This document proposes a novel topology for a single-phase hyperlevel inverter using a single DC power source. The proposed topology converts two buck converters into a hyperlevel inverter to generate n levels of output voltage without changing the topology structure. Only the switching frequency is varied to control the number of levels. The topology was designed to produce a 1000 level, 220V output voltage at 50Hz with 1KW power from a single DC source. Simulation results validated the mathematical model and performance of the proposed single DC source hyperlevel inverter topology.
IRJET- Study of Unsymmetrical Cascade H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter Design for...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study on an unsymmetrical cascade multilevel inverter design for an induction motor. It discusses using a 7-level and 9-level unsymmetrical cascade multilevel inverter with level shifted pulse width modulation to drive a single phase induction motor. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink show that the 9-level inverter produces lower total harmonic distortion in the output voltage compared to the 7-level inverter, with smaller variation in the motor's current, speed, and torque. The study concludes the 9-level inverter provides better performance for driving the induction motor load.
Implementation of Three phase SPWM Inverter with Minimum Number of Power Elec...IJMTST Journal
In the past decades, the researchers have dealt with the conventional topology, which possesses sum switches of Multilevel Inverter is applied to PWM method. The present research work has been introduced a new method of multilevel inverter using reduced switches is applied with PWM technique. In introduction part the conventional new multilevel inverter & switching pattern are explained. In second part PWM technique of proposed work and circuits is explained. The width of this pulses are modulated in order to obtain inverter output voltage control and to reduce its harmonic content. Sinusoidal pulse width modulation or SPWM is the most common method in motor control and inverter application. Conventionally, to generate the signal, triangle wave as a carrier signal is compared with the sinusoidal wave, whose frequency is the desired frequency.
Structure of 15-Level Sub-Module Cascaded H-Bridge Inverter for Speed Control...IJPEDS-IAES
This paper deals with the implementation of a single phase 15-level Sub- Multilevel Cascaded H-Bridge Inverter (SMCHBI) for variable speed industrial drive applications. It consists of sub-multilevel modules and H- bridge inverter configuration. Sub-multilevel switches synthesize stepped DC link voltage and current from the DC sources. H-bridge inverter switches renovate stepped DC link voltage and current into sinusoidal waveform. Compared with conventional Cascaded Multilevel Inverter (CMLI), the proposed system employs the reduced number of power switches, DC sources and gate driver requirements. The proposed system not only reduces the overall system cost but also reduces the voltage stress across the inverter switches. The proposed system does not required additional resonant soft switching circuits for Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) of inverter. In the proposed method, variable frequency method is adopted for the speed control of industrial induction motor drives. A prototype model of 15-level SMCHB is developed and the performance of the systems is validated experimentally.
This document describes the design and implementation of a carrier-based sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) bipolar inverter. It begins with an introduction to inverters that convert DC power to AC power. It then discusses SPWM techniques in detail, including bipolar and unipolar switching methods. The document presents simulation results for a single-phase inverter using SPWM strategies. It aims to simulate and analyze the output waveforms of a SPWM inverter model in MATLAB, and examine how the modulation index affects the simulated and implemented designs.
IRJET- Comparison of Conventional Single Phase 21-Level Cascaded H-Bridge Mul...IRJET Journal
The document compares a conventional single-phase 21-level cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter to a proposed single-phase 21-level multilevel inverter with reduced switches and sources. The conventional inverter requires 40 IGBT switches and 10 separate DC sources, while the proposed topology requires only 8 IGBT switches and 4 separate DC sources to achieve 21 voltage levels. Simulation results show the output voltage waveform and total harmonic distortion for each inverter. The proposed topology has fewer switches, reducing cost and complexity compared to the conventional design.
PID Controller Response to Set-Point Change in DC-DC Converter ControlIAES-IJPEDS
Power converter operations and efficiency is affected by variation in supply
voltage, loads current, circuit elements, ageing and temperature. To meet the
objective of tight voltage regulation, power converters circuit module and the
control unit must be robust to reject disturbances arising from supply, load
variation and changes in circuit elements. PID controller has been the most
widely used in power converter control. This paper presents studies of
robustness of PID controller tuning methods to step changes in the set point
and disturbance rejection in power converter control. A DC-DC boost
converter was modelled using averaged state-space mothod and PID
controllers were designed with five different tuning methods. The study
reveals the transient response and disturbance rejection capability of each
tuning methods for their suitability in power supply design applications.
Multilevel inverters (MLI) are becoming more popular over the years for medium and high power applications because of its significant merits over two level inverters. This paper presents an implementation of multicarrier based sinusoidal pulse width modulation technique for three phase seven level diode clamped multilevel inverter. This topology is operated under phase opposition disposition pulse width modulation technique. The performance of three phase seven level diode clamped inverter is analyzed for induction motor (IM) load. Simulation is performed using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Experimental results are presented to validate the effectiveness of the operation of the diode clamped multilevel inverter using field programmable gate array.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes research on using a cascaded five-level Z-Source inverter for fuel cell applications. The proposed topology employs a Z network between the DC source and inverter to achieve boost operation. Maximum boost control with third harmonic injection PWM is analyzed, which turns all traditional zero states into shoot-through states. Simulations in MATLAB/Simulink show that this control method provides high voltage gain, reduced total harmonic distortion, and reduced voltage stress compared to simple boost control. The maximum boost control is well-suited for the proposed cascaded Z-Source inverter topology.
