This document provides information on a group assignment submitted by 16 students for their Introduction to Remote Sensing course. It includes the group number, course details, student names and registration numbers, and the assignment questions. The assignment involves describing the TRMM satellite's owner and location, orbital characteristics, identifying its onboard sensors and providing details on each sensor's specifications and functioning.
This document discusses satellite remote sensing. It provides details on different types of remote sensing satellites including Landsat, MODIS, SPOT, IRS series, and IKONOS. It also describes various sensors used in remote sensing such as MSS, TM, HRV, LISS, PAN, and WiFS. The document discusses the basic principles, components, and applications of remote sensing from satellites for land resources survey, environmental monitoring, and other purposes.
Remote sensing and aerial photography study notes. Including concept and history of RS, visual image interpretation, digital image interpretation, application of RS, digital imaging, application of remote sensing etc.
This document discusses remote sensing fundamentals, including the types of sensors, physics, and platforms used. It describes two main types of sensors - passive sensors that record radiation from the sun and active sensors that provide their own illumination. The key aspects of electromagnetic radiation used in remote sensing are wavelength and frequency. Platforms can be ground, air, or space-based, with satellites and aircraft being most common. Remote sensing relies on measuring electromagnetic energy reflected or emitted from the target area.
This document provides an introduction to the fundamentals of remote sensing. It discusses that remote sensing involves acquiring information about the Earth's surface without direct contact, using sensors to detect reflected or emitted energy. It describes the seven elements of the remote sensing process, including an energy source, interactions with the atmosphere and target, sensor recording, data transmission and processing, interpretation, and application of results. It also discusses electromagnetic radiation, the electromagnetic spectrum, and how radiation interacts with and is scattered or absorbed by particles in the atmosphere.
Remote sensing is the science of obtaining information about objects without physical contact. This document provides an overview of remote sensing, including how satellites acquire images using sensors to detect electromagnetic radiation from the Earth's surface. Specific applications of remote sensing discussed include using thermal imaging to assess crop conditions by measuring surface temperature, and using visible and infrared bands to monitor agriculture and land use from above.
1) The document discusses remote sensing and provides definitions and explanations of key concepts such as the electromagnetic spectrum, atmospheric interaction with electromagnetic waves, and atmospheric windows.
2) It describes the seven elements of remote sensing including the energy source, interaction with the atmosphere and target, sensor recording, processing, interpretation, and application.
3) The electromagnetic spectrum is divided into regions including radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, and others. Certain regions have high atmospheric transmittance and are considered atmospheric windows for remote sensing.
Remote sensing involves sensing objects or phenomena from a distance using sensors. It has three main components - a signal from the object, a sensor to detect the signal, and analysis of the signal to obtain information. Remote sensing uses electromagnetic signals of different frequencies, from radio to gamma rays. Passive remote sensing relies on natural sources like the sun, while active remote sensing uses sensors that also emit signals to illuminate targets. Electromagnetic signals are generated by oscillating electric charges and cover a broad spectrum of frequencies that distinguish different types of radiation like radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays.
This document provides an introduction to remote sensing. It explains that remote sensing involves deriving information about the Earth's surface using instruments not in direct contact with it, such as satellites. Sensors can be either passive, relying on sunlight, or active, directing their own radiation. Radiation interacts with the atmosphere, surfaces, and is detected by sensors to form images. The electromagnetic spectrum is described, showing the different types of radiation. Factors like platforms, resolution, and increasing satellite missions are also covered. Remote sensing provides data well-suited for use in GIS systems.
This document discusses satellite remote sensing. It provides details on different types of remote sensing satellites including Landsat, MODIS, SPOT, IRS series, and IKONOS. It also describes various sensors used in remote sensing such as MSS, TM, HRV, LISS, PAN, and WiFS. The document discusses the basic principles, components, and applications of remote sensing from satellites for land resources survey, environmental monitoring, and other purposes.
Remote sensing and aerial photography study notes. Including concept and history of RS, visual image interpretation, digital image interpretation, application of RS, digital imaging, application of remote sensing etc.
This document discusses remote sensing fundamentals, including the types of sensors, physics, and platforms used. It describes two main types of sensors - passive sensors that record radiation from the sun and active sensors that provide their own illumination. The key aspects of electromagnetic radiation used in remote sensing are wavelength and frequency. Platforms can be ground, air, or space-based, with satellites and aircraft being most common. Remote sensing relies on measuring electromagnetic energy reflected or emitted from the target area.
This document provides an introduction to the fundamentals of remote sensing. It discusses that remote sensing involves acquiring information about the Earth's surface without direct contact, using sensors to detect reflected or emitted energy. It describes the seven elements of the remote sensing process, including an energy source, interactions with the atmosphere and target, sensor recording, data transmission and processing, interpretation, and application of results. It also discusses electromagnetic radiation, the electromagnetic spectrum, and how radiation interacts with and is scattered or absorbed by particles in the atmosphere.
Remote sensing is the science of obtaining information about objects without physical contact. This document provides an overview of remote sensing, including how satellites acquire images using sensors to detect electromagnetic radiation from the Earth's surface. Specific applications of remote sensing discussed include using thermal imaging to assess crop conditions by measuring surface temperature, and using visible and infrared bands to monitor agriculture and land use from above.
1) The document discusses remote sensing and provides definitions and explanations of key concepts such as the electromagnetic spectrum, atmospheric interaction with electromagnetic waves, and atmospheric windows.
2) It describes the seven elements of remote sensing including the energy source, interaction with the atmosphere and target, sensor recording, processing, interpretation, and application.
3) The electromagnetic spectrum is divided into regions including radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, and others. Certain regions have high atmospheric transmittance and are considered atmospheric windows for remote sensing.
Remote sensing involves sensing objects or phenomena from a distance using sensors. It has three main components - a signal from the object, a sensor to detect the signal, and analysis of the signal to obtain information. Remote sensing uses electromagnetic signals of different frequencies, from radio to gamma rays. Passive remote sensing relies on natural sources like the sun, while active remote sensing uses sensors that also emit signals to illuminate targets. Electromagnetic signals are generated by oscillating electric charges and cover a broad spectrum of frequencies that distinguish different types of radiation like radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays.
This document provides an introduction to remote sensing. It explains that remote sensing involves deriving information about the Earth's surface using instruments not in direct contact with it, such as satellites. Sensors can be either passive, relying on sunlight, or active, directing their own radiation. Radiation interacts with the atmosphere, surfaces, and is detected by sensors to form images. The electromagnetic spectrum is described, showing the different types of radiation. Factors like platforms, resolution, and increasing satellite missions are also covered. Remote sensing provides data well-suited for use in GIS systems.
Certain regions of the EM spectrum cannot be used for remote sensing due to atmospheric absorption. The regions that are not absorbed are called "atmospheric windows" which allow transmission of energy. The main atmospheric windows are in the visible and radio frequency regions, while other regions like X-Rays and UV are strongly absorbed. Ideal remote sensing systems do not exist in reality due to factors like variable energy sources, atmospheric effects, complex surface-energy interactions, limitations of sensors and data handling, and few users.
This document provides an overview of remote sensing. It defines remote sensing as acquiring information about the Earth's surface without physical contact using sensors. It discusses various remote sensing platforms, data sources, processes, applications, organizations, and history. The key applications of remote sensing mentioned are land use mapping, agriculture, forestry, water management, and environmental monitoring. Satellite images are provided as examples to illustrate monitoring of deforestation and flood damage assessment.
Microwave remote sensing uses both passive and active sensors operating within the wavelength range of 1mm to 1m. Passive sensors such as microwave radiometers record naturally emitted energy, while active sensors like synthetic aperture radar (SAR) generate their own electromagnetic signals. SAR is an example of side-looking radar that uses signal processing to synthesize a very long antenna and improve azimuth resolution. Radar imagery exhibits characteristics like penetration of vegetation and clouds, day/night imaging, and sensitivity to surface properties. However, it also shows distortions from terrain relief and speckle noise from signal interference.
Remote sensing involves obtaining information about objects through non-contact sensors rather than physical contact. It has a long history dating back to aerial photography in the 1800s. Remote sensing works by detecting electromagnetic radiation reflected or emitted from objects. Different objects reflect different amounts of radiation depending on their material properties and the wavelength observed. Key components of remote sensing systems include an energy source, sensors to record radiation, and processing of the recorded data. Remote sensing has many applications in fields like geology, agriculture, forestry, and military/security. It provides a useful tool for mapping and monitoring Earth's surface and atmosphere.
The document discusses remote sensing, including its definition, history, applications, and the underlying physics and principles. Remote sensing is defined as obtaining information about an object without physical contact using electromagnetic energy. Its applications include flood and drought monitoring, weather mapping, and land use planning. The history of remote sensing began with cameras on balloons and airplanes in the 1840s and expanded to satellite platforms starting in the 1960s. The document also covers the electromagnetic spectrum, atmospheric interactions, surface reflections, and sensor selection considerations.
