The document discusses the need for and features of IPv6, the next generation Internet Protocol. IPv4 is running out of addresses due to the exponential growth of Internet-connected devices. IPv6 provides a much larger 128-bit address space to accommodate this growth. Key features of IPv6 include stateless address autoconfiguration, improved security through mandatory encryption, simpler packet headers, and mobility support. IPv6 also supports new address types and aggregation to improve routing efficiency.

1. IPV6-THE NEXT GENERATION
PROTOCOL
Session Number
Presentation_ID © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 1

2. Introduction
• What is IP?
The Internet Protocol (IP) is the method or protocol
by which data is sent from one computer to
another on the Internet.
• History
In 1978, the Office of the Secretary of Defense
(OSD) mandated the use of IPv4 for all “host-to-
host” data exchange enabling IPv4 to become the
mechanism for the military to create integrated
versus stovepiped communications.
© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 2

3. Do We Really Need a Larger Address
Space?
• Internet Users or PC
~530 million users in Q2 CY2002, ~945 million by 2004
(Source: Computer Industry Almanac)
Emerging population/geopolitical and Address space
• PDA, Pen-Tablet, Notepad,…
~20 million in 2004
• Mobile phones
Already 1 billion mobile phones delivered by the industry
• Transportation
1 billion automobiles forecast for 2008
Internet access in Planes
• Consumer devices
Billions of Home and Industrial Appliances
© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 3

4. Explosion of New Internet Appliances
© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 4

5. Techniques to reduce address shortage
in IPv4
• Subnetting
• Network Address Translation (NAT)
• Classless Inter Domain Routing (CIDR)
© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 5

6. Subnetting
• Three-level hierarchy: network, subnet,
and host.
• The extended-network-prefix is composed
of the classful network-prefix and the
subnet-number
• The extended-network-prefix has
traditionally been identified by the subnet
mask
Network-Prefix Subnet-Number Host-Number
© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 6

7. Subnetting Example
128.10.1.1 H1 128.10.1.2 H2
Sub-network 128.10.1.0
Internet
G
All traffic
to 128.10.0.0
128.10.2.1 H3 128.10.2.2 H4
Net mask 255.255.0.0
Sub-network 128.10.2.0
© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Subnet mask 255.255.255.0 7

8. Network Address Translation
• Each organization-
single IP address 3 Reserved ranges
10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255 (16,777,216 hosts)
• Within organization
– each host with IP 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255/12 (1,048,576
hosts)
unique to the orgn.,
192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255/16 (65,536
from reserved set of hosts)
IP addresses
© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 8

9. NAT Example
10.0.0.4
C
B
10.0.0.1
Source Source NAT Router's
Source NAT Router's
Computer's Computer's Assigned
Computer IP Address
IP Address Port Port Number
A 10.0.0.1 400 24.2.249.4 1
B 10.0.0.2 50 24.2.249.4 2
C 10.0.0.3 3750 24.2.249.4 3
D 10.0.0.4 206 24.2.249.4 4
© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 9

10. Classless Inter-Domain Routing
• Eliminates traditional classful IP routing.
• Supports the deployment of arbitrarily
sized networks
• Routing information is advertised with a
bit mask/prefix length specifies the number
of leftmost contiguous bits in the network portion
of each routing table entry
• Example: 192.168.0.0/21
© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 10

11. Features of IPv6
• Larger Address Space
• Aggregation-based address hierarchy
– Efficient backbone routing
• Efficient and Extensible IP datagram
• Stateless Address Autoconfiguration
• Security (IPsec mandatory)
• Mobility
© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 11

12. 128-bit IPv6 Address
3FFE:085B:1F1F:0000:0000:0000:00A9:1234
8 groups of 16-bit hexadecimal numbers separated by “:”
Leading zeros can be
removed
3FFE:85B:1F1F::A9:1234
:: = all zeros in one or more group of 16-bit hexadecimal numbers
© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 12

13. Basic Address Types
unicast:
for one-to-one U
communication
M
multicast: M
for one-to-many
M
communication
A
anycast:
A
for one-to-nearest
communication A
13
© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 13

14. IPv6 Stateless Auto-configuration
© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 14

15. Major Improvements of
IPv6 Header
• No option field: Replaced by extension
header. Result in a fixed length, 40-byte
IP header.
• No header checksum: Result in fast
processing.
• No fragmentation at intermediate nodes:
Result in fast IP forwarding.
© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 15

16. IPv6: Security Issues
• Provision for
Authentication header
Guarantees authenticity and integrity of data
Encryption header
Ensures confidentiality and privacy
• Encryption modes:
Transport mode
Tunnel mode
• Independent of key management
algorithm.
• Security implementation is mandatory
requirement in IPv6.
IIT 2005
AprKanpur 16
© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 16

17. Mobility Support in IPv6
• Mobile computers are becoming commonplace.
• Mobile IPv6 allows a node to move from one link to
another without changing the address.
• Movement can be heterogeneous, i.e., node can move
from an Ethernet link to a cellular packet network.
• Mobility support in IPv6 is more efficient than
mobility support in IPv4.
• There are also proposals for supporting micro-
mobility.
IIT 2005
AprKanpur 17
© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 17

18. Much Still To Do
though IPv6 today has all the functional capability of IPv4,
• implementations are not as advanced
(e.g., with respect to performance, multicast support, compactness,
instrumentation, etc.)
• deployment has only just begun
• much work to be done moving application, middleware, and
management software to IPv6
• much training work to be done
(application developers, network administrators, sales staff,…)
• many of the advanced features of IPv6 still need specification,
implementation, and deployment work
18
© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 18

19. Conclusion
 IPv6 is NEW …
– built on the experiences learned from IPv4
– new features
– large address space
– new efficient header
– autoconfiguration
 … and OLD
– still IP
– build on a solid base
– started in 1995, a lot of implementations and
tests done
© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 19

20. Session Number
Presentation_ID © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 20