This document discusses the procedures and tools used in weather forecasting. It describes how weather data is collected from over 9,500 observation stations and 7,400 ships worldwide and transmitted to analysis centers. Forecasts are made using synoptic charts, computer modeling, and satellite imagery from geosynchronous and low-Earth orbiting satellites. Forecasts can be short-range up to 48 hours, medium-range from 3 days to 3 weeks, or long-range from 2 weeks to a season. The goal of weather forecasting is to continue advancing techniques to better predict high-impact weather events.

2.  Procedures of Weather forecasting
 Brief information about weather forecasting
information centre
 Tools in weather forecasting
 Types of weather forecasting
 Conclusion
 Source

3. Theweatherforecasting has now become a science and it isperformedby
adopting thefollowingprocedures (steps) :
1. recording of weather data (temperature,
pressure, wind speed and direction, cloud
forms, humidity and precipitation, visibility,
storms etc.)
2. collection of weather data from weather
recording (observations centers) stations
scattered world over including both land and
ocean surfaces
3.transmission of weather data collected form
major weather stations to sub centers .

4. 4. Compilation of weather data.
5. Plotting of weather data on maps and daily
weather records, synoptic charts etc.
6.Analysis of weather charts ansd maps with
the help of electronic computers etc.
7. Final forecasting of weather and numerical
modeling .

5. Observatories
&
meteorologic
al station
Ship based
observation
centre
Radar
stations
Upper air
weather
stations
Three major
internationa
l centre
9500+ 7400+ 600+ 2300+ Washington
D.C.
Moscow
Melbourne

6. RADIOSONDES
It is an instrument that is
carried aloft by a
balloon to send back
information on
atmospheric
temperature, pressure
and humidity by means
a small radio
transmitter

8.  The moset significant device is weather
satellite of different kinds attached with
different types of sensors for specific
purposes and having varying orbital paths
around the earth.
 The first weather satellite , named TIROS-I
was launched in 1960
The sensors which are attached with satellites
send back to the images of clouds to earth's
centre .

9. Geosynchronous Satellites
Same rate of movement around the earth as that of
the rotational speed of the earth.
These are fixed at the altitude of 35,786 kilometers
from the sea level
These are called high altitude satellites.
Provide scanned pictures of larger areas.
These having imaging sensors instruments that
provides thermal variations of the atmosphere,
moisture etc.
Example: ATS series and GOES series weather
satelites.

11.  These are positioned after their launching by
rockets at the latitude ranging between 800
to 1500 kilometers
 These are also known as low latitude satelites
 these having sounding sensors naming
ADVANCED VERY HIGH RESOLUTION
RADIOMETER (AVHRR)
 Example: TIROS and NOAA

13.  These are useful tools to obtain detailed
information about clouds and storms mainly
cyclones , tornadoes, hurricanes.

14. On the basis of duration of the validity of
forecasts into three types as follows :
1.Short range weather forecasts
2.Medium range weather forecasts
3. Long range weather forecasts

15.  Most useful predictions of weather wherein
forecasts valid from few hours to48 hours
and sometime 72 hours
 Based on maps weather charts , satellite
images
 Determines change of atmospheric weather
of a specific location
 Persistent method & continuity methods are
applied .
 Helps in transportation and fishermen .

16.  It covers the time span from 3days to 3
weeks.
 This prediction is helpful for farmers
 This prediction is done by calculating the
average of past and present weather
condition.

17.  It covers a time span from a fortnight to a
season of the year.
 These are basically statements ,exact
accuracy is minimum .
 Not so detailed information.

18. a. Aviation forecasts
b. Shipping forecasts
c. Local forecasts
d. Agricultural-based forecasts

19. With the advancement of technology weather
forecasting has developed to its level best,
but there is yet to develop, as far as a nature
is so unpredictable . Natural calamity and
weather disturbances causing devastating
destructions surprisingly. To save our
mother earth scientist and meteorologist are
also advancing their knowledge about
weather forecasting.

20.  Climatology ; Savindra Singh
 Climatology ;D.S.Lal
 Wikipedia
 Google images
 Microsoft office 2007

21. Suddhasil Bose