The document discusses the history and applications of microwave remote sensing. It began with US military research after World War II and studies by NASA in the 1960s to use microwave technology for earth observation. Key developments included airborne and spaceborne sensors to measure surface scattering properties and models to explain microwave interactions with natural targets. Current applications of microwave remote sensing include weather monitoring, navigation, imaging, and mapping for both civilian and military uses.
The document provides an overview of remote sensing techniques used in civil engineering projects. It discusses (1) the electromagnetic spectrum used for remote sensing, including microwave and radar bands; (2) active and passive microwave sensing methods such as SAR; and (3) applications like flood mapping, soil moisture monitoring, and landslide prediction. The document is a useful primer on how remote sensing and GIS technologies can support infrastructure and environmental monitoring.
The document discusses different types of remote sensing scanners. It describes multispectral scanners, thematic mappers, thermal scanners, and hyperspectral scanners. Multispectral scanners collect data in multiple wavelength bands using either across-track or along-track scanning. Thematic mappers were developed to improve upon multispectral scanners. Thermal scanners sense the thermal infrared wavelength range. Hyperspectral scanners record over 100 contiguous spectral bands to generate a continuous reflectance spectrum for each pixel.
This document provides an overview of optical remote sensing. It discusses the different types of optical remote sensing systems including panchromatic, multispectral, super spectral, and hyperspectral imaging systems. It describes the key characteristics and capabilities of each type of system. The document also discusses resolutions in remote sensing including spatial, spectral, temporal, and radiometric resolutions. It outlines several applications of optical remote sensing including urban mapping, hydrological monitoring, environmental monitoring, agriculture/forestry, and hazard identification. Finally, it lists some examples of data sources for different types of optical remote sensing systems.
Remote sensing involves obtaining information about objects or areas from a distance, without physical contact. It works by detecting electromagnetic radiation from targets. There are several key principles and stages to the remote sensing process. Energy from the sun or another source illuminates the target. As the energy interacts with the atmosphere, it can be scattered, absorbed, or transmitted. The energy then interacts with the target via absorption, transmission, or reflection. Sensors then record this energy, which is processed and interpreted to extract useful information and apply it for various purposes. The history of remote sensing dates back to the early use of cameras on balloons and aircraft, with significant advances driven by space programs in the late 20th century.
Remote sensing is the process of detecting and monitoring the physical characteristics of an area by measuring its reflected and emitted radiation at a distance using aircraft or satellites. It involves the acquisition of imagery and geospatial data through the analysis of electromagnetic radiation emitted or reflected from objects such as the Earth's surface. Some key advantages of remote sensing include its ability to provide cost-effective data collection over large or inaccessible areas and to monitor changes over time. Common applications include land use mapping, agriculture, forestry, geology and natural disaster monitoring.
This document provides an overview of the basics of remote sensing. It defines remote sensing as acquiring information about an object without direct contact. It discusses key components of the remote sensing process including data acquisition, the electromagnetic spectrum, atmospheric interactions, spectral signatures, and satellite platforms and orbits. Remote sensing draws from many areas and plays an important role in monitoring the Earth through satellite imagery.
Microwave sensing systems use sensors that operate in the microwave portion of the electromagnetic spectrum between 1 mm and 1 m wavelengths. These sensors include radars and radiometers that can image outside the visible and infrared regions. Microwaves can penetrate haze, clouds, smoke and pollution, allowing these sensors to image in all weather conditions unlike visible and infrared sensors. Common microwave remote sensing platforms include synthetic aperture radar, scatterometers and radar altimeters.
The document discusses remote sensing satellites. It begins by defining remote sensing as obtaining information about an object through analysis of data acquired from a distance without physical contact. There are two broad categories of remote sensing based on platforms: aerial and satellite. Satellite remote sensing has advantages like continuous data acquisition and broad area coverage. Remote sensing systems are classified based on the radiation source as passive or active, and based on spectral regions as optical, thermal infrared, or microwave. Key resolutions for remote sensing include spatial, spectral, temporal, and radiometric. Common applications are land cover mapping, change detection, flood monitoring, and more. Major satellite missions discussed are Landsat, SPOT, and IKONOS.
The document discusses radar remote sensing. It begins by defining radar as radio detection and ranging, where distances are inferred from the time elapsed between signal transmission and reception of the returned signal. It describes two main types of radar: non-imaging radar such as Doppler radar for speed detection, and imaging radar which provides high spatial resolution images. Key applications of non-imaging radar mentioned are traffic radar and satellite altimeters, while side-looking airborne radar is used for imaging. The document also discusses various radar imaging concepts such as range and azimuth resolution, backscatter, polarization, shadowing and layover effects.
What is remote sensing?
Observing or measuring things from a distance
How is remote sensing useful?
It enables us to study nature in ways that would otherwise be beyond human capability, across great distances and at wavelengths of light invisible to human eyes.
How is remote sensing done?
By employing special detectors to record light as it’s emitted or
reflected by the objects of interest to us; and
By studying and manipulating the recorded images we get, so that we can answer our questions about nature.
The document provides details about a course on fundamentals of remote sensing, including:
- The course code, module name and code, university, and department offering the course.
- An outline of the course content and schedule, divided into 3 weeks covering topics like introduction to remote sensing, electromagnetic energy and remote sensing, satellites and image characteristics, and GPS.
- Recommended assessments including tests, lab exercises, and a group project to evaluate students' understanding of the material.
Remote sensing involves obtaining information about objects through sensors without direct contact. It has applications in many fields including urban planning, agriculture, forestry, and land use mapping. Some key information obtained from remote sensing includes crop acreage, forest resource mapping, flood damage assessment, and monitoring of changes over time. Advantages include rapid information updating, infrastructure monitoring, and improved decision making for management and planning.
This document discusses using high resolution maps and 3D reconstructions of the atmosphere to study meteorological phenomena. It outlines various remote sensing techniques and datasets that can be used, including synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) and GPS tomography. InSAR phase measurements contain contributions from topography, atmospheric water vapor, and surface deformation. The document explores how the atmospheric signal in InSAR data is related to the precipitable water vapor content integrated along the radar signal path. This information could help identify patterns in atmospheric dynamics and types of clouds.
1) Satellites provide a new tool for monitoring extreme rainfall events globally, including over oceans where gauges are sparse.
2) Analysis of TRMM satellite data shows that the relationship between maximum rainfall and duration (the Jennings law) exhibits two slopes for short and long durations, unlike the single slope seen in gauge data.
3) Satellites allow identifying regions experiencing the most extreme rainfall over timescales from days to years, such as Vietnam, Northeast India, and Colombia's Pacific coast.
Certain regions of the EM spectrum cannot be used for remote sensing due to atmospheric absorption. The regions that are not absorbed are called "atmospheric windows" which allow transmission of energy. The main atmospheric windows are in the visible and radio frequency regions, while other regions like X-Rays and UV are strongly absorbed. Ideal remote sensing systems do not exist in reality due to factors like variable energy sources, atmospheric effects, complex surface-energy interactions, limitations of sensors and data handling, and few users.
This document provides an overview of remote sensing. It defines remote sensing as acquiring information about the Earth's surface without physical contact using sensors. It discusses various remote sensing platforms, data sources, processes, applications, organizations, and history. The key applications of remote sensing mentioned are land use mapping, agriculture, forestry, water management, and environmental monitoring. Satellite images are provided as examples to illustrate monitoring of deforestation and flood damage assessment.
Microwave remote sensing uses both passive and active sensors operating within the wavelength range of 1mm to 1m. Passive sensors such as microwave radiometers record naturally emitted energy, while active sensors like synthetic aperture radar (SAR) generate their own electromagnetic signals. SAR is an example of side-looking radar that uses signal processing to synthesize a very long antenna and improve azimuth resolution. Radar imagery exhibits characteristics like penetration of vegetation and clouds, day/night imaging, and sensitivity to surface properties. However, it also shows distortions from terrain relief and speckle noise from signal interference.
Remote sensing involves obtaining information about objects through non-contact sensors rather than physical contact. It has a long history dating back to aerial photography in the 1800s. Remote sensing works by detecting electromagnetic radiation reflected or emitted from objects. Different objects reflect different amounts of radiation depending on their material properties and the wavelength observed. Key components of remote sensing systems include an energy source, sensors to record radiation, and processing of the recorded data. Remote sensing has many applications in fields like geology, agriculture, forestry, and military/security. It provides a useful tool for mapping and monitoring Earth's surface and atmosphere.
The document discusses remote sensing, including its definition, history, applications, and the underlying physics and principles. Remote sensing is defined as obtaining information about an object without physical contact using electromagnetic energy. Its applications include flood and drought monitoring, weather mapping, and land use planning. The history of remote sensing began with cameras on balloons and airplanes in the 1840s and expanded to satellite platforms starting in the 1960s. The document also covers the electromagnetic spectrum, atmospheric interactions, surface reflections, and sensor selection considerations.
The document discusses the history and applications of microwave remote sensing. It began with US military research after World War II and studies by NASA in the 1960s to use microwave technology for earth observation. Key developments included airborne and spaceborne sensors to measure surface scattering properties and models to explain microwave interactions with natural targets. Current applications of microwave remote sensing include weather monitoring, navigation, imaging, and mapping for both civilian and military uses.