IRJET- Study of Unsymmetrical Cascade H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter Design for...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study on an unsymmetrical cascade multilevel inverter design for an induction motor. It discusses using a 7-level and 9-level unsymmetrical cascade multilevel inverter with level shifted pulse width modulation to drive a single phase induction motor. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink show that the 9-level inverter produces lower total harmonic distortion in the output voltage compared to the 7-level inverter, with smaller variation in the motor's current, speed, and torque. The study concludes the 9-level inverter provides better performance for driving the induction motor load.
Implementation of Three phase SPWM Inverter with Minimum Number of Power Elec...IJMTST Journal
In the past decades, the researchers have dealt with the conventional topology, which possesses sum switches of Multilevel Inverter is applied to PWM method. The present research work has been introduced a new method of multilevel inverter using reduced switches is applied with PWM technique. In introduction part the conventional new multilevel inverter & switching pattern are explained. In second part PWM technique of proposed work and circuits is explained. The width of this pulses are modulated in order to obtain inverter output voltage control and to reduce its harmonic content. Sinusoidal pulse width modulation or SPWM is the most common method in motor control and inverter application. Conventionally, to generate the signal, triangle wave as a carrier signal is compared with the sinusoidal wave, whose frequency is the desired frequency.
Structure of 15-Level Sub-Module Cascaded H-Bridge Inverter for Speed Control...IJPEDS-IAES
This paper deals with the implementation of a single phase 15-level Sub- Multilevel Cascaded H-Bridge Inverter (SMCHBI) for variable speed industrial drive applications. It consists of sub-multilevel modules and H- bridge inverter configuration. Sub-multilevel switches synthesize stepped DC link voltage and current from the DC sources. H-bridge inverter switches renovate stepped DC link voltage and current into sinusoidal waveform. Compared with conventional Cascaded Multilevel Inverter (CMLI), the proposed system employs the reduced number of power switches, DC sources and gate driver requirements. The proposed system not only reduces the overall system cost but also reduces the voltage stress across the inverter switches. The proposed system does not required additional resonant soft switching circuits for Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) of inverter. In the proposed method, variable frequency method is adopted for the speed control of industrial induction motor drives. A prototype model of 15-level SMCHB is developed and the performance of the systems is validated experimentally.
This document describes the design and implementation of a carrier-based sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) bipolar inverter. It begins with an introduction to inverters that convert DC power to AC power. It then discusses SPWM techniques in detail, including bipolar and unipolar switching methods. The document presents simulation results for a single-phase inverter using SPWM strategies. It aims to simulate and analyze the output waveforms of a SPWM inverter model in MATLAB, and examine how the modulation index affects the simulated and implemented designs.
IRJET- Comparison of Conventional Single Phase 21-Level Cascaded H-Bridge Mul...IRJET Journal
The document compares a conventional single-phase 21-level cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter to a proposed single-phase 21-level multilevel inverter with reduced switches and sources. The conventional inverter requires 40 IGBT switches and 10 separate DC sources, while the proposed topology requires only 8 IGBT switches and 4 separate DC sources to achieve 21 voltage levels. Simulation results show the output voltage waveform and total harmonic distortion for each inverter. The proposed topology has fewer switches, reducing cost and complexity compared to the conventional design.
PID Controller Response to Set-Point Change in DC-DC Converter ControlIAES-IJPEDS
Power converter operations and efficiency is affected by variation in supply
voltage, loads current, circuit elements, ageing and temperature. To meet the
objective of tight voltage regulation, power converters circuit module and the
control unit must be robust to reject disturbances arising from supply, load
variation and changes in circuit elements. PID controller has been the most
widely used in power converter control. This paper presents studies of
robustness of PID controller tuning methods to step changes in the set point
and disturbance rejection in power converter control. A DC-DC boost
converter was modelled using averaged state-space mothod and PID
controllers were designed with five different tuning methods. The study
reveals the transient response and disturbance rejection capability of each
tuning methods for their suitability in power supply design applications.
Multilevel inverters (MLI) are becoming more popular over the years for medium and high power applications because of its significant merits over two level inverters. This paper presents an implementation of multicarrier based sinusoidal pulse width modulation technique for three phase seven level diode clamped multilevel inverter. This topology is operated under phase opposition disposition pulse width modulation technique. The performance of three phase seven level diode clamped inverter is analyzed for induction motor (IM) load. Simulation is performed using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Experimental results are presented to validate the effectiveness of the operation of the diode clamped multilevel inverter using field programmable gate array.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes research on using a cascaded five-level Z-Source inverter for fuel cell applications. The proposed topology employs a Z network between the DC source and inverter to achieve boost operation. Maximum boost control with third harmonic injection PWM is analyzed, which turns all traditional zero states into shoot-through states. Simulations in MATLAB/Simulink show that this control method provides high voltage gain, reduced total harmonic distortion, and reduced voltage stress compared to simple boost control. The maximum boost control is well-suited for the proposed cascaded Z-Source inverter topology.
Single Phase Thirteen-Level Inverter using Seven Switches for Photovoltaic sy...Editor IJMTER
This paper proposes a single-phase thirteen-level inverter using seven switches, with a
novel pulse width-modulated (PWM) control scheme. The Proposed multilevel inverter output
voltage level increasing by using less number of switches driven by the multicarrier modulation
techniques. The inverter is capable of producing thirteen levels of output-voltage (Vdc, 5/6Vdc,
4/6Vdc, 3/6Vdc, 2/6Vdc, 1/6Vdc, 0, -5/6Vdc, -4/6Vdc, -3/6Vdc, -2/6Vdc, -1/6Vdc,-Vdc) from the
dc supply voltage. A digital multi carrier PWM algorithm was implemented in a Spartan 3E FPGA.
The proposed system was verified through simulation and implemented in a prototype.
