sustainable use of date palm by
Performance Evaluation of a Developed Grain Milling MachineAZOJETE UNIMAID
A locally developed grain milling machine was evaluated using maize (Sammaz - 12 variety) and millet (Lake Chad Dwarf variety) at different moisture range of 8.3% to 24.6% and 6.4% to 27.2% (db) respectively. The performance indices considered for the evaluation of the machine were milling efficiency, machine efficiency and milling rate. The results obtained were subjected to statistical analysis. The results showed that all the parameters evaluated decreased with increase in moisture content for both grains used in testing evaluating the performance of the machine. It was found that, the milling efficiency and milling rate decreased from 86.3% to 40% and 20.4 to 12.5kg/h for maize respectively and 89% to 26.6% and 23.4kg/h to 12.1kg/h for millet respectively as the moisture content was increased. Statistical analysis showed significant (P < 0.05) differences between the crop moisture content and milling efficiency and machine efficiency. The milling rate was not significantly affected by the moisture content for both grains used in the study.
The Effect of Moisture Content on Some Physical and Engineering Properties of...theijes
Locust bean is a perennial edible crop and important source of food that must be processed for preservation and availability throughout the year. Physical and mechanical properties of locust beans are necessary for the design of equipment to handle, transport, process and store the crop. The properties were evaluated as a function of moisture content of locust beans. The locust seeds were tested for size and shape, true density, bulk density, porosity, sphericity, static coefficient of friction on plywood, aluminium and stainless, angle of repose and specific heat atmoisture conten to franging from 10.50 and 20.76 % (dry basis). The average length, width, thickness and geometric mean diameter of the locust beans were 12.04, 8.36, 5.04 and 7.50 mm respectively, while the true density, bulk density, porosity, surface area and sphere city were, 1166.09 kg/m3 ,729.90 kg/m3 , 37.37 %, 204.25 mm2 and 0.67, respectively. The respective values of static coefficient of friction for plywood, stainless and aluminium were 0.56, 0.51 and 0.48 while the angle of repose was 40.17o .The higher friction of coefficient was observed on plywood and the lowest on aluminium. The specific heat was observed to be 3.8 kJ/kg/Kat moisture content of 10.50 %.The information provided in this study will be useful for locust bean seed processing machine design and fabrication as well as industrial processing and structural design of storage bin of the seed.
Participatory Varietal Selection and Evaluation of twelve Soybeans [Glycine m...Premier Publishers
This document summarizes a study that evaluated 12 soybean varieties for lowland areas in Northwestern Ethiopia using participatory varietal selection with farmers. The study was conducted in two districts, Mandura and Mambuk, during the 2017/2018 main cropping season. Through pairwise ranking, farmers identified seed yield, number of pods per plant, and disease resistance as key selection criteria. The variety Pawe-01 was most frequently selected by farmers in both districts. Agronomic data analysis found significant differences among varieties for various traits. Pawe-01 demonstrated the highest seed yield and good performance across both districts. The study concludes that making Pawe-01 seeds available to farmers could help improve soybean production in the target areas
Evaluation of harvesting and postharvest processing method on raw quality att...Premier Publishers
The study was conducted to evaluate different harvesting and postharvest handling methods on the inherent raw quality characteristics of Hararghe coffee. The experiment was designed as a factorial combination of two harvesting (selective and strip harvesting) and six postharvest processing (dry processed dried on bare, cemented and plastic sheet ground, and dry, wet and semi-washed processed dried on mesh wire) methods in a Completely Randomized Design with three replications. The samples were prepared from a Hararghe coffee genotype at Mechara. Samples were evaluated for their raw quality attributes. The results indicated that the main effect of harvesting method was highly significantly influenced all raw quality attributes whereas the effect of postharvest processing methods was highly significantly influenced all raw quality parameters, except odor of unwashed and all raw quality parameters of washed coffee. However the two interaction effect showed significance variation in bean size. The selective harvesting was better in producing superior quality beans in all parameters. Dry processed method coupled with drying coffee on mesh wire was best in producing coffee beans with high raw quality. In contrast, dry processing using bare ground produced inferior coffee for all raw quality attributes. Wet processing showed superiority over semi-washed processing method.
IRJET- A Review on Design and Development of Vegetables HarvesterIRJET Journal
This document reviews the design and development of a vegetable harvester. It discusses how harvesting vegetables like lettuce and spinach is currently done manually, which is time-consuming and inefficient. It leads to higher costs, more wasted vegetables, and lower quality. The review proposes the design of a prototype harvester that could help address these issues. The harvester would use a cutting blade and conveyor belt powered by a motor to automate the harvesting process, reducing the time and costs while improving quality compared to manual harvesting. It analyzes the requirements and working principles of such a harvester.
Design of a Process Plant for the Production of Poundo YamCSCJournals
This paper explicitly gives the details of the design of an integrated process plant for poundo yam production. The paper covers the deign analysis of each machine involved in the production process of the process plant. Viz a viz peeling and slicing machine; parboiling machine; conveyor; sieving machine; drying machine and grinding machine. It explained the material required for the fabrication of each part of the machines used in the process plant and the cost analysis. A simulation was done to confirm the workability of the design for fabrication purpose. The plant has a capacity of converting 23 tubers of yam(discorea alata) into 250kg of poundo yam in 7hrs.
Optimization of process parameters for vinegar production using banana fermen...eSAT Journals
Abstract Vinegar fermentation was essentially a two-step process comprising the anaerobic conversion of sugars to ethanol (C2H5OH) and the aerobic oxidation of ethanol to acetic acid (CH3CO2H). It was to be found that vinegar could be successfully produced from the juice extracted from banana using yeast and Acetobacter. Banana fruit pulp was a suitable raw material for ethanol production by fermentation and for vinegar production by this ethanol. The present study indicates that a relatively good yield of ethanol and acetic acid can be obtained after optimization of certain physical conditions for fermentation. For Banana Alcohol, the highest alcohol level was 7.77% at 10% sugar level, 8% yeast cell concentration for 48 hrs. at 280C. For Banana Vinegar, the maximum acidity was obtained 4.67 % at 7.77% of alcohol level, 15% of A. aceti cell concentration for 72 hrs. at 37 oC. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was adopted to optimize the process parameters like Alcohol content, A.aceti cell concentration and time for the vinegar fermentation using Acetobactor aceti (MTCC 2623) using statistical software , Design Expert (version 8.0.7.1., StatEase, Inc., Minneapolis, USA). The statistical analyses and the closeness of the experimental results and model predictions highlight the reliability of the regression model. Keywords: Fermentation, Vinegar, Ethanol, Acetobactor aceti, Response Surface Methodology.
2192 article full text-3300-1-10-20210218 (1)pinkrose28
The document summarizes research on the utilization of date palm by-products in the food industry. It discusses how date fruit that does not meet commercial standards, as well as date seeds and fronds, are considered by-products. While currently used for animal feed or discarded, the review explores how these by-products can be processed into value-added food products or used in other industrial applications due to their nutritional composition. Specifically, it describes how low-quality date fruit can be made into date paste and date syrup for use in foods like bakery products and beverages. Date seeds contain compounds useful for animal feed, yeast growth, and pollutant treatment. Overall, the review aims to promote more sustainable use of date palm by
Performance Evaluation of a Developed Grain Milling MachineAZOJETE UNIMAID
A locally developed grain milling machine was evaluated using maize (Sammaz - 12 variety) and millet (Lake Chad Dwarf variety) at different moisture range of 8.3% to 24.6% and 6.4% to 27.2% (db) respectively. The performance indices considered for the evaluation of the machine were milling efficiency, machine efficiency and milling rate. The results obtained were subjected to statistical analysis. The results showed that all the parameters evaluated decreased with increase in moisture content for both grains used in testing evaluating the performance of the machine. It was found that, the milling efficiency and milling rate decreased from 86.3% to 40% and 20.4 to 12.5kg/h for maize respectively and 89% to 26.6% and 23.4kg/h to 12.1kg/h for millet respectively as the moisture content was increased. Statistical analysis showed significant (P < 0.05) differences between the crop moisture content and milling efficiency and machine efficiency. The milling rate was not significantly affected by the moisture content for both grains used in the study.