The document provides an overview of remote sensing techniques used in civil engineering projects. It discusses (1) the electromagnetic spectrum used for remote sensing, including microwave and radar bands; (2) active and passive microwave sensing methods such as SAR; and (3) applications like flood mapping, soil moisture monitoring, and landslide prediction. The document is a useful primer on how remote sensing and GIS technologies can support infrastructure and environmental monitoring.
The document discusses different types of remote sensing scanners. It describes multispectral scanners, thematic mappers, thermal scanners, and hyperspectral scanners. Multispectral scanners collect data in multiple wavelength bands using either across-track or along-track scanning. Thematic mappers were developed to improve upon multispectral scanners. Thermal scanners sense the thermal infrared wavelength range. Hyperspectral scanners record over 100 contiguous spectral bands to generate a continuous reflectance spectrum for each pixel.
This document provides an overview of optical remote sensing. It discusses the different types of optical remote sensing systems including panchromatic, multispectral, super spectral, and hyperspectral imaging systems. It describes the key characteristics and capabilities of each type of system. The document also discusses resolutions in remote sensing including spatial, spectral, temporal, and radiometric resolutions. It outlines several applications of optical remote sensing including urban mapping, hydrological monitoring, environmental monitoring, agriculture/forestry, and hazard identification. Finally, it lists some examples of data sources for different types of optical remote sensing systems.
Remote sensing involves obtaining information about objects or areas from a distance, without physical contact. It works by detecting electromagnetic radiation from targets. There are several key principles and stages to the remote sensing process. Energy from the sun or another source illuminates the target. As the energy interacts with the atmosphere, it can be scattered, absorbed, or transmitted. The energy then interacts with the target via absorption, transmission, or reflection. Sensors then record this energy, which is processed and interpreted to extract useful information and apply it for various purposes. The history of remote sensing dates back to the early use of cameras on balloons and aircraft, with significant advances driven by space programs in the late 20th century.
Remote sensing is the process of detecting and monitoring the physical characteristics of an area by measuring its reflected and emitted radiation at a distance using aircraft or satellites. It involves the acquisition of imagery and geospatial data through the analysis of electromagnetic radiation emitted or reflected from objects such as the Earth's surface. Some key advantages of remote sensing include its ability to provide cost-effective data collection over large or inaccessible areas and to monitor changes over time. Common applications include land use mapping, agriculture, forestry, geology and natural disaster monitoring.
This document provides an overview of the basics of remote sensing. It defines remote sensing as acquiring information about an object without direct contact. It discusses key components of the remote sensing process including data acquisition, the electromagnetic spectrum, atmospheric interactions, spectral signatures, and satellite platforms and orbits. Remote sensing draws from many areas and plays an important role in monitoring the Earth through satellite imagery.
Microwave sensing systems use sensors that operate in the microwave portion of the electromagnetic spectrum between 1 mm and 1 m wavelengths. These sensors include radars and radiometers that can image outside the visible and infrared regions. Microwaves can penetrate haze, clouds, smoke and pollution, allowing these sensors to image in all weather conditions unlike visible and infrared sensors. Common microwave remote sensing platforms include synthetic aperture radar, scatterometers and radar altimeters.
The document discusses remote sensing satellites. It begins by defining remote sensing as obtaining information about an object through analysis of data acquired from a distance without physical contact. There are two broad categories of remote sensing based on platforms: aerial and satellite. Satellite remote sensing has advantages like continuous data acquisition and broad area coverage. Remote sensing systems are classified based on the radiation source as passive or active, and based on spectral regions as optical, thermal infrared, or microwave. Key resolutions for remote sensing include spatial, spectral, temporal, and radiometric. Common applications are land cover mapping, change detection, flood monitoring, and more. Major satellite missions discussed are Landsat, SPOT, and IKONOS.
The document discusses radar remote sensing. It begins by defining radar as radio detection and ranging, where distances are inferred from the time elapsed between signal transmission and reception of the returned signal. It describes two main types of radar: non-imaging radar such as Doppler radar for speed detection, and imaging radar which provides high spatial resolution images. Key applications of non-imaging radar mentioned are traffic radar and satellite altimeters, while side-looking airborne radar is used for imaging. The document also discusses various radar imaging concepts such as range and azimuth resolution, backscatter, polarization, shadowing and layover effects.
What is remote sensing?
Observing or measuring things from a distance
How is remote sensing useful?
It enables us to study nature in ways that would otherwise be beyond human capability, across great distances and at wavelengths of light invisible to human eyes.
How is remote sensing done?
By employing special detectors to record light as it’s emitted or
reflected by the objects of interest to us; and
By studying and manipulating the recorded images we get, so that we can answer our questions about nature.
The document provides details about a course on fundamentals of remote sensing, including:
- The course code, module name and code, university, and department offering the course.
- An outline of the course content and schedule, divided into 3 weeks covering topics like introduction to remote sensing, electromagnetic energy and remote sensing, satellites and image characteristics, and GPS.
- Recommended assessments including tests, lab exercises, and a group project to evaluate students' understanding of the material.
Remote sensing involves obtaining information about objects through sensors without direct contact. It has applications in many fields including urban planning, agriculture, forestry, and land use mapping. Some key information obtained from remote sensing includes crop acreage, forest resource mapping, flood damage assessment, and monitoring of changes over time. Advantages include rapid information updating, infrastructure monitoring, and improved decision making for management and planning.
This document discusses using high resolution maps and 3D reconstructions of the atmosphere to study meteorological phenomena. It outlines various remote sensing techniques and datasets that can be used, including synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) and GPS tomography. InSAR phase measurements contain contributions from topography, atmospheric water vapor, and surface deformation. The document explores how the atmospheric signal in InSAR data is related to the precipitable water vapor content integrated along the radar signal path. This information could help identify patterns in atmospheric dynamics and types of clouds.
1) Satellites provide a new tool for monitoring extreme rainfall events globally, including over oceans where gauges are sparse.
2) Analysis of TRMM satellite data shows that the relationship between maximum rainfall and duration (the Jennings law) exhibits two slopes for short and long durations, unlike the single slope seen in gauge data.
3) Satellites allow identifying regions experiencing the most extreme rainfall over timescales from days to years, such as Vietnam, Northeast India, and Colombia's Pacific coast.
This document discusses remote sensing and meteorology. It defines remote sensing as obtaining information about physical objects through non-contact sensors. Meteorology is the study of atmospheric phenomena like weather. Meteorological satellites and weather radars are important tools for monitoring weather. Satellites provide global coverage of cloud patterns and weather systems from space. They capture visible, infrared, and water vapor images to study cloud formations, temperatures, and moisture in the atmosphere. Radar emits microwaves that bounce off water droplets in clouds to measure precipitation and cloud locations. Satellite weather monitoring improves forecasts, especially over oceans with sparse weather station data.
TRACKING ANALYSIS OF HURRICANE GONZALO USING AIRBORNE MICROWAVE RADIOMETERjmicro
There is a huge consideration in the use of microwave airborne radiometry for remote sensing instead of satellite, the important role of airborne way is how to provide high accuracy real time data. The airborne hurricane tracking is an important method compared with the space borne method, which is developed by NASA Marshall Space Flight center to provide high resolution measurements. By flying special aircraft equipment using synthetic thinned array radiometry technology and included all critical measurements such as hurricane eye location, speed of wind and the pressure. This paper describes the data analysis of best track positions for Hurricane Gonzalo based on the date collected by airborne microwave radiometry. Significant analysis comes from comparing the airborne data with the surface observations from ship reports. The vast majority is to estimate peak intensity and minimum central pressure of Gonzalo from 12 to 19 October 2014, based on blend of SFMR flight-level winds and pressure retrievals from observing brightness temperatures. SFMR: Stepped-Frequency Microwave Radiometer is a highly developed tool developed by the Langley Research Center that is designed to measure the wind speed at the ocean’s surface, and the rain fall rates within the storm accurately and continuously. The work also addresses the realistic details of the locations and the valuable information about the pressure and wind speed, which is very critical to predict the growth and movement to get the idea for future monitoring of the hurricane disasters. Also presents a conceptual of step frequency microwave radiometer in airborne side. The objective of this research is tracking analysis techniques based on comparing the satellite, ship and airborne reports to get higher accuracy. The system operates at four spaced frequencies in the range between 4 GHz and 7 GHz provides wide measurements between ± 45 incidence angle. Gonzalo 2014 is an example; the best results of retrieved wind speed, locations and pressure are presented. There are several national projects have been developed for earth observation, such as fire, hurricane and border surveillance. In this work, the efficient high resolution techniques of C-band, four-frequency, the work also addresses a valuable information comes from the airborne system and the prediction way of the growth and movement of hurricanes. In passive microwave remote sensing from space at C band has the penetrating advantages of atmosphere. Airborne system is able to work in full Polari-metric in four bands, C, X, S, L and P-band, which cover the wavelengths from 3 to 85 cm. The modes of measurement contain single channel operation wavelength and polarization.