IRJET- Design of Micro Controller based Speed Control of DC Motor using P...IRJET Journal
The document describes a design for controlling the speed of a DC motor using a PI controller and a SEPIC converter. A microcontroller is used to send PWM signals to control a MOSFET and vary the motor voltage based on temperature feedback, maintaining tight control of speed. The system was simulated and shown to effectively regulate motor speed for automated industrial applications requiring temperature control.
The document provides an overview of voltage translation using TXS-type auto-direction sensing voltage translators from Texas Instruments. It discusses the need for voltage translation in mixed voltage systems and describes the architecture of TXS translators, including the initial TXS0101/0102/0104 devices and the higher speed TXS0108E device. Key aspects covered include the auto-direction sensing functionality without a direction control pin, pass-gate transistor design, integrated pull-up resistors, and edge-rate acceleration circuits for fast switching. Input driver requirements and the device's ability to drive external loads are also summarized.
Thd minimization of modular multilevel converter with unequal dc valuesGhazal Falahi
Different modulation techniques used to control multilevel converters can be classified based on the selected converter topology and optimization goals. Among all proposed modulation methods low switching frequency modulation techniques are very popular for multilevel converters yet non-real time low switching frequency methods cannot be applied to multilevel converters with unequal or varying DC values because these modulation techniques rely on look up tables and the size of look up tables will be huge in this case. This paper proposes a new modular multilevel converter (MMC) structure with unequal DC values. Some well-known low switching frequency modulation techniques and the commonly used PWM based methods are compared and using the new low switching frequency modulation technique called minimal total harmonic distortion (THD) modulation for MMC with unequal DC values is proposed. The PSCAD simulation results show that the new converter topology with unequal DC values has much lower THD compared to the typical MMC. Modulation algorithm is implemented in digital signal processor (DSP) and controller hardware in the loop (CHIL) implementation in RTDS verifies the real-time performance of the algorithm.
Design consideration of an mmc hvdc system based on 4500 v:4000a emitter turn...Ghazal Falahi
Excessive power loss is a major concern in high voltage and high power applications and is considered one of the main drawbacks of VSC-HVDC system when compared with traditional HVDC system based on thyristor technology. This is primarily caused by high switching loss associated with switching devices used in the VSC-HVDC. This issue can be largely addressed by using the emerging MMC-HVDC topology, which requires much lower switching frequency than traditional VSC-HVDC. Emitter turn-off thyristor (ETO) is one of the best high power switching devices packed with many advanced features. ETO thyristor based MMC-HVDC system is therefore an extremely attractive choice for ultra-high voltage and high power HVDCs. This paper discusses the operation principle of ETO based MMC-HVDC as well as its design and loss comparison with other solutions.
This paper presents combinations of level shifted pulse-width modulation algorithm with conventional discontinuous pulse-width modulation methods for cascaded multilevel inverters. In the proposed DPWM a zero sequence signal is injected in sinusoidal reference signal to generate various modulators with easier implementation. The analysis four various control strategies namely Common Carrier (CC), Inverted Carrier (IC), Phase Shifted (PS) and Inverted Phase Shift (IPS) for cascaded multilevel inverter fed induction motor drive has been illustrated. To validate the proposed work experimental tests has been carried out using dSPACE controller. Experimental study proves that using proposed algorithms reduction in common-mode voltage with fewer harmonics along with reduced switching loss for a cascaded multilevel inverter fed motor drive has been achieved.
New Two Simple Sinusoidal Generators with Four 45 Phase Shifted Voltage Outp...IJECEIAES
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes two new sinusoidal oscillator circuits using a single fully differential current conveyor (FDCCII), two grounded capacitors, and two grounded resistors. The circuits can generate four sinusoidal voltage outputs with each having a 45-degree phase difference, providing two sets of quadrature outputs. Non-ideal analysis and PSPICE simulations using a 0.18 μm CMOS technology verify the theoretical analysis. The simulations demonstrate voltage outputs with 45-degree phase shifts and total harmonic distortions between 1.44-4.53%, matching the theoretical predictions.
Low voltage ride through control of modular multilevel converter based hvdc s...Ghazal Falahi
Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT) is an important grid requirement for Voltage Source Converter (VSC) based HVDC links. This paper studies the performance of the modular multilevel converter (MMC) VSC based HVDC systems during faults or voltage dips and proposes a new control strategy to improve the LVRT performance. The proposed algorithm controls the system to generate the required active and reactive powers that are calculated mathematically based on the ratings of the MMC-HVDC system and LVRT requirements. The injected active and reactive power values obey the LVRT guidelines and are adaptable to different grid codes. The mathematical calculations are presented and EMTDC/PSCAD simulation evaluates the performance of the proposed method.
Control of modular multilevel converter based hvdc systems during asymmetrica...Ghazal Falahi
Modular multilevel converter (MMC) is a relatively new and promising topology for HVDC systems. HVDC systems should remain connected during grid faults and isolate the fault. This paper studies the dynamic performance of transformer-less MMC integrated HVDC systems during unbalanced conditions and asymmetrical grid faults. It proposes a new control technique to improve unbalanced system’s performance. The objective of the proposed controller is eliminating negative and zero sequence currents and to improve the overall performance. The controller calculates zero and negative sequence reference voltages and eliminates zero and negative sequence currents without using any current regulator. Therefore the controller is very fast and robust. The effectiveness of the proposed control technique has been validated by EMTDC /PSCAD simulations.