The Effect of Moisture Content on Some Physical and Engineering Properties of...theijes
Locust bean is a perennial edible crop and important source of food that must be processed for preservation and availability throughout the year. Physical and mechanical properties of locust beans are necessary for the design of equipment to handle, transport, process and store the crop. The properties were evaluated as a function of moisture content of locust beans. The locust seeds were tested for size and shape, true density, bulk density, porosity, sphericity, static coefficient of friction on plywood, aluminium and stainless, angle of repose and specific heat atmoisture conten to franging from 10.50 and 20.76 % (dry basis). The average length, width, thickness and geometric mean diameter of the locust beans were 12.04, 8.36, 5.04 and 7.50 mm respectively, while the true density, bulk density, porosity, surface area and sphere city were, 1166.09 kg/m3 ,729.90 kg/m3 , 37.37 %, 204.25 mm2 and 0.67, respectively. The respective values of static coefficient of friction for plywood, stainless and aluminium were 0.56, 0.51 and 0.48 while the angle of repose was 40.17o .The higher friction of coefficient was observed on plywood and the lowest on aluminium. The specific heat was observed to be 3.8 kJ/kg/Kat moisture content of 10.50 %.The information provided in this study will be useful for locust bean seed processing machine design and fabrication as well as industrial processing and structural design of storage bin of the seed.
Participatory Varietal Selection and Evaluation of twelve Soybeans [Glycine m...Premier Publishers
This document summarizes a study that evaluated 12 soybean varieties for lowland areas in Northwestern Ethiopia using participatory varietal selection with farmers. The study was conducted in two districts, Mandura and Mambuk, during the 2017/2018 main cropping season. Through pairwise ranking, farmers identified seed yield, number of pods per plant, and disease resistance as key selection criteria. The variety Pawe-01 was most frequently selected by farmers in both districts. Agronomic data analysis found significant differences among varieties for various traits. Pawe-01 demonstrated the highest seed yield and good performance across both districts. The study concludes that making Pawe-01 seeds available to farmers could help improve soybean production in the target areas
Evaluation of harvesting and postharvest processing method on raw quality att...Premier Publishers
The study was conducted to evaluate different harvesting and postharvest handling methods on the inherent raw quality characteristics of Hararghe coffee. The experiment was designed as a factorial combination of two harvesting (selective and strip harvesting) and six postharvest processing (dry processed dried on bare, cemented and plastic sheet ground, and dry, wet and semi-washed processed dried on mesh wire) methods in a Completely Randomized Design with three replications. The samples were prepared from a Hararghe coffee genotype at Mechara. Samples were evaluated for their raw quality attributes. The results indicated that the main effect of harvesting method was highly significantly influenced all raw quality attributes whereas the effect of postharvest processing methods was highly significantly influenced all raw quality parameters, except odor of unwashed and all raw quality parameters of washed coffee. However the two interaction effect showed significance variation in bean size. The selective harvesting was better in producing superior quality beans in all parameters. Dry processed method coupled with drying coffee on mesh wire was best in producing coffee beans with high raw quality. In contrast, dry processing using bare ground produced inferior coffee for all raw quality attributes. Wet processing showed superiority over semi-washed processing method.
IRJET- A Review on Design and Development of Vegetables HarvesterIRJET Journal
This document reviews the design and development of a vegetable harvester. It discusses how harvesting vegetables like lettuce and spinach is currently done manually, which is time-consuming and inefficient. It leads to higher costs, more wasted vegetables, and lower quality. The review proposes the design of a prototype harvester that could help address these issues. The harvester would use a cutting blade and conveyor belt powered by a motor to automate the harvesting process, reducing the time and costs while improving quality compared to manual harvesting. It analyzes the requirements and working principles of such a harvester.
Food supplements, agrochemicals, probiotic, cocoa based inventions and other food related tech domain patents in India before the indian patent office.
Novelty patent search or Patentability search is performed to determine if an invention meets the requirements of novelty, usefulness, and non-obviousness and is performed prior to the preparation of patent application by the patent expert.
Postharvest Losses of Tomato: A Value Chain Context of BangladeshPremier Publishers
The study was estimated the postharvest loss along with the value chain in Bangladesh during the year 2016-2017. Multiple sampling technique and semi-structured survey questionnaire was used in the study. Primary data were collected from field level by using survey method and focus group discussions and secondary data were obtained from published and unpublished sources. The results show that the harvest losses at farmers, traders, wholesalers, retailers, processors and consumers level were 9.25%, 1.70%, 1.98%, 3.99%, 5.35% and 2.36% % of the total after harvest losses of tomatoes, respectively. Total losses after harvest were estimated at 22.93%, along with tomato value chain in the study area. The findings show that the main constraints were processing technology of tomatoes (83.3%), insufficient support for extension services (70.00%) and low demand for dried tomatoes (66.67%). Other restrictions on tomatoes after harvest were insufficient market information for tomatoes (57.67%), high agricultural labor costs (52.67%), pest and disease problems (50.00%), the lack of technical knowledge about postharvest (46.67%), and Lack of modern processing facilities (44.67%). and the standardized packaging method is the main reason for deteriorating tomato quality and improving tomato loss after harvest. The results of this study emphasize that the ability of actors to reduce losses after harvest is limited due to lack of technical expertise. They also do not have the support and additional resources needed to improve the post-harvest practices and technologies.
Design & Fabrication of Organic Fertilizer Manufacturing MachineIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of an organic fertilizer manufacturing machine. The machine was created to address issues small farmers face such as the high cost of chemical fertilizers and existing fertilizer production machines. The designed machine uses a hopper to feed raw materials like cow dung and leaves into a stirring vessel. This mixture is then transferred to a larger agitation vessel where it decomposes for 24 hours. The decomposed mixture is then filtered to separate liquid fertilizer. The machine was designed to be portable, low cost, and operate without electricity to benefit small farmers. The documented outlined the machine's working principle and design process which aimed to provide an affordable organic fertilizer solution.
IRJET -Design and Development of Grain DryerIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and development of a grain dryer. The grain dryer aims to efficiently remove moisture from grains to allow for longer term storage. It uses a conveyor belt to move grains through a heated area, where a fan and heating elements blow warm air to evaporate moisture from the grains. The dry grains are then automatically collected while any impurities are removed by a net separator. The portable grain dryer provides a solution to inefficient natural drying methods by rapidly drying grains within a limited temperature range to preserve quality and allow for storage over months.
This document provides an overview of the fruits and vegetables industry in India. It discusses that India is the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables globally but only a small percentage is processed. It then covers the classification, production, consumption and processing of fruits and vegetables in India. Key points include that post-harvest losses are high, most produce is consumed fresh, and there is significant potential to expand processing to reduce waste and meet domestic and export demand. The government is taking steps to promote investment and development in the fruits and vegetables sector.
Evaluation of Set Yoghurt Quality Enhanced With Selected Indigenous Fruitsijtsrd
The document evaluates the quality of yoghurt produced from cow's milk flavored with tropical fruits such as lemon, grape, pawpaw, orange, and synthetic pineapple. Milk was clarified, homogenized, pasteurized and inoculated before dividing into treatments flavored with different juices or synthetic pineapple. Samples were analyzed over 14 days of storage. Results showed water holding capacity peaked at day 7, while viscosity and syneresis were highest at day 1. Grape yogurt had the highest water holding capacity and viscosity but lowest syneresis. At day 7, grape yogurt also had the highest water holding capacity. Overall, fruit juices can enhance yogurt quality but storage should not exceed 7 days to maintain nutrients.
fruit waste management and Entrepreneurship ideas. Avanish Dubey
Food waste is a major global issue, with 1.3 billion tonnes wasted annually according to the UN FAO. In India, a lack of cold storage and inefficient supply chains mean 20% of food production is wasted despite many going hungry. The document proposes using fruit and vegetable waste from juice shops in BHU, which generate over 50 quintals daily, to make products like candles, ice cream, soap and organic fertilizer. It outlines the equipment needed and government subsidies available for setting up such waste processing units.