This document discusses the procedures and tools used in weather forecasting. It describes how weather data is collected from over 9,500 observation stations and 7,400 ships worldwide and transmitted to analysis centers. Forecasts are made using synoptic charts, computer modeling, and satellite imagery from geosynchronous and low-Earth orbiting satellites. Forecasts can be short-range up to 48 hours, medium-range from 3 days to 3 weeks, or long-range from 2 weeks to a season. The goal of weather forecasting is to continue advancing techniques to better predict high-impact weather events.
Remote sensing involves obtaining information about an object through sensors without direct contact. It is used in meteorology to detect weather systems like clouds and storms. There are passive sensors that detect emitted or reflected radiation and active sensors that emit radiation and detect what is reflected. Remote sensing is used from both ground-based and spaceborne platforms like satellites to monitor weather patterns and conditions. Weather satellites in particular provide remotely sensed data that can be converted into meteorological measurements and used to analyze and predict weather.
1. There are several types of remote sensing systems including visual, optical, infrared, microwave, radar, satellite, airborne, and acoustic systems.
2. Visual systems use the human eyes as sensors while optical systems use sensors to detect solar radiation reflected from the Earth to form images. Infrared systems detect infrared radiation emitted from the Earth's surface.
3. Microwave and radar systems can image the Earth day and night through clouds using radio signals, with radar providing highly accurate topographic maps. Satellite systems acquire images using sensors on orbiting platforms.
35001320006_Saraswati Mahato_Remote sensing and gis_ca 1_2024_even.pdfbarunmahato3
Remote sensing is the science of obtaining information about objects or areas from a distance, without physical contact. It involves the use of electromagnetic radiation and sensors to detect and classify objects on Earth through platforms like satellites, aircraft and drones. The document discusses the components of remote sensing including electromagnetic radiation, sensors and sensor platforms. It provides examples of active and passive sensors and describes several important applications of remote sensing in fields like agriculture, forestry, weather monitoring and more.
This study analyzes how aerosol size and concentration can impact precipitation by serving as cloud condensation nuclei. Data on aerosol particle size distribution from AERONET and vertical profiles from a ceilometer were collected in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico during storms in May and June 2013 that produced over 50 mm of rain. The results suggest that fine aerosols can suppress precipitation while coarse aerosols can trigger more rainfall, as larger particles contain heavier droplets. Clouds with a higher concentration of smaller aerosolic particles rose higher with a greater cloud base height, while clouds with fewer but larger particles produced precipitation earlier.
APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING AND GIS IN AGRICULTURELagnajeetRoy
India is a country that depends on agriculture. Today in this era of technological supremacy, agriculture is also using different new technologies like some robotic machinery to remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) for the betterment of agriculture. It is easy to get the information about that area where human cannot check the condition everyday and help in gathering the data with the help of remote sensing. Whereas GIS helps in preparation of map that shows an accurate representation of data we get through remote sensing. From disease estimation to stress factor due to water, from ground water quality index to acreage estimation in various way agriculture is being profited by the application of remote sensing and GIS in agriculture. The applications of those software or techniques are very new to the agriculture domain still much more exploration is needed in this part. New software’s are developing in different parts of the world and remote sensing. Today farmers understand the beneficiaries of these kinds of techniques to the farm field which help in increasing productivity that will help future generation as technology is hype in traditional system of farming.
passive and active remote sensing systems, characteristics and operationsNzar Braim
This document provides an overview of passive and active remote sensing systems. It defines passive sensors as those that detect natural energy emitted or reflected by an object, such as sunlight, while active sensors provide their own energy source, such as radar. Examples of different types of passive sensors are provided, such as radiometers, spectrometers, and sounders, while active sensors mentioned include radar, lidar, and scatterometers. The advantages and disadvantages of each system are discussed, with passive sensors being simpler but providing less detailed data, while active sensors can control illumination but are more complex. Examples of images from both types of sensors are also presented.
REMOTE SENSING A VERY USEFUL TECHNOLOGY TO MANKINDkaushikakumar
Hi! I am Kaushika i have given a clear explanation about remotesensing and its types.I have aso explained about the advantages of remote sensing technology.I hope it will be very useful for u.
The aerosol measurements have been carried out at
Kolhapur (16°42′N, 74°14′E) by using twilight technique. Newly
designed Semiautomatic Twilight Photometer was operated
during the period 1 January 2009 to 30 December 2011 to study
the vertical distribution of the mesospheric aerosol number
density per cubic decimeter (dm3
). Here after aerosol number
density per cubic decimeter (dm3
) is abbreviated as ‘AND’. In the
present study vertical distribution of AND during strong meteor
showers days is discussed. In the present work an attempt is
made to calculate the mesospheric aerosol number density per
cubic decimeter (AND) using Twilight Sounding Method (TSM),
for the first time in India. The dust particles during strong
meteor showers intrude in the Earth’s atmosphere below 120
Km. The dust particles of strong meteor showers penetrate the
lower atmosphere and also act as cloud condensation nuclei
(CCN).
Presentation on Aerosols, cloud properties Esayas Meresa
This slide was prepared for the course Applications of GIS and RS for water resources in Mekelle University, Institute of Geo-information and earth observation Science(I-GEOS) by Mr. Esayas Meresa.
Remote sensing is the collection of information about Earth's surface without direct contact. It uses sensors on satellites and aircraft to detect and measure electromagnetic radiation reflected or emitted from objects. There are two types of remote sensing - active uses sensors that emit energy like radar, while passive detects natural energy like sunlight. Applications include monitoring agriculture, forestry, geology, oceans, and the environment. NASA operates many satellites that use different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum to analyze features and changes on Earth.
This document discusses remote sensing and its applications in civil engineering. It begins by defining remote sensing as acquiring information about Earth's surface without physical contact using sensors to detect electromagnetic energy. It then outlines the key elements of remote sensing systems including the energy source, atmosphere interactions, sensor recording, data transmission and processing, analysis and applications. The rest of the document discusses these elements in further detail, covering topics like passive and active systems, the electromagnetic spectrum, atmospheric effects, ground interactions, spectral concepts, sensor platforms and resolutions. It also provides an overview of the Indian Remote Sensing satellite program.
Sensor Network for Landslide Monitoring With Laser Ranging System Avoiding Ra...Waqas Tariq
Sensor network for landslide monitoring with laser ranging system is developed together with landslide disaster relief with remote sensing satellite imagery data. Time diversity is utilized for rainfall influence avoidance in the distance measurements between laser ranging equipment and targets. Also automatic tie point extraction method is proposed. Experimental results show that (1) the proposed time diversity of the laser ranging measurement does work for avoidance from rainfall influence; (2) the proposed automatic control point extraction method does work for tie point matching together with change detection for landslide disaster relief.
This document provides an overview of remote sensing basics. It defines remote sensing as acquiring information about an object without direct contact. It discusses key elements of the remote sensing process including energy sources, atmospheric interactions, data acquisition by sensors, and data analysis. It also covers topics like the electromagnetic spectrum, atmospheric scattering and absorption, atmospheric windows, and spectral signatures. The document is intended as an introduction to fundamental concepts in remote sensing.
Lidar uses laser light to measure distances by illuminating targets. It is an active remote sensing method. The document discusses remote sensing concepts like platforms, sensors, data collection using electromagnetic radiation, and data interpretation techniques. It provides examples of Indian remote sensing satellites like Resourcesat and Cartosat, and describes their sensors and applications in areas like agriculture, mapping, and disaster management. Visual interpretation of remote sensing images involves analyzing tone, shape, size, pattern, texture, shadows, and associations of targets.
The design of Farm cart 0011 report 1 2020musadoto
This report describes the best designing of a 200cc FARM CART MACHINE which will be useful to the farm fields due to the fact that, the purchase, repair and maintenance are affordable to all level of income earners. Despite the cost effectiveness of the machine, the report also tries to justify that the machine can be used multipurposely as it serves the purposes of been used as farm transport, mowering machine, boom spraying and or mini planter with two rows. All these can be achieved as long as the implements are attached with respect to the power capacity of the farm cart.
The report tells only the design and testing of machine excluding its farm implements design. Some best reviews from other study projects done by other people in the world provided a good reference for designing and implementation of this project. The project is initially costly because it needs to develop a prototype and test the different first ideas.
The project report describes the important of choosing to use the designed farm cart machine compared to other farm machines at the market which are most efficiently to be used by farmers in their fields.
The challenges are inevitable in any project, here in designing of this 200cc farm machine, the major issue is the funding because the fund for this project is from the pocket which is always insufficient as it depends to the meals and accommodation money distribution sponsored from the HIGH EDUCATION STUDENTS LOAN BOARD (HESLB) thus it takes longer to accomplish the project by waiting another quarter of the semester to continue with the project which affects the other part of normal life(in terms of meals and accommodation).
The report recommends that, the department of engineering sciences and technology and Sokoine University of Agriculture as a whole should invest into this technology by utilizing fully the idea and funding the project for more better improvement so as to attain the desired standard that can with stand the different farm field factors. These when taken into consideration there is a possibility to achieve the industrialization policy in our country and thereafter it is a better approach to modern agriculture.