Dual inverter fed induction motor drives provide more advantages in contrast with other multilevel inverter drives. Coupled PWM techniques provide good standard of output voltage than the decoupled PWM techniques for dual inverter configuration. In this paper analysis of open end winding induction motor by coupled random PWM signals and decoupled SVPWM signals was carried out. Induction motor by random PWM technique generate low acoustic noise and electromagnetic interference to near by systems. The performance evaluation of the drive wss implemented in MATLAB/simulink and the results were presented.
This document provides a wiring diagram and legend for a motor controller. The diagram shows power and control connections for components including contactors, overload relays, push buttons, and a motor. It also includes terminal markings and schematic symbols for electrical components commonly used in motor control circuits. Additional sections provide diagrams and explanations of motor starters, controllers, and related devices.
AC - AC power conversions were traditionally done by using thyristor power controllers, phase angle control or by
integral cycle control, but had low PF and other disadvantages. Variable voltage, variable frequency high power conversions
are nowadays use DC link and Matrix converters, with higher efficiency and better regulation. But in situations where only
voltage regulation is required and the circuit need to be simple and less complicated, directed PWM AC-AC converters are
more preferred, due to reduced size and components. This project presents the design and simulation of a new type of AC-AC
converter which can operate as traditional non-inverting buck and boost converters, and inverting buck-boost converter as
well. This converter uses six unidirectional current flowing and bidirectional voltage blocking switches, implemented by six
reverse blocking IGBTs or series MOSFET-diode pairs, two input and output filter capacitors, and one inductor. It has no
shoot-through problem of voltage source (or capacitor) even when all switches are turned-on and therefore; PWM dead times
are not needed resulting in high quality waveforms, and solves the commutation problem without using bulky and lossy RC
snubbers or dedicated soft-commutation strategies. It has smaller switching losses because; only two switches out of six are
switched at high frequency during each half cycle of input voltage, and it can use power MOSFETs as body diode never
conducts, making it immune from MOSFET failure risk..
The document discusses regulated DC power supplies and their components. It explains that a regulated DC power supply consists of a step-down transformer, rectifier, filter, and voltage regulator. The transformer steps down AC voltage, the rectifier converts it to DC, the filter smooths the output, and the regulator sets the output to a fixed voltage. It then discusses half-wave and full-wave rectifiers in detail, deriving their key parameters such as DC output voltage and current, ripple factor, and efficiency.
The document summarizes the key components and operation of a regulated DC power supply. It consists of a step-down transformer, rectifier, filter, and voltage regulator. The transformer steps down AC voltage, the rectifier converts it to DC but with variation, the filter smooths the output, and the regulator sets the output to a fixed voltage. Rectifiers are then discussed in more detail, including half-wave and full-wave rectifiers. Key rectifier parameters like DC output voltage and current, ripple factor, and efficiency are defined. Half-wave rectifier operation and analysis is explained through derivations of these parameters.
This paper proposes an asymmetrical cascaded single phase H-bridge inverter. The proposed inverter consists of two modules with unequal and isolated dc sources. Each module is composed of dc source, conventional four switches H-bridge and single bidirectional switch. To increase the output voltage levels, the tertiary ratio, 1:3, between its two dc sources is adopted. Both the fundamental frequency and the multicarrier pulse width modulation (PWM) control schemes are employed to generate switches signals. By controlling the inverter modulation index, the proposed inverter can generate an output voltage having up to seventeen levels by using only two modules. The proposed topology has also the feature of modularity which means that it can be extended to any levels by adding new modules. The proposed topology is simulated using an inductive load and some selected simulation results have been provided to validate the proposed inverter.
A New Proposal for OFCC-based Instrumentation AmplifierYayah Zakaria
This contribution puts forward a new voltage mode instrumentation amplifier (VMIA) based on operational floating current conveyor (OFCC). It presents high impedance at input terminals and provides output at low impedance making the proposal ideal for voltage mode operation. The proposed VMIA
architecture has two stages - the first stage comprises of two OFCCs to sense input voltages and coverts the voltage difference to current while the second stage has single OFCC that converts the current to voltage. In addition it employs two resistors to provide gain and imposes no condition on the values
of resistors. The behavior of the proposed structure is also analyzed for OFCC non idealities namely finite transimpedance and tracking error. The proposal is verified through SPICE simulations using CMOS based schematic of OFCC. Experimental results, by bread boarding it using commercially available IC AD844, are also included.
Design, Modeling and control of modular multilevel converters (MMC) based hvd...Ghazal Falahi
This document outlines the design, modeling, and control of modular multilevel converter (MMC) based HVDC systems. It begins with background information on MMC technology and discusses state of the art MMC systems using IGBT devices that have higher losses than desired. The document then proposes a design procedure for an MMC-HVDC system using emerging ETO semiconductor devices, which are expected to have lower losses than IGBTs. It provides details on the MMC topology, mathematical modeling, control schemes, modulation methods, and proposes a new 60Hz modulation strategy along with a method to estimate losses for the system.
Switched Inductor Based Buck-Boost Transformerless InverterIRJET Journal
This document presents a switched inductor based buck-boost transformerless inverter topology for connecting photovoltaic systems to the electric grid. The topology uses five switches and has the advantages of buck-boost capability, low leakage current due to a shared terminal between the grid and input, high gain from the switched inductor concept, and lower switching losses as two switches operate at line frequency. The topology and its four modes of operation are described. Simulation results show the input and output voltages and currents meet expectations. Hardware implementation using a dSPACE controller verifies the expected output voltage is achieved. The topology offers improvements over other transformerless inverters and is suitable for applications like photovoltaics and microgrids.