Food Processing Industry - Fruits, Vegetables and Food Processing Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Food Processing Industry - Fruits, Vegetables and Food Processing (Canned Rice, Rice Cakes, Egg, Rice Flour, Butter and Margarine, Carrot, Potato Cubes, Mango Pulp, Vegetables and Fruits, Biscuits, Potato Flour, Green Chillis, Corn Sugars, Alcohol from Corn, Barley, Oats, Rye, Breakfast Cereals)
Food processing is the transformation of raw ingredients into food, or of food into other forms. Food processing typically takes clean, harvested crops or butchered animal products and uses these to produce attractive, marketable and often long shelf-life food products. Benefits of food processing include toxin removal, preservation, easing marketing and distribution tasks, and increasing food consistency.
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Tags
Fruit Processing Industry in India, Processed Fruits & Vegetables, Small Scale Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Fruit and Vegetable Processing Industry in India, Fruit and Vegetable Processing Equipment, Fruit & Vegetable Processing Industry, Fruit and Vegetable Processing Methods, Process for Manufacture of Mishit Doi, Preparation of Soyapaneer, Preparation of Potato Chips, Biscuit Formulation, Preparation of Biscuits, Preparation of Tamarind Sauce, Processing Steps for Watermelon Nectars, Pretreatment of Green Chilli, Preparation of Instant Mix and Dhokla, Processing of Vegetables, Harvesting of Vegetables, Harvesting of Fruits, Processing of Fruits, Production of Cocoyam Flours, Preparation of Bread From Composite Flour of Wheat, Potato and Cocoyam, Rice Milling Machine, Plant for Making Rice Cakes, Chemical Composition of Fruits, Storage of Basmati Rice, Storage Stability of Instant Vegetable Pulav Mix, Food Dehydration and Concentration, Drying Methods and Equipment, Dehydration of Onions, Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Maize, Roasting of Coffee Beans, Canning of Chili Plums, Process for Guava Squash, Method of Preparation of Squash, Processing and Preservation of Jack Fruit, Instant Chutneys from Pudina, Preparation of Instant Chutneys, Cereal Grains, Processing of Cereal Grains, Conventional Milling, Uses of Wheat Flour and Granules, Rice, Milling, Gluten and Starch of Wheat Flour, Yeast, Baking Powders, Eggs, Baking Step, Soybean Technology, Processing in Mancozeb Residues in Apple, Use of Isabgol (Psyllium Mucilloid) Husk in Atta for Chapati Making, Dehydrated Pineapple, Frying Medium and Packaging for Potato Chips, Preparation of Plum Seasoned Squash, Mille T-Based Food Products for Diabetics, Defatted Mucuna Flour in Biscuits Formulation
Preservative Effects of Different Treatments and Their Flavor Acceptability i...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The aim of this study is to evaluate the stability of a cashew apple and pineapple blend juice (25:75 v / v). Various treatments were applied, including pasteurization (92 C, 15 min), aqueous extract of ginger (2.5 and 10%) and potassium sorbate (1g/kg). The physicochemical results revealed that the addition of the aqueous extract of ginger caused an increase in the content of ascorbic acid, total sugars, proteins and minerals such as magnesium, potassium, phosphorus and zinc. The microbiological analysis showed lower microbial counts of the treated samples compared to the control. The different treatments could have an antimicrobial effect. The sensory analysis reveals a general acceptability for all the samples formulated. This acceptability value is higher for the sample supplemented with 10% aqueous extract of ginger. With a view to preservation without chemical preservatives while improving nutrient content, the 10% aqueous ginger extract could help extend the shelf life of fruit juice drinks.
IRJET- Comparative Analysis Between Structural Steel & Cast Iron for Design a...IRJET Journal
The document compares the structural analysis and stress distribution of a biba dehulling machine designed using ANSYS software and constructed from either structural steel or cast iron. A biba dehulling machine was designed and its stresses were calculated using ANSYS to find regions susceptible to failure. The same design was then modeled using either structural steel or cast iron as the material to compare their performance and chances of failure during operation. Structural steel and cast iron were selected as potential materials for the machine construction and their suitability was evaluated based on the stress analysis results from ANSYS modeling.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A Review on Juice and Pedigree Making MachineIRJET Journal
This document describes a juice and pedigree making machine that aims to reduce food waste from fruit and vegetable processing. The machine works by:
1. Extracting juice from fruits, while the remaining pulp is fed into a heating furnace.
2. The furnace contains a heating coil and fan to induce hot air and dry the pulp, reducing its moisture content.
3. The dried pulp is then ground into a fine powder called "pedigree" which can be used as nutritious animal feed, helping farmers and preventing food waste.
The machine was created to address issues like rising feed costs, lack of nutritious animal food options, and large amounts of fruit/vegetable waste produced
Production and storage of cassava chips for reconversion into gariAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study on the production and storage of cassava chips for reconversion into gari. Key points:
1. Cassava roots were processed into chips with 7% moisture content and stored for 6 months. The stored chips were then rehydrated and seeded with fresh cassava mash (FCM) at levels of 5%, 10%, and 20% before being fermented into gari.
2. pH levels decreased over the 72-hour fermentation period for all samples. Gari yield from seeded chips ranged from 64.4-72.3% while FCM yield was 18.7%. Swelling capacity of gari ranged from 2.0-3.0 depending on F
IRJET- Design and Fabrication of Customized Automatic Fresh Juice Vending Mac...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of a customized automatic fresh juice vending machine. The machine aims to provide high quality fresh fruit juice with the convenience of an automated vending machine. It can complete tasks such as automatic vending, fresh juice extraction, automatic cleaning, and preserving juice freshness. The machine uses mechanisms like a raw material cabinet, discharge mechanism, extraction mechanism, cutter, and juice output mechanism which are controlled by a central control mechanism. It is designed to extract and dispense fresh orange juice on demand with just the insertion of payment. The machine aims to provide fresh juice without overhead costs by eliminating the need for employees through automation.
IRJET - Development of Fruit and Vegetable Slicing MachineIRJET Journal
This document describes the development of a fruit and vegetable slicing machine. It begins by providing background on the importance of fruit and vegetable processing in India. It then discusses how slicing is a key unit operation that helps enable other processing steps like drying or cooking.
The researchers measured various physical properties of potatoes and bananas, like size, density, and angle of repose, in order to inform the design of the slicing machine. They conceptually designed a machine with four main units: feeding, slicing, collection, and power transmission. The slicing machine was then tested on potatoes and bananas, evaluating metrics like slicing capacity, broken slices, and uniformity of slices. The machine was able to slice potatoes at 91.8 kg
Studies on Preparation of Apple Pomace and Orange Peel Incorporated CookiesIRJET Journal
1. Studies were conducted to incorporate apple pomace and orange peel powder at different levels (0, 5, 10, 15%) in cookies as a replacement for refined wheat flour.
2. The cookies were analyzed for physical, chemical, and sensory properties. Cookies with 10% orange peel powder replacement had the highest sensory acceptability scores compared to other samples.
3. Increasing the levels of apple pomace and orange peel powder decreased the spread ratio of cookies. It also decreased the protein and fat content but increased the dietary fiber content of cookies.
4. Apple pomace and orange peel powder can be substituted up to 10% in refined wheat flour to prepare cookies without negatively impacting quality attributes.
A wet locust bean seeds (Parkia biglobosa) dehulling and washing machine was
developed to reduce drudgery attached to traditional dehulling of the seeds which are
processed for use as condiment and flavours’ for food in many African countries. The
machine consisted of dehulling and washing units, the dehulling mechanism obtains
its drive from a 0.38 kW gear motor of 30 - 50 rpm. The dehulling shaft; has rods
arranged concentrically to break seed coat and radial fan - like blades used as stirrer.
The dehuller cum washer was evaluated based on boiling time of the seeds on an
electric cooker. The result indicated that efficiency of the machine increased linearly
with increase in boiling time. The throughput capacity decreased with increase in
boiling time and moisture content decreased with increase in boiling time from the
sixth hour. Dehulling efficiency ranged from 59.7 to 68 %, and cleaning efficiency
ranged from 83.4 to 87.4 % while average throughput capacity was 108 kg/hr.