IRRIGATION SYSTEMS AND DESIGN - IWRE 317 questions collection 1997 - 2018 ...musadoto
This document contains sample exam questions for a course on irrigation systems design. It includes multiple choice and short answer questions testing understanding of key irrigation concepts. Some example questions are on pump characteristics, calculating water requirements for drip and sprinkler systems, estimating consumptive water use, and determining system efficiencies. The document provides a compilation of past exam questions from 1997 to 2018 to help students prepare for tests.
CONSTRUCTION [soil treatment, foundation backfill, Damp Proof Membrane[DPM] a...musadoto
With reference to a construction site visited recently, describe in details key features
that can be observed on site as follows
Foundations backfilling, hardcore, soil treatment, DPM and BRC works prior
to pouring oversite concrete
CONSTRUCTION [soil treatment, foundation backfill, Damp Proof Membrane[DPM] and BRC for engineers (civil)
BASICS OF COMPUTER PROGRAMMING-TAKE HOME ASSIGNMENT 2018musadoto
Self- Check 1
Which of the following are Pascal reserved words, standard identifiers, valid identifiers, invalid identifiers?
end ReadLn Bill
program Sues‟s Rate
Start begin const
Y=Z Prog#2 &Up
First Name „MaxScores‟ A*B
CostaMesa,CA Barnes&Noble CONST
XYZ123 ThisIsALongOne 123XYZANSWER
ANSWERS
Paschal reserved words:
begin, end, program, Start, CONST, const
Standard identifiers:
ReadLn, „MaxScores‟, Bill, Rate
Valid identifiers:
XYZ123, ThisIsALongOne, A*B, Y=Z, CostaMesa, CA, First Name
Invalid identifiers:
123XYZ, Sues‟s, &UpFirstName, Barnes&Noble, Prog#2
Self- Check 2
Which of the following literal values are legal and what are their types? Which are illegal and why?
15 „XYZ‟ „*‟
$25.123 15; -999
.123 „x‟ “X”
„9‟ „-5‟ True
ANSWER:
The following values are legal and their type
Legal
Type
Illegal
15
Integer literal
$25.123
„XYZ‟
String Literal
.123
„X‟
Character Literal
„9‟
True
Boolean Literal
15;
-999
Integer Literal
-„5‟
Operator literal
„*‟
TP- Lecture 4.2
Self- Checked 1
Which of the following are valid program headings? Which are invalid and why?
(i) Program program; - INVALID using reserved ID
(ii) program 2ndCourseInCS; -INVALID because starts with digit
(iii) program PascalIsFun;- VALID program heading
(iv) program Rainy Day; -INVALID – contains space
Self- Checked 2
Rewrite the following code so that it has no syntax errors and follows the writing conventions we adopted
(i) Program SMALL;
VAR X, Y, Z : real;
BEGIN
Y := 15.0;
Z := -Y + 3.5;
X :=Y + z;
writeln (x, Y, z);
END.
ANSWER:
Program
ENGINEERING SYSTEM DYNAMICS-TAKE HOME ASSIGNMENT 2018musadoto
1. Read Chapter 4 – System Dynamics for Mechanical Engineers by Matthew Davies and Tony L. Schmitz and implement Examples 4.1 to 4.12 in Matlab.
2. Read Chapter 7 – System Dynamics for Mechanical Engineers by Matthew Davies and Tony L. Schmitz and implement Examples 7.1 to 7.11 in Matlab.
3. Read Chapter 9 – System Dynamics for Mechanical Engineers by Matthew Davies and Tony L. Schmitz and implement Examples 9.1 to 9.6 in Matlab.
4. Read Chapter 11 – System Dynamics for Mechanical Engineers by Matthew Davies and Tony L. Schmitz and implement Examples 11.1 to 11.7 in Matlab.
5. Read Chapter 2 - System Dynamics for Engineering Students: Concepts and Applications by Nicolae Lobontiu and attempt problem 2.18 (page 63).
6. Read Chapter 3 - System Dynamics for Engineering Students: Concepts and Applications by Nicolae Lobontiu and attempt problem 3.13 (pp 98 - 100).
7. Read Chapter 4 - System Dynamics for Engineering Students: Concepts and Applications by Nicolae Lobontiu and attempt problem 4.20 (page 146).
8. Read Chapter 5 - System Dynamics for Engineering Students: Concepts and Applications by Nicolae Lobontiu and attempt problems 5.15 (page 198), 5.21 (pp 199 - 200) and 5.27 (pp 201 – 202).
Hardeninig of steel (Jominy test)-CoET- udsmmusadoto
The document describes a Jominy end-quench test experiment to measure the hardenability of two steel samples. Steel samples A and C were heated to the austenite temperature and quenched with water at one end. Hardness measurements using the Rockwell C scale were taken at intervals along the samples. Sample A showed little variation in hardness, while hardness decreased with distance from the quenched end for sample C. A graph of hardness versus distance revealed that sample A has higher hardenability, retaining hardness further from the quenched end. The hardenability indices at 50HRC were determined to be 2mm, 5mm, and 6.5mm from the graph.
1.1 The aim of the experiment
The aim of the experiment is to test the usefulness of the ultrasonic waves, by passing them through different
solids one can find out a lot of physical properties like young’s modulus , defects, Poisson ratio, Velocity of
sound in respective material this is due to the response of the received ultrasonic waves.
1.2 Theory of experiment
Ultrasonic testing (UT) is a family of non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques based on the propagation of ultrasonic waves in the object or material tested. In most common UT applications, very short ultrasonic pulse-waves with center frequencies ranging from 0.1-15 MHz, and occasionally up to 50 MHz, are transmitted into materials to detect internal flaws or to characterize materials. A common example is ultrasonic thickness measurement, which tests the thickness of the test object, for example, to monitor pipework corrosion.
Ultrasonic testing is often performed on steel and other metals and alloys, though it can also be used on concrete, wood and composites, albeit with less resolution. It is used in many industries including steel and aluminium construction, metallurgy, manufacturing, aerospace, automotive and other transportation sectors.
Ae 219 - BASICS OF PASCHAL PROGRAMMING-2017 test manual solutionmusadoto
Whether the Pascal program is small or large, it must have a specific structure. This
program consists mainly of one statement (WRITELN) which does the actual work
here, as it displays whatever comes between the parentheses. The statement is
included inside a frame starting with the keyword BEGIN and ending with the keyword
END. This is called the program main body (or the program block) and usually
contains the main logic of data processing.
1. The background of Fluid Mechanics
2. Fields of Fluid mechanics
3. Introduction and Basic concepts
4. Properties of Fluids
5. Pressure and fluid statics
6. Hydrodynamics
Fluid mechanics (a letter to a friend) part 1 ...musadoto
1. The background of Fluid Mechanics
2. Fields of Fluid mechanics
3. Introduction and Basic concepts
4. Properties of Fluids
5. Pressure and fluid statics
6. Hydrodynamics
Fluids mechanics (a letter to a friend) part 1 ...musadoto
1. The background of Fluid Mechanics
2. Fields of Fluid mechanics
3. Introduction and Basic concepts
4. Properties of Fluids
5. Pressure and fluid statics
6. Hydrodynamics
Fresh concrete -building materials for engineersmusadoto
CONCRETE
is a building Material made from a mixture of gravel ,sand ,cement,water and air ,forming a stone like mass on hardenning.
FRESH CONCRETE
It is a concrete that has not reached the final setting time.
Course Contents:
Introduction; Linear measurements; Analysis and adjustment of measurements, Survey methods: coordinate systems, bearings, horizontal control, traversing, triangulation, detail surveying; Orientation and position; Areas and volumes; Setting out; Curve ranging; Global Positioning system (GPS); Photogrammetry.
Fresh concrete -building materials for engineersmusadoto
General introduction
CONCRETE
is a building Material made from a mixture of gravel ,sand ,cement,water and air ,forming a stone like mass on hardenning.
FRESH CONCRETE
It is a concrete that has not reached the final setting time.
DIESEL ENGINE POWER REPORT -AE 215 -SOURCES OF FARM POWERmusadoto
The diesel engine (also known as a compression-ignition or CI engine), named after Rudolf Diesel, is an internal combustion engine in which ignition of the fuel which is injected into the combustion chamber is caused by the elevated temperature of the air in the cylinder due to mechanical compression (adiabatic compression). Diesel engines work by compressing only the air. This increases the air temperature inside the cylinder to such a high degree that atomised diesel fuel that is injected into the combustion chamber ignites spontaneously. This contrasts with spark-ignition engines such as a petrol engine (gasoline engine) or gas engine (using a gaseous fuel as opposed to petrol), which use a spark plug to ignite an air-fuel mixture. In diesel engines, glow plugs (combustion chamber pre-warmers) may be used to aid starting in cold weather, or when the engine uses a lower compression-ratio, or both. The original diesel engine operates on the "constant pressure" cycle of gradual combustion and produces no audible knock.