Analysis of SEPIC for PV-Applications using PI Controller and Current Mode Co...ijsrd.com
This document presents two closed loop control techniques for a SEPIC (single-ended primary inductor converter) DC-DC converter used with PV panels: 1) current mode control where the current is used as a reference and 2) PI control where the voltage is used as a reference. It describes the operation and design of the SEPIC converter, models the PV panel, and discusses each control strategy. Simulation results show the voltage and current waveforms for open loop, current mode control, and PI control of the SEPIC converter. In conclusion, current mode control provides better performance than PI control but has limitations on the reference current value.
Efficiency and Power Factor improvement of Bridgeless Soft-switched PWM Cuk C...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a bridgeless single-phase AC-DC soft-switched PWM Cuk converter with multiplier control to improve efficiency and power factor. Key points:
1) The proposed converter removes the input diode bridge and uses an auxiliary circuit to achieve zero-voltage switching, reducing losses and improving efficiency compared to conventional Cuk converters.
2) Multiplier control is used to regulate the output voltage, further improving efficiency.
3) The bridgeless design and soft-switching results in less input current harmonics and nearly unity power factor.
4) The document outlines the circuit configuration, operating principles, design process, and simulation results of the proposed efficient and high
Single Phase Thirteen-Level Inverter using Seven Switches for Photovoltaic sy...Editor IJMTER
This paper proposes a single-phase thirteen-level inverter using seven switches, with a
novel pulse width-modulated (PWM) control scheme. The Proposed multilevel inverter output
voltage level increasing by using less number of switches driven by the multicarrier modulation
techniques. The inverter is capable of producing thirteen levels of output-voltage (Vdc, 5/6Vdc,
4/6Vdc, 3/6Vdc, 2/6Vdc, 1/6Vdc, 0, -5/6Vdc, -4/6Vdc, -3/6Vdc, -2/6Vdc, -1/6Vdc,-Vdc) from the
dc supply voltage. A digital multi carrier PWM algorithm was implemented in a Spartan 3E FPGA.
The proposed system was verified through simulation and implemented in a prototype.
IRJET- Design of Micro Controller based Speed Control of DC Motor using P...IRJET Journal
The document describes a design for controlling the speed of a DC motor using a PI controller and a SEPIC converter. A microcontroller is used to send PWM signals to control a MOSFET and vary the motor voltage based on temperature feedback, maintaining tight control of speed. The system was simulated and shown to effectively regulate motor speed for automated industrial applications requiring temperature control.
The document provides an overview of voltage translation using TXS-type auto-direction sensing voltage translators from Texas Instruments. It discusses the need for voltage translation in mixed voltage systems and describes the architecture of TXS translators, including the initial TXS0101/0102/0104 devices and the higher speed TXS0108E device. Key aspects covered include the auto-direction sensing functionality without a direction control pin, pass-gate transistor design, integrated pull-up resistors, and edge-rate acceleration circuits for fast switching. Input driver requirements and the device's ability to drive external loads are also summarized.
Thd minimization of modular multilevel converter with unequal dc valuesGhazal Falahi
Different modulation techniques used to control multilevel converters can be classified based on the selected converter topology and optimization goals. Among all proposed modulation methods low switching frequency modulation techniques are very popular for multilevel converters yet non-real time low switching frequency methods cannot be applied to multilevel converters with unequal or varying DC values because these modulation techniques rely on look up tables and the size of look up tables will be huge in this case. This paper proposes a new modular multilevel converter (MMC) structure with unequal DC values. Some well-known low switching frequency modulation techniques and the commonly used PWM based methods are compared and using the new low switching frequency modulation technique called minimal total harmonic distortion (THD) modulation for MMC with unequal DC values is proposed. The PSCAD simulation results show that the new converter topology with unequal DC values has much lower THD compared to the typical MMC. Modulation algorithm is implemented in digital signal processor (DSP) and controller hardware in the loop (CHIL) implementation in RTDS verifies the real-time performance of the algorithm.
Design consideration of an mmc hvdc system based on 4500 v:4000a emitter turn...Ghazal Falahi
Excessive power loss is a major concern in high voltage and high power applications and is considered one of the main drawbacks of VSC-HVDC system when compared with traditional HVDC system based on thyristor technology. This is primarily caused by high switching loss associated with switching devices used in the VSC-HVDC. This issue can be largely addressed by using the emerging MMC-HVDC topology, which requires much lower switching frequency than traditional VSC-HVDC. Emitter turn-off thyristor (ETO) is one of the best high power switching devices packed with many advanced features. ETO thyristor based MMC-HVDC system is therefore an extremely attractive choice for ultra-high voltage and high power HVDCs. This paper discusses the operation principle of ETO based MMC-HVDC as well as its design and loss comparison with other solutions.
This paper presents combinations of level shifted pulse-width modulation algorithm with conventional discontinuous pulse-width modulation methods for cascaded multilevel inverters. In the proposed DPWM a zero sequence signal is injected in sinusoidal reference signal to generate various modulators with easier implementation. The analysis four various control strategies namely Common Carrier (CC), Inverted Carrier (IC), Phase Shifted (PS) and Inverted Phase Shift (IPS) for cascaded multilevel inverter fed induction motor drive has been illustrated. To validate the proposed work experimental tests has been carried out using dSPACE controller. Experimental study proves that using proposed algorithms reduction in common-mode voltage with fewer harmonics along with reduced switching loss for a cascaded multilevel inverter fed motor drive has been achieved.