Evaluation of some power sources and performance parameters of a continuous f...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the performance and costs of using a continuous-flow rotary cassava chipper powered by either a diesel engine or electric motor. The chipper was tested chipping both peeled and unpeeled fresh cassava tubers. It was found to be most efficient and cost-effective when powered by an electric motor and used to chip fresh unpeeled cassava, exhibiting the highest chipping efficiency of 86.67% and lowest total cost of $4.35 per tonne. In contrast, using diesel power to chip peeled cassava had the lowest efficiency of 85.17% and highest cost of $9.65 per tonne. Chipping fresh unpeeled cassava with
Design, Development, and Performance Evaluation of a Mechanical Device for Ha...ijtsrd
1. Researchers in Sri Lanka designed and developed a mechanical pineapple harvester to address issues with manual harvesting, which is difficult, time-consuming, and leads to injuries.
2. The harvester consists of a long handle, fruit picker, stalk holder, remotely-operated cutter, and levers for operation. It allows harvesting fruits within a 2m radius area while minimizing operator movement.
3. Testing showed the mechanical harvester harvested 385 fruits/hour with 84% efficiency, outperforming manual harvesting which achieved 210 fruits/hour with 64% efficiency. It significantly reduces harvesting time and costs compared to manual methods.
IRJET - Extraction and Characterization of Pectin from Waste Mixed Fruit ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that extracted pectin from mixed fruit peel waste, including orange, apple, pineapple, pomegranate, and lime peels. The researchers dried and powdered the peels then extracted pectin using acid and ethanol precipitation. Three peel combinations - orange/lime/pomegranate, orange/apple/pineapple, and orange/lime/pineapple - yielded 0.05%, 14%, and 12% pectin, respectively. FTIR analysis showed the extracted samples had similar spectral patterns to literature descriptions of pectin, confirming pectin extraction. The study demonstrates the potential to extract valuable pectin from combined fruit peel waste.
Food supplements, agrochemicals, probiotic, cocoa based inventions and other food related tech domain patents in India before the indian patent office.
Novelty patent search or Patentability search is performed to determine if an invention meets the requirements of novelty, usefulness, and non-obviousness and is performed prior to the preparation of patent application by the patent expert.
Postharvest Losses of Tomato: A Value Chain Context of BangladeshPremier Publishers
The study was estimated the postharvest loss along with the value chain in Bangladesh during the year 2016-2017. Multiple sampling technique and semi-structured survey questionnaire was used in the study. Primary data were collected from field level by using survey method and focus group discussions and secondary data were obtained from published and unpublished sources. The results show that the harvest losses at farmers, traders, wholesalers, retailers, processors and consumers level were 9.25%, 1.70%, 1.98%, 3.99%, 5.35% and 2.36% % of the total after harvest losses of tomatoes, respectively. Total losses after harvest were estimated at 22.93%, along with tomato value chain in the study area. The findings show that the main constraints were processing technology of tomatoes (83.3%), insufficient support for extension services (70.00%) and low demand for dried tomatoes (66.67%). Other restrictions on tomatoes after harvest were insufficient market information for tomatoes (57.67%), high agricultural labor costs (52.67%), pest and disease problems (50.00%), the lack of technical knowledge about postharvest (46.67%), and Lack of modern processing facilities (44.67%). and the standardized packaging method is the main reason for deteriorating tomato quality and improving tomato loss after harvest. The results of this study emphasize that the ability of actors to reduce losses after harvest is limited due to lack of technical expertise. They also do not have the support and additional resources needed to improve the post-harvest practices and technologies.
Design & Fabrication of Organic Fertilizer Manufacturing MachineIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of an organic fertilizer manufacturing machine. The machine was created to address issues small farmers face such as the high cost of chemical fertilizers and existing fertilizer production machines. The designed machine uses a hopper to feed raw materials like cow dung and leaves into a stirring vessel. This mixture is then transferred to a larger agitation vessel where it decomposes for 24 hours. The decomposed mixture is then filtered to separate liquid fertilizer. The machine was designed to be portable, low cost, and operate without electricity to benefit small farmers. The documented outlined the machine's working principle and design process which aimed to provide an affordable organic fertilizer solution.
IRJET -Design and Development of Grain DryerIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and development of a grain dryer. The grain dryer aims to efficiently remove moisture from grains to allow for longer term storage. It uses a conveyor belt to move grains through a heated area, where a fan and heating elements blow warm air to evaporate moisture from the grains. The dry grains are then automatically collected while any impurities are removed by a net separator. The portable grain dryer provides a solution to inefficient natural drying methods by rapidly drying grains within a limited temperature range to preserve quality and allow for storage over months.
This document provides an overview of the fruits and vegetables industry in India. It discusses that India is the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables globally but only a small percentage is processed. It then covers the classification, production, consumption and processing of fruits and vegetables in India. Key points include that post-harvest losses are high, most produce is consumed fresh, and there is significant potential to expand processing to reduce waste and meet domestic and export demand. The government is taking steps to promote investment and development in the fruits and vegetables sector.
Evaluation of Set Yoghurt Quality Enhanced With Selected Indigenous Fruitsijtsrd
The document evaluates the quality of yoghurt produced from cow's milk flavored with tropical fruits such as lemon, grape, pawpaw, orange, and synthetic pineapple. Milk was clarified, homogenized, pasteurized and inoculated before dividing into treatments flavored with different juices or synthetic pineapple. Samples were analyzed over 14 days of storage. Results showed water holding capacity peaked at day 7, while viscosity and syneresis were highest at day 1. Grape yogurt had the highest water holding capacity and viscosity but lowest syneresis. At day 7, grape yogurt also had the highest water holding capacity. Overall, fruit juices can enhance yogurt quality but storage should not exceed 7 days to maintain nutrients.
fruit waste management and Entrepreneurship ideas. Avanish Dubey
Food waste is a major global issue, with 1.3 billion tonnes wasted annually according to the UN FAO. In India, a lack of cold storage and inefficient supply chains mean 20% of food production is wasted despite many going hungry. The document proposes using fruit and vegetable waste from juice shops in BHU, which generate over 50 quintals daily, to make products like candles, ice cream, soap and organic fertilizer. It outlines the equipment needed and government subsidies available for setting up such waste processing units.
Food Processing Industry - Fruits, Vegetables and Food Processing Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Food Processing Industry - Fruits, Vegetables and Food Processing (Canned Rice, Rice Cakes, Egg, Rice Flour, Butter and Margarine, Carrot, Potato Cubes, Mango Pulp, Vegetables and Fruits, Biscuits, Potato Flour, Green Chillis, Corn Sugars, Alcohol from Corn, Barley, Oats, Rye, Breakfast Cereals)
Food processing is the transformation of raw ingredients into food, or of food into other forms. Food processing typically takes clean, harvested crops or butchered animal products and uses these to produce attractive, marketable and often long shelf-life food products. Benefits of food processing include toxin removal, preservation, easing marketing and distribution tasks, and increasing food consistency.