A diesel engine built by MAN AG in 1906
Detroit Diesel timing
Fairbanks Morse model 32
The diesel engine has the highest thermal efficiency (engine efficiency) of any practical internal or external combustion engine due to its very high expansion ratio and inherent lean burn which enables heat dissipation by the excess air. A small efficiency loss is also avoided compared to two-stroke non-direct-injection gasoline engines since unburned fuel is not present at valve overlap and therefore no fuel goes directly from the intake/injection to the exhaust. Low-speed diesel engines (as used in ships and other applications where overall engine weight is relatively unimportant) can have a thermal efficiency that exceeds 50%.[1][2
Farm and human power REPORT - AE 215-SOURCES OF FARM POWER musadoto
Farm is an area of land and its building, used for growing crops a rearing of animals or an area of land
that is devoted primarily of agricultural process with the primary objective of producing food and other
commercial crops. Or an area of water that is devoted primarily to agricultural process in order to
produce and manage such commodities as fibers, grains, livestock or fuel.
The process of working the ground, planting seeds and growing of planting known as farming.it can
described s raising of animals for milk and meat as farming.
ENGINE POWER PETROL REPORT-AE 215-SOURCES OF FARM POWERmusadoto
What is an Engine?
Before knowing about how the Petrol Engine works, let's first understand what an engine is. This is common for both petrol and diesel engines alike. An engine is a power generating machine which converts potential energy of the fuel into heat energy and then into motion. It produces power and also runs on its own power.
The engine generates its power by burning the fuel in a self-regulated and controlled „Combustion‟ process. The combustion process involves many sub-processes which burn the fuel efficiently and results in the smooth running of the engine.
These processes include:
The suction of air (also known as breathing or aspiration).
Mixing of the fuel with air after breaking the liquid fuel into highly atomized / mist form.
Igniting the air-fuel mixture with a spark (petrol engine).
Burning of highly atomized fuel particles which results in releasing / ejection of heat energy.
How does an Engine work?
The engine converts Heat Energy into Kinetic Energy in the form of „Reciprocating Motion‟. The expansion of heated gases and their forces act on the engine pistons. The gases push the pistons downwards which results in reciprocating motion of pistons.
This motion of the piston enables the crank-shaft to rotate. Thus, it finally converts the reciprocating motion into the 'Rotary motion' and passes on to wheels.
A petrol engine (known as a gasoline engine in American English) is an internal combustion engine with spark-ignition, designed to run on petrol (gasoline) and similar volatile fuels.
In most petrol engines, the fuel and air are usually mixed after compression (although some modern petrol engines now use cylinder-direct petrol injection). The pre-mixing was formerly done in a carburetor, but now it is done by electronically controlled fuel injection, except in small engines where the cost/complication of electronics does not justify the added engine efficiency. The process differs from a diesel engine in the method of mixing the fuel and air, and in using spark plugs to initiate the combustion process. In a diesel engine, only air is compressed
TRACTOR POWER REPORT -AE 215 SOURCES OF FARM POWER 2018musadoto
A tractor is an engineering vehicle specifically designed to deliver a high tractive effort (or torque) at slow speeds, for the purposes of hauling a trailer or machinery used in agriculture or construction. Most commonly, the term is used to describe a farm vehicle that provides the power and traction to mechanize agricultural tasks, especially (and originally) tillage, but nowadays a great variety of tasks. Agricultural implements 0may be towed behind or mounted on the tractor, and the tractor may also provide a source of power if the implement is mechanised.
The word Tractor is derived prior to 1900, the Machine were known as traction motor (pulling-machine).After the year 1900 both the words are joined by taking ‘Tract’ from Traction and ‘Tor” from motor calling it a Tractor.
In our Country tractors were started manufacturing in real sense after independence and at present we are self-sufficient in meeting demand of country’s requirement for tractors. Our country is basically an agricultural country where 75% of our population is directly or indirectly connected with agriculture. This cannot be produced with our conventional bullock pulled agricultural implements. Tractor is one of the basic agricultural machines
used for speeding up agriculture production.
WIND ENERGY REPORT AE 215- 2018 SOURCES OF FARM POWERmusadoto
Wind is the flow of gases on large scale. On the surface of the earth, wind consists of the bulk movement of air. In outer space, solar wind is the movement of gases and charged particles from the sun though space, while planetary wind is the outgassing of light chemical from a planet’s atmosphere into space. Wind by their spatial scale, their speed, the type of force that cause them, the region in which they occur and their effect. The strongest observed winds on planet in solar system occur on Neptune and Saturn. Winds have various aspects, an important one being its velocity, density of the gas involved and energy content of the wind.
Wind is almost entirely caused by the effects of the sun which, each hour, delivers 175 million watts of energy to the earth. This energy heats the planet’s surface, most intensively at the equator, which causes air to rise. This rising air creates an area of low pressure at the surface into which cooler air is sucked, and it is this flow of air that we know as “wind”. In reality atmospheric circulation is much more complicated and, after rising at the equator air travels pole wards. As it travels the air cools and eventually descends to the earth’s surface at about 30° latitude (north and south), from where it returns once again to the equator (a closed loop known as a Hadley Cell). Similar cells exist between 30° and 60° latitude (the Ferrell Cells) and between 60° latitude and each of the poles (the Polar Cells). Within these cells, the flow of air is further impacted by the rotation of the earth or the "Coriolis Effect". This effect creates a sideways force which causes air to circulate anticlockwise around areas of low pressure in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern hemisphere
In summary, the origin of winds may be traced basically to uneven heating of the earth’s surface due to sun. This may lead to circulation of widespread winds on a global basis, producing planetary winds or may have a limited influence in a smaller area to cause local winds.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
The chapter Lifelines of National Economy in Class 10 Geography focuses on the various modes of transportation and communication that play a vital role in the economic development of a country. These lifelines are crucial for the movement of goods, services, and people, thereby connecting different regions and promoting economic activities.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
BÀI TẬP DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 7 CẢ NĂM FRIENDS PLUS SÁCH CHÂN TRỜI SÁNG TẠO ...
INTRODUCTION TO REMOTE SENSING
1. FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ENGINEERING AND LAND PLANNING
PROGRAM: BSC. IRRIGATION AND WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING
COURSE TITLE: INTRODUCTION TO REMOTE SENSING
GROUP NO: 04
CODE: LRM 111
GROUP WORK
DATE OF SUBMISSION: 16 JAN 2017
INSTRUCTOR: Prof D N Kimaro
NAME REGISTRATION NUMBER
OMARY OMARY B IWR/D/2016/0048
DAUDI SAID JAFARY IWR/D/2016/0010
MWENDA JOEL BENO IWR/D/2016/0042
BAWILI RAMADHANI IWR/D/2016/0007
NGEIYAMU EMMANUEL MUCHUNGUZI IWR/E/2015/0053
DOTO MUSA GESE IWR/D/2016/0011
YASSON ANDREA BEZAEL IWR/D/2016/0059
AMANZI ABUBAKARY IWR/D/2016/0003
ISAYA ALLY IWR/E/2016/0082
SHEHIZA JULITHA DICKSON IWR/D/2016/0054
MROKI REHEMA NAFTAL IWR/D/2016/0037
CHRISPIN GEBRA SHAO IWR/D/2016/0008
KWEKA DANIEL ENOCK IWR/D/2016/0023
MONYO ISMAIL BAKARI IWR/E/2016/0084
KAPINGA FREDRICK FRANCIS IWR/D/2016/0017
ZAMBI CHARLES IWR/D/2016/0064
2. ASSIGNMENT 01
(i) The one who is owning and managing TRMM satellite is Japan Aerospace Exploration
Agency (JAXA) in collaboration with National Aeronautic And Space
Administration(NASA) of USA.
It is located at Tanegashima Space Center in Japan.
TRMM Satellite
ii. TRMM Orbital Characteristics
Launch date- Inclination Orbit Mean
motion
Pedigree Apogee
November 27,
1997
35 to theᵒ
equator
Circular(non-
sun-
synchronous)
16.364 174km 176KM
3. (iii) identification and naming of the sensors on board TRMM satellite
•
a) Cloud and Earth Radiant Energy Sensor (CERES)
4. CERES will measure the energy at the top of the atmosphere, as well as estimate energy levels
within the atmosphere and at the Earth’s surface.
The Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) instrument is one of five
instruments that is being flown aboard the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM)
observatory.
The data from the CERES instrument was used to study the energy exchanged between the Sun;
the Earth’s atmosphere, surface and clouds; and space.
b) Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS)
Lightning Imaging Sensor is a small, highly sophisticated instrument that detects and
locates lightning over the tropical region of the globe
The Lightning Imaging Sensor is a small, highly sophisticated instrument that detects and
locates lightning over the tropical region of the globe.
Looking down from a vantage point aboard the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM)
observatory, 250 miles (402 kilometers) above the Earth, the sensor provides information that
could lead to future advanced lightning sensors capable of significantly improving weather "now
casting."
Using a vantage point in space, the Lightning Imaging Sensor promises to expand scientists'
capabilities for surveying lightning and thunderstorm activity on a global scale. It will help pave
the way for future geostationary lightning mappers.