New Two Simple Sinusoidal Generators with Four 45 Phase Shifted Voltage Outp...IJECEIAES
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes two new sinusoidal oscillator circuits using a single fully differential current conveyor (FDCCII), two grounded capacitors, and two grounded resistors. The circuits can generate four sinusoidal voltage outputs with each having a 45-degree phase difference, providing two sets of quadrature outputs. Non-ideal analysis and PSPICE simulations using a 0.18 μm CMOS technology verify the theoretical analysis. The simulations demonstrate voltage outputs with 45-degree phase shifts and total harmonic distortions between 1.44-4.53%, matching the theoretical predictions.
Low voltage ride through control of modular multilevel converter based hvdc s...Ghazal Falahi
Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT) is an important grid requirement for Voltage Source Converter (VSC) based HVDC links. This paper studies the performance of the modular multilevel converter (MMC) VSC based HVDC systems during faults or voltage dips and proposes a new control strategy to improve the LVRT performance. The proposed algorithm controls the system to generate the required active and reactive powers that are calculated mathematically based on the ratings of the MMC-HVDC system and LVRT requirements. The injected active and reactive power values obey the LVRT guidelines and are adaptable to different grid codes. The mathematical calculations are presented and EMTDC/PSCAD simulation evaluates the performance of the proposed method.
Control of modular multilevel converter based hvdc systems during asymmetrica...Ghazal Falahi
Modular multilevel converter (MMC) is a relatively new and promising topology for HVDC systems. HVDC systems should remain connected during grid faults and isolate the fault. This paper studies the dynamic performance of transformer-less MMC integrated HVDC systems during unbalanced conditions and asymmetrical grid faults. It proposes a new control technique to improve unbalanced system’s performance. The objective of the proposed controller is eliminating negative and zero sequence currents and to improve the overall performance. The controller calculates zero and negative sequence reference voltages and eliminates zero and negative sequence currents without using any current regulator. Therefore the controller is very fast and robust. The effectiveness of the proposed control technique has been validated by EMTDC /PSCAD simulations.
Dual inverter fed induction motor drives provide more advantages in contrast with other multilevel inverter drives. Coupled PWM techniques provide good standard of output voltage than the decoupled PWM techniques for dual inverter configuration. In this paper analysis of open end winding induction motor by coupled random PWM signals and decoupled SVPWM signals was carried out. Induction motor by random PWM technique generate low acoustic noise and electromagnetic interference to near by systems. The performance evaluation of the drive wss implemented in MATLAB/simulink and the results were presented.
This document provides a wiring diagram and legend for a motor controller. The diagram shows power and control connections for components including contactors, overload relays, push buttons, and a motor. It also includes terminal markings and schematic symbols for electrical components commonly used in motor control circuits. Additional sections provide diagrams and explanations of motor starters, controllers, and related devices.
AC - AC power conversions were traditionally done by using thyristor power controllers, phase angle control or by
integral cycle control, but had low PF and other disadvantages. Variable voltage, variable frequency high power conversions
are nowadays use DC link and Matrix converters, with higher efficiency and better regulation. But in situations where only
voltage regulation is required and the circuit need to be simple and less complicated, directed PWM AC-AC converters are
more preferred, due to reduced size and components. This project presents the design and simulation of a new type of AC-AC
converter which can operate as traditional non-inverting buck and boost converters, and inverting buck-boost converter as
well. This converter uses six unidirectional current flowing and bidirectional voltage blocking switches, implemented by six
reverse blocking IGBTs or series MOSFET-diode pairs, two input and output filter capacitors, and one inductor. It has no
shoot-through problem of voltage source (or capacitor) even when all switches are turned-on and therefore; PWM dead times
are not needed resulting in high quality waveforms, and solves the commutation problem without using bulky and lossy RC
snubbers or dedicated soft-commutation strategies. It has smaller switching losses because; only two switches out of six are
switched at high frequency during each half cycle of input voltage, and it can use power MOSFETs as body diode never
conducts, making it immune from MOSFET failure risk..
The document discusses regulated DC power supplies and their components. It explains that a regulated DC power supply consists of a step-down transformer, rectifier, filter, and voltage regulator. The transformer steps down AC voltage, the rectifier converts it to DC, the filter smooths the output, and the regulator sets the output to a fixed voltage. It then discusses half-wave and full-wave rectifiers in detail, deriving their key parameters such as DC output voltage and current, ripple factor, and efficiency.
The document summarizes the key components and operation of a regulated DC power supply. It consists of a step-down transformer, rectifier, filter, and voltage regulator. The transformer steps down AC voltage, the rectifier converts it to DC but with variation, the filter smooths the output, and the regulator sets the output to a fixed voltage. Rectifiers are then discussed in more detail, including half-wave and full-wave rectifiers. Key rectifier parameters like DC output voltage and current, ripple factor, and efficiency are defined. Half-wave rectifier operation and analysis is explained through derivations of these parameters.
This paper proposes an asymmetrical cascaded single phase H-bridge inverter. The proposed inverter consists of two modules with unequal and isolated dc sources. Each module is composed of dc source, conventional four switches H-bridge and single bidirectional switch. To increase the output voltage levels, the tertiary ratio, 1:3, between its two dc sources is adopted. Both the fundamental frequency and the multicarrier pulse width modulation (PWM) control schemes are employed to generate switches signals. By controlling the inverter modulation index, the proposed inverter can generate an output voltage having up to seventeen levels by using only two modules. The proposed topology has also the feature of modularity which means that it can be extended to any levels by adding new modules. The proposed topology is simulated using an inductive load and some selected simulation results have been provided to validate the proposed inverter.