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Fruit Processing Industry in India, Processed Fruits & Vegetables, Small Scale Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Fruit and Vegetable Processing Industry in India, Fruit and Vegetable Processing Equipment, Fruit & Vegetable Processing Industry, Fruit and Vegetable Processing Methods, Process for Manufacture of Mishit Doi, Preparation of Soyapaneer, Preparation of Potato Chips, Biscuit Formulation, Preparation of Biscuits, Preparation of Tamarind Sauce, Processing Steps for Watermelon Nectars, Pretreatment of Green Chilli, Preparation of Instant Mix and Dhokla, Processing of Vegetables, Harvesting of Vegetables, Harvesting of Fruits, Processing of Fruits, Production of Cocoyam Flours, Preparation of Bread From Composite Flour of Wheat, Potato and Cocoyam, Rice Milling Machine, Plant for Making Rice Cakes, Chemical Composition of Fruits, Storage of Basmati Rice, Storage Stability of Instant Vegetable Pulav Mix, Food Dehydration and Concentration, Drying Methods and Equipment, Dehydration of Onions, Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Maize, Roasting of Coffee Beans, Canning of Chili Plums, Process for Guava Squash, Method of Preparation of Squash, Processing and Preservation of Jack Fruit, Instant Chutneys from Pudina, Preparation of Instant Chutneys, Cereal Grains, Processing of Cereal Grains, Conventional Milling, Uses of Wheat Flour and Granules, Rice, Milling, Gluten and Starch of Wheat Flour, Yeast, Baking Powders, Eggs, Baking Step, Soybean Technology, Processing in Mancozeb Residues in Apple, Use of Isabgol (Psyllium Mucilloid) Husk in Atta for Chapati Making, Dehydrated Pineapple, Frying Medium and Packaging for Potato Chips, Preparation of Plum Seasoned Squash, Mille T-Based Food Products for Diabetics, Defatted Mucuna Flour in Biscuits Formulation
Preservative Effects of Different Treatments and Their Flavor Acceptability i...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The aim of this study is to evaluate the stability of a cashew apple and pineapple blend juice (25:75 v / v). Various treatments were applied, including pasteurization (92 C, 15 min), aqueous extract of ginger (2.5 and 10%) and potassium sorbate (1g/kg). The physicochemical results revealed that the addition of the aqueous extract of ginger caused an increase in the content of ascorbic acid, total sugars, proteins and minerals such as magnesium, potassium, phosphorus and zinc. The microbiological analysis showed lower microbial counts of the treated samples compared to the control. The different treatments could have an antimicrobial effect. The sensory analysis reveals a general acceptability for all the samples formulated. This acceptability value is higher for the sample supplemented with 10% aqueous extract of ginger. With a view to preservation without chemical preservatives while improving nutrient content, the 10% aqueous ginger extract could help extend the shelf life of fruit juice drinks.
IRJET- Comparative Analysis Between Structural Steel & Cast Iron for Design a...IRJET Journal
The document compares the structural analysis and stress distribution of a biba dehulling machine designed using ANSYS software and constructed from either structural steel or cast iron. A biba dehulling machine was designed and its stresses were calculated using ANSYS to find regions susceptible to failure. The same design was then modeled using either structural steel or cast iron as the material to compare their performance and chances of failure during operation. Structural steel and cast iron were selected as potential materials for the machine construction and their suitability was evaluated based on the stress analysis results from ANSYS modeling.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A Review on Juice and Pedigree Making MachineIRJET Journal
This document describes a juice and pedigree making machine that aims to reduce food waste from fruit and vegetable processing. The machine works by:
1. Extracting juice from fruits, while the remaining pulp is fed into a heating furnace.
2. The furnace contains a heating coil and fan to induce hot air and dry the pulp, reducing its moisture content.
3. The dried pulp is then ground into a fine powder called "pedigree" which can be used as nutritious animal feed, helping farmers and preventing food waste.
The machine was created to address issues like rising feed costs, lack of nutritious animal food options, and large amounts of fruit/vegetable waste produced
Production and storage of cassava chips for reconversion into gariAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study on the production and storage of cassava chips for reconversion into gari. Key points:
1. Cassava roots were processed into chips with 7% moisture content and stored for 6 months. The stored chips were then rehydrated and seeded with fresh cassava mash (FCM) at levels of 5%, 10%, and 20% before being fermented into gari.
2. pH levels decreased over the 72-hour fermentation period for all samples. Gari yield from seeded chips ranged from 64.4-72.3% while FCM yield was 18.7%. Swelling capacity of gari ranged from 2.0-3.0 depending on F
IRJET- Design and Fabrication of Customized Automatic Fresh Juice Vending Mac...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of a customized automatic fresh juice vending machine. The machine aims to provide high quality fresh fruit juice with the convenience of an automated vending machine. It can complete tasks such as automatic vending, fresh juice extraction, automatic cleaning, and preserving juice freshness. The machine uses mechanisms like a raw material cabinet, discharge mechanism, extraction mechanism, cutter, and juice output mechanism which are controlled by a central control mechanism. It is designed to extract and dispense fresh orange juice on demand with just the insertion of payment. The machine aims to provide fresh juice without overhead costs by eliminating the need for employees through automation.
IRJET - Development of Fruit and Vegetable Slicing MachineIRJET Journal
This document describes the development of a fruit and vegetable slicing machine. It begins by providing background on the importance of fruit and vegetable processing in India. It then discusses how slicing is a key unit operation that helps enable other processing steps like drying or cooking.
The researchers measured various physical properties of potatoes and bananas, like size, density, and angle of repose, in order to inform the design of the slicing machine. They conceptually designed a machine with four main units: feeding, slicing, collection, and power transmission. The slicing machine was then tested on potatoes and bananas, evaluating metrics like slicing capacity, broken slices, and uniformity of slices. The machine was able to slice potatoes at 91.8 kg
Studies on Preparation of Apple Pomace and Orange Peel Incorporated CookiesIRJET Journal
1. Studies were conducted to incorporate apple pomace and orange peel powder at different levels (0, 5, 10, 15%) in cookies as a replacement for refined wheat flour.
2. The cookies were analyzed for physical, chemical, and sensory properties. Cookies with 10% orange peel powder replacement had the highest sensory acceptability scores compared to other samples.
3. Increasing the levels of apple pomace and orange peel powder decreased the spread ratio of cookies. It also decreased the protein and fat content but increased the dietary fiber content of cookies.
4. Apple pomace and orange peel powder can be substituted up to 10% in refined wheat flour to prepare cookies without negatively impacting quality attributes.
A wet locust bean seeds (Parkia biglobosa) dehulling and washing machine was
developed to reduce drudgery attached to traditional dehulling of the seeds which are
processed for use as condiment and flavours’ for food in many African countries. The
machine consisted of dehulling and washing units, the dehulling mechanism obtains
its drive from a 0.38 kW gear motor of 30 - 50 rpm. The dehulling shaft; has rods
arranged concentrically to break seed coat and radial fan - like blades used as stirrer.
The dehuller cum washer was evaluated based on boiling time of the seeds on an
electric cooker. The result indicated that efficiency of the machine increased linearly
with increase in boiling time. The throughput capacity decreased with increase in
boiling time and moisture content decreased with increase in boiling time from the
sixth hour. Dehulling efficiency ranged from 59.7 to 68 %, and cleaning efficiency
ranged from 83.4 to 87.4 % while average throughput capacity was 108 kg/hr.
Evaluation of some power sources and performance parameters of a continuous f...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the performance and costs of using a continuous-flow rotary cassava chipper powered by either a diesel engine or electric motor. The chipper was tested chipping both peeled and unpeeled fresh cassava tubers. It was found to be most efficient and cost-effective when powered by an electric motor and used to chip fresh unpeeled cassava, exhibiting the highest chipping efficiency of 86.67% and lowest total cost of $4.35 per tonne. In contrast, using diesel power to chip peeled cassava had the lowest efficiency of 85.17% and highest cost of $9.65 per tonne. Chipping fresh unpeeled cassava with
Design, Development, and Performance Evaluation of a Mechanical Device for Ha...ijtsrd
1. Researchers in Sri Lanka designed and developed a mechanical pineapple harvester to address issues with manual harvesting, which is difficult, time-consuming, and leads to injuries.
2. The harvester consists of a long handle, fruit picker, stalk holder, remotely-operated cutter, and levers for operation. It allows harvesting fruits within a 2m radius area while minimizing operator movement.
3. Testing showed the mechanical harvester harvested 385 fruits/hour with 84% efficiency, outperforming manual harvesting which achieved 210 fruits/hour with 64% efficiency. It significantly reduces harvesting time and costs compared to manual methods.
IRJET - Extraction and Characterization of Pectin from Waste Mixed Fruit ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that extracted pectin from mixed fruit peel waste, including orange, apple, pineapple, pomegranate, and lime peels. The researchers dried and powdered the peels then extracted pectin using acid and ethanol precipitation. Three peel combinations - orange/lime/pomegranate, orange/apple/pineapple, and orange/lime/pineapple - yielded 0.05%, 14%, and 12% pectin, respectively. FTIR analysis showed the extracted samples had similar spectral patterns to literature descriptions of pectin, confirming pectin extraction. The study demonstrates the potential to extract valuable pectin from combined fruit peel waste.