From their stationary position in orbit, these future lightning sensors would provide continuous
coverage of the continental United States, nearby oceans and parts of Central America.
Researchers hope that future sensors will deliver day and night lightning information to a
forecaster's work-station within 30 seconds of occurrence — providing an invaluable tool for
storm "nowcasting" as well as for issuing severe storm warnings.
The lightning detector is a compact combination of optical and electronic elements including a
staring imager capable of locating and detecting lightning within individual storms.
The imager's field of view allows the sensor to observe a point on the Earth or a cloud for 80
seconds, a sufficient time to estimate the flashing rate, which tells researchers whether a storm is
growing or decaying.
The sensor provides information on cloud characteristics, storm dynamics, and seasonal as well
as yearly variability of thunderstorms.
5. The Lightning Imaging Sensor will be three times more sensitive than a predecessor instrument
known as the Optical Transient Detector — a lightning detector already orbiting the Earth.
The sensor studies both day and night cloud-to-ground, cloud-to-cloud and intra-cloud lightning
and its distribution around the globe.
The staring imager is made of an expanded optics lens system which provides a wide field of
view and a narrow-band filter which minimizes background light.
A highspeed, charge-coupled device detection array behaves similarly to the retina of the human
eye by creating an image of the lightning event and the background scene.
A real-time event processor then extracts the signal, thus determining when a lightning flash
occurs.
The optics lens system allows lightning detection even in the presence of bright, sunlit clouds.
Weak lightning signals that occur during the day are hard to detect because of background
illumination.
This system will remove the background signal, enabling the detection of 90 percent of all
lightning strikes.
Data recorded includes the time of a lightning event, its radiant energy — how bright the
lightning flash is — and an estimate of the lightning location.
The Lightning Imaging Sensor is approximately eight inches in diameter and 14 inches high,
while the supporting electronics package is about the size of a standard typewriter.
Together, the two modules weigh approximately 46 pounds and use about 25 watts of power.
c) Visible Infrared Radiometer (VIRS)
6. . The Visible and Infrared Scanner (VIRS) is one of the primary instruments aboard the Tropical
Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) observatory.
VIRS is one of the three instruments in the rain-measuring package and serves as a very indirect
indicator of rainfall.
It also ties in TRMM measurements with other measurements that are made routinely using the
meteorological Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites POES) and those that are made using the
Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) operated by the United States.
VIRS, as its name implies, senses radiation coming up from the Earth in five spectral regions,
ranging from visible to infrared, or 0.63 to 12 micrometers.
VIRS is included in the primary instrument package for two reasons. First is its ability to
delineate rainfall.
7. The second, and even more important reason, is to serve as a transfer standard to other
measurements that are made routinely using POES and GOES satellites.
The intensity of the radiation in the various spectral regions (or bands) can be used to determine
the brightness (visible and near infrared) or temperature (infrared) of the source.
If the sky is clear, the temperature will correspond to that of the surface of the Earth, and if there
are clouds, the temperature will tend to be that of the cloud tops. Colder temperatures will
produce greater intensities in the shorter wavelength bands, and warmer temperatures will
produce greater intensities in the longer wavelength bands.
Since colder clouds occur at higher altitudes the measured temperatures are useful as indicators
of cloud heights, and the highest clouds can be associated with the presence of rain.
A variety of techniques use the Infrared (IR) images to estimate precipitation. Higher cloud tops
are positively correlated with precipitation for convective clouds (generally thunderstorms)
which dominate tropical (and therefore global) precipitation accumulations.
One notable exception to this rule of thumb are the high cirrus clouds that generally flow out of
thunderstorms.
These cirrus clouds are high and therefore "cold" in the infrared observations but they do not
rain.
To differentiate these cirrus clouds from water clouds (cumulonimbus), a technique which
involves comparing the two infrared channels at 10.8 and 12.0 micrometers can be employed.
Nonetheless, IR techniques usually have significant errors for instantaneous rainfall estimates.
The strength of the IR observations lies in the ability to monitor the clouds continuously from
geostationary altitude.
By comparing the visible and infrared observations on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission
with the rainfall estimates of the TRMM Microwave Imager and Precipitation Radar, it is hoped
that much more can be learned about the relationship of the cloud tops as seen from
geostationary orbit.
VIRS uses a rotating mirror to scan across the track of the TRMM observatory, thus sweeping
out a region 833 kilometers wide as the observatory proceeds along its orbit.
8. Looking straight down (nadir), VIRS can pick out individual cloud features as small as 2.4
kilometers.
VIRS Sensor Characteristics
Observation Band 0.63µm; 1.6µm; 3.75µm; 10.8µm and 12µm
Horizontal Resolution 2 km(nadir)
Swath Width About 833 km
Scan Mode Cross-Track Scan
d) TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI)
The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission’s (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) is a passive
microwave sensor designed to provide quantitative rainfall information over a wide swath under
the TRMM satellite.
By carefully measuring the minute amounts of microwave energy emitted by the Earth and its
atmosphere, TMI is able to quantify the water vapor, the cloud water, and the rainfall intensity in
the atmosphere.
It is a relatively small instrument that consumes little power. This combined with the wide swath
and the good, quantitative information regarding rainfall make TMI the "workhorse" of the rain-
measuring package on Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission.
Measuring Rainfall with Microwaves
Calculating rainfall rates from TMI requires some fairly complicated calculations. The basis of
these calculations is in Planck’s radiation law, which describes how much energy a body radiates
given its temperature.
9. Water surfaces such as oceans and lakes have an additional property which is very important.
The surfaces emit only about one half the microwave energy specified by Planck’s law and
therefore appear to have only about half the real temperature of the surface.
Water surfaces therefore look very "cold" to a passive microwave radiometer. Raindrops on the
other hand, appear to have a temperature that equal their real temperature.
They appear warm to a passive microwave radiometer and therefore offer a contrast against
"cold" water surfaces.
The more raindrops, the warmer the whole scene appears, and research over the last three
decades now make it possible to obtain fairly accurate rainfall rates based on the temperature of
the microwave scene.
Land is very different from oceans in terms of the emitted microwave radiation, appearing to
have about 90 percent of its real temperature.
In this case, there is little contrast to observe the "warm" raindrops. Certain properties of rainfall,
however, still can be inferred.
The high frequency microwaves (85.5 GHz) measured by TMI are strongly scattered by ice
present in many raining clouds. This reduces the microwave signal at the satellite and offers a
contrast against the warm land background.
e) Precipitation Radar (PR)
The Precipitation Radar was the first spaceborne instrument designed to provide three-
dimensional maps of storm structure.
These measurements yield invaluable information on the intensity and distribution of the rain, on
the rain type, on the storm depth and on the height at which the snow melts into rain.
10. The estimates of the heat released into the atmosphere at different heights based on these
measurements can be used to improve models of the global atmospheric circulation.
The Precipitation Radar has a horizontal resolution at the ground of about 3.1 miles (five
kilometers) and a swath width of 154 miles (247 kilometers).
One of its most important features is its ability to provide vertical profiles of the rain and snow
from the surface up to a height of about 12 miles (20 kilometers).
The Precipitation Radar is able to detect fairly light rain rates down to about .027 inches (0.7
millimeters) per hour. At intense rain rates, where the attenuation effects can be strong, new
methods of data processing have been developed that help correct for this effect.
The Precipitation Radar is able to separate out rain echoes for vertical sample sizes of about 820
feet (250 meters) when looking straight down. It carries out all these measurements while using
only 224 watts of electric power—the power of just a few household light bulbs.
The Precipitation Radar was built by the National Space Development Agency (JAXA) of Japan
as part of its contribution to the joint US/Japan Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM)
Sensor Specifications Characteristics
Microwave Radiometer (TMI) Radar (PR)
Visible and Infrared
Radiometer (VIRS)
Frequencies
10.7, 19.3, 21.3, 37.0, and 85.5 GHz
(dual-polarized except for 21.3:
vertical only)
13.8 GHz13.8
0.63, 1.601.6, 3,.715.6,
1,03.8.7, 5, and 12 μm1
Resolution
11 km X 8 km field of view at 37
GHz
5-km footprint and
250- m vertical
resolution
2.5-km resolution
Scanning Conically scanning (530 inc.) Cross-track scanning Cross-track scanning
Swath
Width
880-km swath 250-km swath 830-km swath
11. .
ASSIGNMENT 02
RADIOMETRIC CORRECTIONS
Definition:
removal of sensor or atmospheric 'noise', to more accurately represent ground conditions -
improve image ‘fidelity’: These corrections allow more accurate assessment of ground surface
properties and facilitate comparison be- tween images acquired at different times or for different
areas.
i) detector response calibration
As we have discussed before, Landsat MSS has 6 detectors at each band, TM has 16 and SPOT
HRVs have 3000 or 6000 detectors. The differences between the SPOT sensors and Landsat
sensors are that each SPOT detector collects one column of an image while each detector of
Landsat sensors corresponds to many lines of an image (Figure 5.1).
12. The problem is that no detector functions the same way as others. If the problem becomes
serious, we will observe banding or striping on the image.