A New Proposal for OFCC-based Instrumentation AmplifierYayah Zakaria
This contribution puts forward a new voltage mode instrumentation amplifier (VMIA) based on operational floating current conveyor (OFCC). It presents high impedance at input terminals and provides output at low impedance making the proposal ideal for voltage mode operation. The proposed VMIA
architecture has two stages - the first stage comprises of two OFCCs to sense input voltages and coverts the voltage difference to current while the second stage has single OFCC that converts the current to voltage. In addition it employs two resistors to provide gain and imposes no condition on the values
of resistors. The behavior of the proposed structure is also analyzed for OFCC non idealities namely finite transimpedance and tracking error. The proposal is verified through SPICE simulations using CMOS based schematic of OFCC. Experimental results, by bread boarding it using commercially available IC AD844, are also included.
Design, Modeling and control of modular multilevel converters (MMC) based hvd...Ghazal Falahi
This document outlines the design, modeling, and control of modular multilevel converter (MMC) based HVDC systems. It begins with background information on MMC technology and discusses state of the art MMC systems using IGBT devices that have higher losses than desired. The document then proposes a design procedure for an MMC-HVDC system using emerging ETO semiconductor devices, which are expected to have lower losses than IGBTs. It provides details on the MMC topology, mathematical modeling, control schemes, modulation methods, and proposes a new 60Hz modulation strategy along with a method to estimate losses for the system.
Switched Inductor Based Buck-Boost Transformerless InverterIRJET Journal
This document presents a switched inductor based buck-boost transformerless inverter topology for connecting photovoltaic systems to the electric grid. The topology uses five switches and has the advantages of buck-boost capability, low leakage current due to a shared terminal between the grid and input, high gain from the switched inductor concept, and lower switching losses as two switches operate at line frequency. The topology and its four modes of operation are described. Simulation results show the input and output voltages and currents meet expectations. Hardware implementation using a dSPACE controller verifies the expected output voltage is achieved. The topology offers improvements over other transformerless inverters and is suitable for applications like photovoltaics and microgrids.
Analysis of SEPIC for PV-Applications using PI Controller and Current Mode Co...ijsrd.com
This document presents two closed loop control techniques for a SEPIC (single-ended primary inductor converter) DC-DC converter used with PV panels: 1) current mode control where the current is used as a reference and 2) PI control where the voltage is used as a reference. It describes the operation and design of the SEPIC converter, models the PV panel, and discusses each control strategy. Simulation results show the voltage and current waveforms for open loop, current mode control, and PI control of the SEPIC converter. In conclusion, current mode control provides better performance than PI control but has limitations on the reference current value.
Efficiency and Power Factor improvement of Bridgeless Soft-switched PWM Cuk C...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a bridgeless single-phase AC-DC soft-switched PWM Cuk converter with multiplier control to improve efficiency and power factor. Key points:
1) The proposed converter removes the input diode bridge and uses an auxiliary circuit to achieve zero-voltage switching, reducing losses and improving efficiency compared to conventional Cuk converters.
2) Multiplier control is used to regulate the output voltage, further improving efficiency.
3) The bridgeless design and soft-switching results in less input current harmonics and nearly unity power factor.
4) The document outlines the circuit configuration, operating principles, design process, and simulation results of the proposed efficient and high
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a non-isolated three-port SEPIC converter for standalone photovoltaic applications. The converter uses a single-input multi-output structure with a photovoltaic source as the single input. Mathematical analysis is performed and simulations are carried out in MATLAB/Simulink to verify the design. Hardware implementation and testing is also conducted, and results match the simulation analysis. The converter operates in continuous current mode to supply two loads - a resistive load and a dynamic motor load - from a single photovoltaic source.
Asymmetrical Nine-level Inverter Topology with Reduce Power Semicondutor DevicesTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper a new single-phase multilevel inverter topology is presented. Proposed topology is
capable of producing nine-level output voltage with reduce device counts. It can be achieved by arranging
available switches and dc sources in a fashion such that the maximum combination of addition and
subtraction of the input dc sources can be obtained. To verify the viability of the proposed topology, the
circuit model is developed and simulated in Matlab-Simulink software. Experimental testing results of the
proposed nine-level inverter topology, developed in the laboratory, are presented. A low frequency
switching strategy is employed in this work. The results show that the proposed topology is capable to
produce a nine-level output voltage, capable in handling inductive load and yields acceptable harmonic
distortion content.
This document presents a new integrated bridgeless PWM power converter for power factor correction. The proposed converter integrates a bridgeless boost rectifier with an asymmetrical pulse-width modulation half-bridge DC-DC converter. This eliminates the need for a full-bridge diode rectifier, reducing conduction losses. Zero-voltage switching of the power switches also reduces switching losses. Experimental results from a 250W prototype show the converter achieves 93.0% efficiency and near unity power factor.
This document describes the design of a zero voltage zero current switching (ZVZCS) full bridge DC-DC converter with transformer isolation and current doubler rectifier for high power applications. The converter achieves ZVS turn-off for the lagging leg switches using the transformer leakage inductance and switch output capacitance. ZCS is achieved for the leading leg switches using an auxiliary transformer and diodes to reset the primary current. Simulation results validate the design for a 3kW load operating at 20kHz with reduced switching losses due to the soft switching techniques.
A Single Switch High Gain Coupled Inductor Boost ConverterIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on a single switch high gain coupled inductor boost converter with closed loop control and low switch voltage stress. The proposed converter uses a coupled inductor and passive clamp network to achieve high voltage gain without high duty cycles. This prevents problems like reverse recovery and reduces switch voltage stress. Simulation results show the converter operates with a 40V input and 400V/400W output at 50kHz switching frequency using optimized component values determined through design calculations.