This document describes the design and fabrication of an automated vegetable cutting machine. The machine was created to reduce the effort and time required for cutting vegetables compared to manual cutting. It features a base, rotating disc cutter, sliding tray, hopper, motor, and controls. Vegetables are poured into the hopper and enter the cutting chamber where the rotating blades slice them into pieces. Calculations were performed to determine the required motor torque, cutting velocity, stresses on components, and more. Testing showed the machine could slice vegetables faster than manual methods and would help automate food processing.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document describes the development and testing of a re-circulatory vegetable moisturizer system. The system consists of a water tank, pump, pipes and shower head, and is designed to prevent wilting in vegetables by maintaining humidity levels. Amaranthus vegetables were stored in the moisturizer system, a manual wetting system, and a no-wetting control. Temperature, humidity and vitamin A levels were monitored over nine days. Results showed the moisturizer system maintained higher vitamin A levels and was better able to preserve the sensory characteristics of the vegetables compared to manual wetting or no wetting.
Development and Performance Evaluation of a Re-Circulatory Vegetable MoisturizerAZOJETE UNIMAID
A re-circulatory vegetable moisturizer for preventing wilting in vegetables was developed and its performance evaluation carried out. Freshly harvested Amaranthus vegetables were used for the experiments. The temperature and relative humidity were monitored daily. The vitamin A of this produce was determined at intervals of two days for 9 days. The effects of the storage parameters (temperature and relative humidity) on the nutritional value of the produce were determined using statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA). Further analysis by Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) was carried out to compare the means. The vegetable moisturizer was evaluated by comparing the change in nutritional (vitamin A) of Amaranthus vegetable with hand wetting system and no wetting condition. The results showed that the moisturizer had higher mean vitamin A content (4.93mg/100g)compared to the mean vitamin A content of the manual wetting (4.88mg/100g) and no wetting condition (4.57mg/100g). The sensory characteristics showed that the Moisturizer was more desirable when compared to the manual wetting and no wetting condition after nine days. It was concluded that the Moisturizer preserved the nutritional and sensory characteristics (texture and colour) better than the manual and no wetting condition as a result of lower temperature, higher relative humidity and better water draining of the Moisturizer.
IRJET- A Review on Design and Development of Coconut Deshelling MachineIRJET Journal
The document reviews several designs for coconut de-shelling machines. It summarizes 7 different designs:
1. A machine with two cutters mounted on a shared shaft with gear drive that can de-shell 300 coconuts per hour.
2. A power-operated machine that can de-shell 200 nuts or 400 cups per batch in 4 minutes, 4 times faster than manual methods.
3. A semi-automatic young coconut cutting machine that can cut 480 fruits per hour at a cost of $2.63 per 1000 fruits.
4. A motorized groundnut sheller that can shell 78% of nuts and has a throughput of 345.4kg per hour.
This document summarizes the design and development of a solar-assisted vegetable cart using an evaporative cooling system. Key features of the cart include:
1. It is based on a modified three-wheeled cycle rickshaw with added storage racks and an evaporative cooling system to store fresh vegetables.
2. The cooling system uses a corrugated paper cooling pad and fan powered by a 100W solar panel to lower the temperature and increase humidity for preserving vegetables.
3. Testing showed the system can maintain temperatures of 18-20°C, increasing the shelf life of vegetables by 3-4 days compared to without cooling. This allows vendors to sell fresher produce at higher prices.
Cleaning Machine for Fruits and Vegetables: A Brief Literature ReviewIRJET Journal
This document reviews the design of fruits and vegetable cleaning machines. It discusses how washing is currently done manually which is laborious and time-consuming. Mechanical washers aim to improve efficiency. The document outlines various washing techniques used in machine designs, including spray, stirrer, roller-brush, rotary drum, and conveyor types. It also discusses key performance parameters to evaluate machines like mechanical washing efficiency, microbial washing efficiency, and bruising percentage. A literature review presented studies on machines for crops like ginger, galangal, carrots, and turmeric that achieved high washing efficiencies, lower costs than manual methods, and benefits for small-scale farmers. Overall, the research emphasizes the need for flexible, universal washing machines
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
Company Valuation webinar series - Tuesday, 4 June 2024FelixPerez547899
This session provided an update as to the latest valuation data in the UK and then delved into a discussion on the upcoming election and the impacts on valuation. We finished, as always with a Q&A
Anny Serafina Love - Letter of Recommendation by Kellen Harkins, MS.AnnySerafinaLove
This letter, written by Kellen Harkins, Course Director at Full Sail University, commends Anny Love's exemplary performance in the Video Sharing Platforms class. It highlights her dedication, willingness to challenge herself, and exceptional skills in production, editing, and marketing across various video platforms like YouTube, TikTok, and Instagram.
Discover timeless style with the 2022 Vintage Roman Numerals Men's Ring. Crafted from premium stainless steel, this 6mm wide ring embodies elegance and durability. Perfect as a gift, it seamlessly blends classic Roman numeral detailing with modern sophistication, making it an ideal accessory for any occasion.
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Tata Group Dials Taiwan for Its Chipmaking Ambition in Gujarat’s DholeraAvirahi City Dholera
The Tata Group, a titan of Indian industry, is making waves with its advanced talks with Taiwanese chipmakers Powerchip Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation (PSMC) and UMC Group. The goal? Establishing a cutting-edge semiconductor fabrication unit (fab) in Dholera, Gujarat. This isn’t just any project; it’s a potential game changer for India’s chipmaking aspirations and a boon for investors seeking promising residential projects in dholera sir.
Visit : https://www.avirahi.com/blog/tata-group-dials-taiwan-for-its-chipmaking-ambition-in-gujarats-dholera/
Understanding User Needs and Satisfying ThemAggregage
https://www.productmanagementtoday.com/frs/26903918/understanding-user-needs-and-satisfying-them
We know we want to create products which our customers find to be valuable. Whether we label it as customer-centric or product-led depends on how long we've been doing product management. There are three challenges we face when doing this. The obvious challenge is figuring out what our users need; the non-obvious challenges are in creating a shared understanding of those needs and in sensing if what we're doing is meeting those needs.
In this webinar, we won't focus on the research methods for discovering user-needs. We will focus on synthesis of the needs we discover, communication and alignment tools, and how we operationalize addressing those needs.
Industry expert Scott Sehlhorst will:
• Introduce a taxonomy for user goals with real world examples
• Present the Onion Diagram, a tool for contextualizing task-level goals
• Illustrate how customer journey maps capture activity-level and task-level goals
• Demonstrate the best approach to selection and prioritization of user-goals to address
• Highlight the crucial benchmarks, observable changes, in ensuring fulfillment of customer needs
How MJ Global Leads the Packaging Industry.pdfMJ Global
MJ Global's success in staying ahead of the curve in the packaging industry is a testament to its dedication to innovation, sustainability, and customer-centricity. By embracing technological advancements, leading in eco-friendly solutions, collaborating with industry leaders, and adapting to evolving consumer preferences, MJ Global continues to set new standards in the packaging sector.
Storytelling is an incredibly valuable tool to share data and information. To get the most impact from stories there are a number of key ingredients. These are based on science and human nature. Using these elements in a story you can deliver information impactfully, ensure action and drive change.
buy old yahoo accounts buy yahoo accountsSusan Laney
As a business owner, I understand the importance of having a strong online presence and leveraging various digital platforms to reach and engage with your target audience. One often overlooked yet highly valuable asset in this regard is the humble Yahoo account. While many may perceive Yahoo as a relic of the past, the truth is that these accounts still hold immense potential for businesses of all sizes.
Taurus Zodiac Sign: Unveiling the Traits, Dates, and Horoscope Insights of th...my Pandit
Dive into the steadfast world of the Taurus Zodiac Sign. Discover the grounded, stable, and logical nature of Taurus individuals, and explore their key personality traits, important dates, and horoscope insights. Learn how the determination and patience of the Taurus sign make them the rock-steady achievers and anchors of the zodiac.
Top mailing list providers in the USA.pptxJeremyPeirce1
Discover the top mailing list providers in the USA, offering targeted lists, segmentation, and analytics to optimize your marketing campaigns and drive engagement.