There are two types of approach to overcome the detector response problems:
absolute calibration and
relative calibration absolute calibration
In this mode, we attempt to establish a relationship between the image grey level and the actual
incoming reflectance or the radiation. A reference source is needed for this mode and this source
ranges from laboratory light, to on-board light, to the actual ground reflectance or radiation.
For CASI, each detector is calibrated by the manufacturer in the laboratory. For the Landsat
MSS, a calibration wedge with 6 different grey levels is used. For the Landsat TM, three lamps,
which have 8 brightness combinations, are used.
In any case, a linear response is assumed for each detector
vo = a ï vi + b
vo - observed reading
vi - known source reading
e.g. for an 8-bit image 0 < vo < 255 .
Least squares method is used to derive a and b
A least squares linear fitting is applied to these detector responses.Once each detector is
calibrated, the calibrated image data (digital numbers) can be converted into radiances or spectral
reflectances. For the case of converting digital numbers of an 8 bit image into radiances, we have
relative calibration
13. Even though data may have been absolutely calibrated, an image may still have problems caused
by sensor malfunctioning. For example, in some of the early Landsat-1, 2, 3 images, there may
be lines which have been dropped out. No response for that particular detector can be found. In
other cases, there are still striping problems. This happens to both MSS and TM images. The
striping problem is most obvious when an image is acquired over water body where the actual
spectral reflectance from one part to another are similar.
When six detectors of the Landsat MSS are seeing the same
water target, their responds should be the same.
ii) De-stripping refers to the process of adding essential details in an image.
iii) Removal of missing scan lines refers to the process of removing missing
horizontal lines traced across a cathode-ray tube by an electron beam which
form part of an image.
iv) Random noise removal
is the process of removing noise from a signal. All recording devices, both analog and digital,
have traits that make them susceptible to noise. Noise can be random or white noise with no
coherence, or coherent noise introduced by the device's mechanism or processing algorithms.
BEFORE AFTER
14. Before and after removal of noise in an image
v) Vignetting removal
is the addition of an image's brightness or saturation at the periphery compared to the image
center.
15. ASSIGNIMENT : 3
Differences between LIDAR and RADAR
Radar is an object-detection system that uses radio waves to determine the
range, angle, or velocity of objects. while LIDAR (also called LIDAR,
LIDAR, and LADAR) is a surveying method that measures distance to a
target by illuminating that target with a laser light.
• RADAR uses radio waves while LIDAR uses light rays, the lasers to be
more precise.
• Size and the position of the object can be identified fairly by RADAR, while
LIDAR can give accurate surface measurements.
• RADAR uses antennae for transmission and reception of the signals, while
LIDAR uses CCD optics and lasers for transmission and reception.
SIMILARITIES BETWEEN LIDAR AND RADAR
1`. Both are detecting systems fitted in satellites for obtaining ground information
16. 2. Both uses electromagnetic energy for their detection, where radar system detect radio wave
and liar system detect laser light of the infrared region of electromagnetic spectrum application
of liar in geomorphology and forestry
ii) LASER SCANNING
Definition:
Laser Scanning - Laser Scanning is the process of shining a structured laser line over the surface
of an object in order to collect 3-dimensional data. The surface data is captured by a camera
sensor mounted in the laser scanner which records accurate dense 3D points in space.
iii) application of lidar technology in forestry and geomophology
FORESTRY
1. Forest structure analysis. Todd et al analyzed the relationship between horizontal and vertical
distributions of light transmittance and foliage distributions using LIDAR in a sugar maple stand
in northern Ontario, Canada. Weller et al described an approach to estimating forest structure
parameters, including foliage projected cover and tree height, in southeast Queensland using
laser profiler data. Lovell et al. evaluated the capabilities of ground-based and airborne laser
systems for estimation of height, cover, and vertical foliage profile in New South Wales,
Australia. Lim et al used LIDAR data to estimate biophysical properties, including 1) maximum
tree height,
2. Individual tree analysis. Popescu et al utilized LIDAR and multispectral optical data to
identify individual trees and measure crown diameters for the purpose of estimating plot-level
17. volume and biomass in the eastern United States. Leckie et al used a combination of
multispectral and LIDAR data to improve automated recognition of individual tree crowns.
4. Forest Planning and Management: LIDAR is widely used in the forest industry to plan and
mange. It is used to measure vertical structure of forest canopy and also used to measure and
understand canopy bulk density and canopy base height. Other uses of the LIDAR in the forest
industry is the measurement of the peak height to estimate its root expansion.
5. Forest Fire Management: LIDAR is becoming widely popular in forest fire management. Fire
department is transforming from reactive to proactive fire management. LIDAR image helps to
monitor the possible fire area which is called fuel mapping (fire behavior model). On this article
author discuss, how British Colombia is using LIDAR information for the fire management.
6. Precision Forestry: Precision Forestry is define as planning and operating the site specific
forest area to increase the productivity of wood quality, reduce cost and increase profits, and
maintain the environment quality. LIDAR and aerial photo is used to perform precision forestry.
Article on “LIDAR Applications in Precision Forestry” talks in detail about its uses.
GEORMOPHOLOGY
1. Flood Model: LIDAR provides very accurate information. River is very sensitive and few
meter of change in information can bring disastrous or loss of properties. So LIDAR is used to
18. create high resolution and accurate surface model of the river. These extracted LIDAR
information can be used for the 3D simulation for better planning of the structures or buildings
on the river bank.
2. Watershed and Stream Delineation:
DEM generated from LIDAR is used to create watershed area and stream line delineation. High
and accurate DEM is the major input to create this and GIS software is used to create it. This
way you can calculate watershed for the particular water channels and find out stream channel
for over land
3. Management of Coastline: LIDAR data of the coastline surface and under the water
surface can be combined by researches to analyze the waves behavior and area covered by them.
If these da
ta are captured periodically then marine scientist can understand the coastline erosion
occurrence.
Glacier Volume Changes: : LIDAR is used to calculate the glacier change over the period.
LIDAR image are taken in time series to see the change happening. For example, LIDAR image
was taken of Iceland from 2007-2009 and project was completed on 2012. These captured data
will help scientist to know the amount of volume change.
4. Dune Monitoring: LIDAR is used to monitor the dune activities. It includes change in size and
shape, vegetation, rate of change and other related dune activities.
iv) APPLICATIONS OF LIDAR IN AGRICULTURE
1. LIDAR can be used to create three dimensional digital models of a farm and from these
19. produce incredible accurate maps of the natural resources. For example it can be used to map the
water flow, define the water catchments, locate all the trees in an orchard, show the water flow
direction at the base of each tree and show the division between water flowing down the tree line
or across the tree line.
2. LIDAR allows us to observe, measure and map out the variations in slope, aspect and
elevation (Appendix 1) and use the results to modify management practices to address
limitations to production.
3. Maps of soil erosion risk can be generated using LIDAR and the RUSLE (The Revised
Universal Soil Loss Equation)
Drainage Management Plans can use the results to design control measures to minimise the
impact of intensive rainfall events.
4. As LIDAR is essentially a survey tool, it can be used to generate accurate farm maps and then
integrate the data with other government digital datasets.
5. LIDAR helps the farmer to find the area that uses costly fertilizer. LIDAR can be used to
create elevation map of the farmland that can be converted to create slope and sunlight exposure
area map. Both the layer information can be used to create high, medium and low crop
production area. Extracted information will help farmer to save on the costly fertilizer.
v) GEOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS
1. WEATHERING
The ability to assess the impact of weathering on slope stability is important to prevent the
eventual failure on rock formations and mining excavations by determining the expected lifetime
of the slope. LIDAR sensors to examine materials enable the ability to capture weathering effects
that is otherwise difficult to determine visually.
20. 2. Material Classification
Relative reflectance enables discernment of material types from several scan positions. This
capability is demonstrated in Figure 8, which depicts a coal mine high wall scanned with a Riegl
VZ-400 terrestrial laser scanner from a range of 160 meters. The coal seam is visible due to the
high contrast between coal (dark blue and the rock layer above it (yellow), Figure 8. Since, coal
is back in the visible light spectrum it absorbs light, and a value represented by dark blue is
-20dB. Pfenningbauer et.al (2010), calculate 100% reflective target returns 0dB and a dark gray
diffuse target would result in -10dB, therefore it maybe concluded that a value of - 20dB for coal
fits this trend. Figure 4, is the colorized mesh of the same area, shows some black areas in the
data but, the boundaries are not clearly defined due to shadowing, a weakness with
photogrammetry, (Tonon 2006)
3 In geology the combination of LIDAR aircraft and GPS has evolved so much it is used finding
the fault and measuring the uplift. The combination of above technology was used to find the
Seattle fault in the Washington State, USA. NASA satellite called ICESAT that has LIDAR
sensor is used to monitor glaciers and perform coastal change analysis.
21. •
REFERENCES
>TRMM Data Downloads & Documentation
>HOME Page( in the internet TRMM Satellite)
>NASA HOMEPAGE
>SUA REMOTE SENSING COMPENDIUM- PROF D N Kimaro