This project envisages a Buck dc – dc
converter mathematical analysis and simulation. This power
regulator is made up of some vital circuit elements such as
inductor, freewheeling diode, filter capacitor and electronics
power switch. The circuit is analysed based on two modes of
operation namely: continuous current conduction mode and
discontinuous current mode. Ansoft Simplorer software is
used to carry out the circuit simulation under the two modes
of operation which aided in verifying the calculated results.
Both calculated and simulated waveforms are displayed. The
results obtained are very similar.
IRJET- Investigation on DC-DC Converter Topologies for PV ApplicationsIRJET Journal
This document investigates different DC-DC converter topologies for photovoltaic (PV) applications and proposes a suitable topology for reducing output voltage ripple. It simulates the Boost converter, SEPIC converter, and non-inverting buck-boost converter in MATLAB/Simulink. The Boost converter has the lowest output voltage ripple of 0.0025V. A PV model is also developed and simulated. Finally, the Boost converter is interfaced with the PV model to step up the low PV output voltage. Simulation results show the Boost converter interfaced with PV provides an output voltage of 24V with low ripple of 0.0025V.
Simulation Of A 4-Switch,3-Phase Inverter Fed Induction Motor (IM) Drive Systemijiert bestjournal
This document summarizes a research paper on simulating a 4-switch, 3-phase inverter driving an induction motor. It begins with an abstract describing the research goal of developing a more cost-effective induction motor drive using a 4-switch inverter instead of a conventional 6-switch inverter. It then provides details on the drive system components, the 4-switch inverter topology, a space vector pulse width modulation control approach, and simulation results showing the speed, torque and current characteristics meeting performance needs while reducing costs. The conclusion is that the 4-switch inverter fed induction motor drive is acceptable considering cost reduction without compromising operation.
This document summarizes a research paper on simulating a 4-switch, 3-phase inverter for driving an induction motor. It begins with an abstract that outlines using a lower-cost 4-switch inverter instead of a conventional 6-switch design. It then provides details on the drive system components, including the rectifier, inverter, motor, and space vector pulse width modulation control approach. Simulation results are presented showing the speed and torque characteristics of the induction motor driven by the 4-switch inverter. The paper concludes that the proposed 4-switch inverter drive system provides cost savings and acceptable performance for industrial applications.
This document presents a soft-switching two-switch resonant AC-DC converter that achieves high power factor and efficiency. The converter integrates a boost power factor correction circuit with a two-switch resonant converter. This allows it to achieve soft-switching, reduce component stress, and recycle energy stored in transformer leakage inductance. Simulation results show the converter achieves a power factor of 0.9 and soft-switching of the main switches and output diodes to reduce losses. The converter provides high efficiency power conversion with a simple control scheme.
Closed Loop Analysis of Single-Inductor Dual-Output Buck Converters with Mix-...IOSR Journals
This document presents an analysis of closed loop operation of single-inductor dual-output buck converters. It begins with an overview of these converters and their applications. It then analyzes the circuit operation in both continuous and discontinuous conduction modes, developing equations for voltage gains, duty cycles, and other parameters. Most importantly, it identifies a new "mix-voltage" operation mode where the input voltage can be lower than one output voltage. Experimental results are presented to validate the analytical equations and this new operating mode.
The document summarizes research on an improved interleaved buck converter that aims to achieve low switching losses and a high step-down conversion ratio. It proposes a new converter topology that uses two active switches connected in series with a coupling capacitor. This reduces the voltage stress across the switches, lowering capacitive discharging and switching losses. Analysis shows the new topology lowers losses when the operating duty cycle is below 50%. Experimental results from prototypes validating the design are also presented.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
The document presents a new bridgeless single-phase AC-DC converter based on a single-ended primary inductance converter (SEPIC) topology. The proposed rectifier utilizes a bidirectional switch and two fast diodes. It has less conduction losses compared to existing power factor correction rectifiers due to fewer components conducting during each switching cycle. Experimental results show the converter can achieve a high power factor under universal input voltage conditions and provide regulated output voltage for resistive and incandescent lamp loads. Future work may include further optimizing the design for applications requiring high power quality input power.
This document describes the design of a non-ideal buck converter circuit. Key aspects include:
- The buck converter steps down the voltage from a 350V LiPo battery to 48V for a lead acid battery.
- Components are selected to handle non-idealities like resistance and voltage drops. These include a MOSFET, diode, inductor, and capacitor.
- Calculations are done to determine duty cycle, inductor value, and capacitor value based on specifications like output voltage, current, and power.
- A Pspice simulation is used to validate the circuit design and analyze performance considering component non-idealities.
Soft Computing Technique for the Control of Triple-Lift Luo ConverterIJERA Editor
Positive output Luo converters are a series of new DC-DC step-up (boost) converters, which were developed from prototypes using voltage lift technique. These converters perform positive to positive DC-DC voltage increasing conversion with high power density, high efficiency and cheap topology in simple structure. They are different from other existing DC-DC step-up converters with a high output voltage and small ripples. Triple lift LUO circuit is derived from positive output elementary Luo converter by adding the lift circuit three times. Due to the time varying and switching nature of the Luo converters, their dynamic behaviour becomes highly nonlinear. The classical control methods employed to design the controllers for Luo converters depend on the operating point so that it is very difficult to select control parameters because of the presence of parasitic elements, time varying loads and variable supply voltages. Conventional controllers require a good knowledge of the system and accurate tuning in order to obtain the desired performances. A fuzzy logic controller is a soft computing technique which neither requires a precise mathematical model of the system nor complex computations. The performances of the Triple-lift Luo converter with fuzzy logic controller are evaluated under line and load disturbances using Matlab-Simulink based simulation. The results are presented and analyzed.
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image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
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TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.