Fabrication and performance evaluation of a portable motorized
1. Innovative Systems Design and Engineering www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1727 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2871 (Online)
Vol.5, No.8, 2014
Fabrication and Performance Evaluation of a Portable Motorized
Pineapple Juice Extractor
A. A. Adebayo1, O.M. Unuigbe2 and E. O. Atanda3
Department of Agricultural and Bio-Environmental Engineering Technology
School of Engineering, Auchi Polytechnic Auchi, Edo State, Nigeria.
Email: ajibolaadebayo975@yahoo.com
22
ABSTRACT
A motorized Juice extractor was designed, fabricated and its Performance Evaluation was
carried out to determine the best extracting operating factors for the prototype. The two
operating factors used for evaluating this machine are extraction speed (S) at three levels (i.e.
S1=565 rpm, S2=478 rpm and S3=380 rpm) and Feed rate (F) at three levels (i.e.
F1=0.5kg/min, F2=1.0kg/min and F3=1.5kg/min). Each of these factors was replicated thrice,
which resulted into 3X3X3 factorial experimental design. In addition, the performance
parameters used for evaluating this prototype are the Extraction efficiency (%), Extraction
losses (%) and Extraction capacity (lit/hr). The performance evaluation results obtained
from this experimental design shows an optimum Juice Extraction Efficiency, =87.50%,
Juice Extraction Capacity =26.70lit/hr with Juice Extraction Losses, =12.50% at S3F2
operating factors (i.e. S3=380 rpm and F2=1.0kg/min). The optimum output of this prototype
was compared with that of manual extraction method which was evaluated to have manual
Juice Extraction Efficiency, =97.00%, manual Juice Extraction Capacity =5.25lit/hr
and manual Juice Extraction Losses =3.08%. Hence, this prototype was rated to be five
times faster than human method of extracting juice from fruits. Although, the extraction
losses of this prototype was observed to be slightly higher than that of manual extraction
method. This suggests there is need to further improve on this prototype for higher extraction
efficiency, (%) close to that of human beings.
Keywords: Feed rate, Extraction losses, Extraction Efficiency, manual extraction efficiency,
performance parameters, Operating factors, proto-type and fruit pulp.
1.0 INTRODUCTION
In Nigeria, several varieties of fruits like Orange, Pineapple, Pawpaw, Mango, Apple, Grape, Pears
and Watermelon are available in large quantities during their various harvesting seasons. Aikhonbare
and Badmus (2003) observed that over 50% of different kinds of fruits produced by fruit farmers in
Nigeria is usually wasted yearly due to lack of efficient storage facilities after those fruits have been
harvested. In addition to this, susceptibility of fruits to mechanical, chemical and environmental factor
contributes to high wastage due to spoilage during the harvesting seasons of such fruits. However,
rapid progresses have been made in fruit farming technology over the years with little success
recorded in storage facilities of such fruits. All this contributes to enormous wastage of fruits all over
Nigeria.
The only solution to fruit storage problem is the extraction of juice from fruits. After extraction, the
juice may be stored in rubber bottle or any other neat packaging, with or without preservative
chemicals. According to Bhatia (1989), the most important steps in processing fruit juice are selection,
extraction, de-aeration, filtration, preservation and packaging. To achieve this, some researchers in
time past have developed machines for extracting juice from fruits, among these researchers are
Badmus and Adeyemi (2006), Ishiwu and Oluka (2005) Olowonibi and Ozumba (1999) and Bites,
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Vol.5, No.8, 2014
Morris and Grand (2001). Most of these juice extractors are for medium and large-scale fruit juice
extractors. However, there is need for developing a portable pineapple juice extractor because of its
sweet juicy taste that makes so many homes to prefer it to other fruits.
1.1 Importance of fruits
In recent time, nutritionists in Nigeria began to emphasise on the importance of fruits to the growth of
human beings and animals. According to Kintinga & Kader (1995), fruit acts as catalyst when
combined with protein in the body to activate the production of some active enzymes, which in turn
produce hundred of important chemical reactions in the body. Fruit and their juices are believed to
contain vital food nutrients for both man and animals such as vitamins, minerals and fibres which, in
turn, make fruit and its juices to have medicinal and nutritional values and at the same times act as
appetizers (Ashurt, 1991). Again, rapid growth of population in Nigeria with her elite gradually
discovering importance of fruits in recent times has led to increase in demand for fruits and its juices.
The demand for different fruits during and out of the season is increasingly high on a daily basis.
Therefore, fruit juice, because of its importance as highlighted above, has to be hygienically extracted
and then preserved in its natural form. The extracted juices of different fruits can be neatly packaged
and made available to the teeming Nigerian populace in cities and urban regions who are hungry and
thirsty for fruit juices during the off-season of such fruits.
In view of the above importance of fruits to man and animals, farmers in recent times have made
series of efforts in extracting juices from fruit manually and then preserving it for off-season
consumption. Also, some researchers have constructed some machines that can be used for extracting
juice from fruits. The traditional or manual method of extracting juice from fruit is observed to be
unhygienic, with slow extraction rates. Apart from unhygienic nature of the traditional extraction
methods, it is also associated with several physical stress of the body.
1.2 Objectives of the study
The main objectives of this study are:
(i) To fabricate a functioning portable motorized pineapple juice extractor for home use.
(ii) To carry out the performance evaluation of the pineapple juice extractor.
2.0 MATERIALS AND METHOD
The various parts of this motorized juice extractor are the hopper, barrel, shaft with auger, juice outlet,
fruit pulp-outlet, pulley and frame. These parts are clearly displayed in the assembly drawing in Fig 1.
Apart from the pulley and the frame all other parts were fabricated from stainless steel. The main
reason for the choice of costly stainless steel is to ensure that the extracted juice is free from
contamination. The major aim of this design is to fabricate a portable and affordable motorized
pineapple fruit juice extractor for home use in Nigeria. Also, another reason for this design is to make
it portable and affordable for an average family in Nigeria.
2.1 Description of the components of the juice extractor
Fig. 1 shows the exploded assembly drawing of the motorized juice extractor. The average weight of
this prototype was measured to be 6.45kg. Careful selection of materials for each part of the juice
extractor was made with the aim of reducing the weight of the machine. The rotor type can be
described in three compartments: the hopper, the extracting compartment and the outlet compartment.
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(i) The hopper
The hopper is essentially the part of the machine that contains and retains fruit to be process for a
short time. The hopper acts as a container and at the same time helps in gradually introducing the
fruit material in to the juice-extracting compartment. The trapezoidal shaped hopper is fabricated
from stainless steel and welded to the barrel of the proto type. The dimension of the hopper is as
shown in the orthographic views presented in Fig 2.
(ii) The Extracting compartment
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The extracting compartment of this proto-type comprises the extracting shaft with auger, the
barrel, and the pulley with bearing. The extracting shaft with auger is housed in a barrel and
supported by the bearings at both ends, as shown in Fig. 1. The extracting shaft and the barrel
were both fabricated from stainless steel with their sizes and dimensions shown in Fig. 2. The
pulley is mounted on the extracting shaft with the main function of transmitting the rotary power
or (torque) from the Electric Motor to the juice extracting machine through the V-belt connection.
The pulley was fabricated from mild-steel with its dimension shown in Fig 2.
(iii) The outlet compartment of the juice extractor
The outlet compartment comprises two major outlets, that is: the juice outlet and the fruit pulp
outlet. The two outlets are welded to the posterior end of the barrel as shown in Figs. 1 and 2. The
two outlets were designed to discharge the extracted fruit juice and the fruit residue (or fruit pulp)
at the same times. The outlets were fabricated from stainless steel.
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(iv) The frame and stand of the juice extractor
The frame and the stand are the parts of the machine that provide supports for both the juice
extractor and the Electric motor as shown in Figs. 1 and 2. The material used for fabricating the
frame and stand was mild steel angle bar.
2.2 Principle of operation of the juice extractor
The multi-juice extractor can be powered by either electric motor or small petrol engine. Inside the
juice extractor is a screw-like auger fitted on a shaft that rotates inside a fixed tube called the barrel.
When the fruit material comes into the extracting compartment via the hopper, the screw-like auger
pushes the fruit-material against the wall of the barrel. The forward motion caused by the auger on the
extracting shaft subjects the fruit-material to a certain degree of pressure sufficient to extract the juice
from the fruit-pulp. The juice comes out from the juice outlet, while the fruit-pulp comes out from the
pulp outlet. Advantage of this juice extractor is that, it is a continuous feed extracting system capable
of handling about three types of fruit materials continentally with good flowability characteristic of
fruits like pineapple, pawpaw, and Orange. The juice extraction commences immediately after peeling
and washing of the fruits.
2.3 Evaluation Methods
The experimental procedures used in the course of this study and the performance equations used for
the various estimations as evaluating parameters are discussed as follows:
2.4 Experimental Procedures
The juice extractor, after fabrication, was tested and evaluated with fully matured peeled pineapple
fruit. The prototype was evaluated, using a 3 x 3 x 3 factorial experimental design. The aim of using
factorial experimental design is to estimate the effect of some operating factors on the performance of
the juice extractor. The two operating factors used for evaluation of this machine are the operating
speed S at three levels (i.e. S1 = 565 rpm, juices S2 = 479 rpm and S3 = 380 rpm) and feed rate F of the
fruit material at three levels (i.e. F1 = 0.5kg/min, F2 = 1.0kg/min, and F3= 1.5kg/min). Each of the
factors was replicated thrice to arrive at 3 x 3 x 3 x3 factorial design. Performance parameters used for
evaluating the juice extractor are the extraction efficiency (εf)%, extraction losses (εL)% and extraction
capacity (Cex)lit/ hr. The evaluation results showing the different interactions between the operating
factors and the performance parameters are shown in Table 2.
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Table 1: Juice Extraction Raw Data Measured during the Evaluation of the Prototype
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Operating
Factors of the
prototype
Mass and Volume of the
Extracted Juice from the fruit
Mass and Volume of the
Unextracted Juice from the fruit
Mass of fruit pulp
after extraction
Mp (Kg)
Extraction
time,
T (min)
Mj (Kg) Vj (ml) Muj (Kg) Vuj (ml)
S1 F1 0.18 102 0.16 100 0.14 1.00
S1 F2 0.33 270 0.31 270 0.34 1.00
S1 F3 0.55 275 0.51 368 0.42 1.00
S2 F1 0.21 104 0.14 98 0.14 1.00
S2 F2 0.34 295 0.30 248 0.35 1.00
S2 F3 0.57 378 0.52 373 0.39 1.00
S3 F1 0.25 134 0.07 67 0.16 1.00
S3 F2 0.56 445 0.08 69 0.33 1.00
S3 F3
0.70 570 0.40 290 0.39 1.00
Manual Juice
Extraction
method
0.63
558
0.02
47
0.36
6.38
S1 = 565 rpm. F1 = 0.5 kg/min.
S2 = 479 rpm. F2 = 1.0 kg/min.
S3 = 380 rpm. F3 = 1.5 kg/min.
Table 2: Effect of some Operating Factors on Juice Extraction Performance of the Prototype
Operating Speed
(rpm)
Feed rate
(Kg/min.)
Juice Extraction
Efficiency,
Juice Extraction
Losses,
Juice Extraction
Capacity,
S1 F1 52.94 47.06 06.12
F2 51.56 48.44 16.20
F3 51.89 48.11 16.50
S2 F1 60.00 40.00 6.24
F2 53.13 46.88 17.70
F3 52.29 47.71 22.68
S3 F1 78.13 21.88 08.04
F2 87.50 12.50 26.70
F3 63.64 36.36 34.20
Manual Juice
Extraction method
96.92
03.08
05.25
S1 = 565 rpm. F1 = 0.5 kg/min.
S2 = 479 rpm. F2 = 1.0 kg/min.
S3 = 380 rpm. F3 = 1.5 kg/min.
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Fig. 1: Exploded view of a pineapple juice Extractor
Fig. 2: Isometric views of a pineapple juice Extractor
2.5 Performance Evaluation Equations
The various evaluation expressions used for estimating the performance of this prototype are stated as
follows:
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(i) Juice Extraction Efficiency,
Eqn. (1)
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(ii) Juice Extraction Losses,
Eqn. (2)
(iii) Juice Extraction Capacity, ( )
(lit/hr) Eqn. (3)
Where,
T
3.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The measured data obtained from the performance evaluation of the multi-fruit extractor when used
for extracting juice from pin apple is as shown in Table 1.
The operating factors considered during the evaluation are feed rate, (F) and the extracting speed, (S)
for the proto type. The three levels of feed rate (F1 , F2 and F3) and three levels of extracting speed (i.e.
S1, S2 and S3) are considered good for this study with each run replicated thrice. Also, the
performance parameters considered in this study are extraction efficiency, (εf )% , extraction loss
(εL%) and extraction capacity (Cex)lit/ hr. The results of the various operating factors on the extraction
parameters are displayed in Table 2.
Again, Figures 3, 4 and 5 show the graphical relationship between the investigated operating factors
and the performance parameters of the proto-type.
Fig. 3: Effect of Juice Extraction Speed and Feed rate on Juice Extraction Efficiency
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Fig. 4: Effect of Juice Extraction Speed and Feed rate on Juice Extraction Losses
Fig. 5: Effect of Juice Extraction Speed and Feed rate on Juice Extraction Capacity
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4.0 CONCLUSION
The conclusion of the investigations made in this study shows that good interactions were observed
between the investigated operating factors and the performance parameters of the multi-fruit juice
Extractor. The summary of results obtained during the investigation are:
(i) The Average extraction efficiency of the juice extractor was estimated to be about Ef =
72% of at the optimum operating speed S3 = 380 rpm with the feed rate, F1
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=0.5kg/min was observed to have the highest extraction efficiency curve. Hence, S3
and F1 are recommended as optimum operatory factors for this proto-type
(ii) However, juice extracting capacity was observed to be as low as Cex=5.4 litre/hr) with
S3F1 but juice extraction efficiency was observed to be very high (i.e εf = 78.13%)
(iii) Also, Juice losses of εL=21% with S3F1 run was observed with further improvement
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on the prototype.
5.0 RECOMMENDATION
(i) Juice losses of about εL=21 - 28% with this prototype is still on the high side; therefore, efforts
are being made to increase the extraction efficiency to about 90% or more.
(ii) Additional effort should be made to increase the extracting capacity from Cex=5.4 litre/hr to a
higher value and at the same times make it a multi-juice extractor.
REFERENCES
Aikhonbare, D. V. and Badmus, G. A. (2003) Development of a small Scale Fruit Extraction
and Bottling Equipment. Journal of Nigerian Institute of Agriculturtal Engineers (NIAE). Vol.
2: 100-110.
Ashurt, P. R. (1991) History of Fruit Drink and Food Flavouring. Rumbold and Sons Limited.
Second Edition. New York. Pp. 9 – 35.
Badmus, G. A. and Adeyemi, N. A. (2006) Design and Fabrication of a Small-scale whole
pineapple fruit juice extractor. Journal of Nigeria Institute of Agricultural Engineers, (NIAE).
Vol. 2: 80 – 85.
Bhatia, S. C. (1989) Canning and Preservation of Fruit and Vegetable. Small Industry
Research. Second Edition. New Delhi. Pp. 28 – 38.
Bites, R. P., Morris, J. R., and Grand, P. G. (2001) Principle and Practices of Small and Medium Scale
Fruit Juice Processing. 1st Edition. Florida University Press, Florida (U.S.A.).
Ishiwu, C. N. And Oluka, S. I. ( 2005) Development and Performance Evaluation of a Juice Exractor.
Journal of Nigeria Institute of Agricultural Engineers,(NIAE).
Kitinga, L. And Kader, A. A. (1995) Small Scale Post Harvest Handling Practices manual for
Horticultural Crops. Third Edition. UC Davis Publisher.
Olowonibi, M. M. And Ozumba, I. C. (1999) Development of Domestic Juice Extractor. Conference
paper presented in the Department of Processing and Environmental Control Engineering at National
Centre for Agricultural Mechanization, (NCAM) Idofian. Kwara State, Nigeria.
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