Introduction to biology
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This document provides an introduction to biology, outlining its major classifications and branches. It discusses the classification of living organisms, including previous systems and Whittaker's five-kingdom system. The major branches of biology are then defined as taxonomy, morphology, embryology, physiology, genetics, ecology, biogeography, and evolution. The document concludes by noting applications of biology like vaccination, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and cloning that benefit humanity.
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Zoology is the study of animals and their diversity. It emerged as a science in the 12th century and has since specialized in fields like anatomy, physiology, ecology, and evolution. Key figures like Aristotle, Darwin, and Linnaeus contributed foundational work in classification, evolution, and nomenclature. Today, zoologists face challenges understanding animal relationships and protecting species from threats like overpopulation and resource depletion.
GENERAL BIOLOGY Unit 1 lesson 1 ppt
This document provides an overview of the key characteristics of life, including organization, acquiring materials and energy, reproduction, response to stimuli, homeostasis, growth and development, and adaptation. It also discusses the classification of living things into domains, kingdoms, and species. Finally, it covers the organization of the biosphere into populations, communities, ecosystems, and the human impact on biodiversity.
introductiontobiology.pdf
Biology is the study of life. It includes two major divisions - botany, which is the study of plants, and zoology, which is the study of animals. Some important figures in the history of biology include Aristotle, who first classified living things, Andreas Vesalius, who made the first dissections of human anatomy, William Harvey, who showed the heart pumps blood, and Charles Darwin, who wrote On the Origin of Species. Major areas of study in biology include anatomy, physiology, ecology, parasitology, taxonomy, embryology, cytology, microbiology, paleontology, genetics, morphology, and histology.
evolution of eukaryotes.pptx
The document summarizes the evolution of eukaryotic cells from their origins around 1.6-2.1 billion years ago to the modern diversity of life. Key events included the engulfment of prokaryotes to form organelles like mitochondria, the development of complex cells and multicellular organisms through sexual reproduction, adaptations that allowed colonization of land, and the rise of major eukaryotic groups like plants, animals, and fungi. The evolution of eukaryotes has significantly increased biological complexity and driven the innovation of life on Earth over billions of years.
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Nervous coordination
The nervous system allows for coordination in the body through electrochemical signaling between neurons. It consists of neurons and neuroglia. Neurons receive and transmit signals via dendrites, the cell body, and the axon. There are three types of neurons - sensory, motor, and inter. A nerve impulse is generated through changes in the neuron's membrane potential and the opening and closing of ion channels, causing the signal to propagate along the axon. At a synapse, neurotransmitters transmit the signal to the next neuron. Reflexes are automatic responses to stimuli.
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Mendel conducted experiments crossing pea plants that differed in distinct traits like seed color and shape. He discovered that traits are transmitted from parents to offspring through discrete units called genes located on chromosomes. His laws of heredity showed that for each trait there are two alleles that separate during gamete formation, with one randomly passed from each parent. The dominant allele will be expressed in offspring while the recessive is not. Additionally, different genes assort independently during gamete formation and fertilization.
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Genetics
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- 1. INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY MAJOR CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMS
- 2. MAJOR BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY •TAXONOMY--> a science that deals with the grouping and naming of living things. •MORPHOLOGY--> a science that deals with the forms and structures of organisms. •EMBRYOLOGY--> a science that deals with the development of organisms. •PHYSIOLOGY--> a science that deals with the functions and activities of organisms. •GENETICS--> a science that deals with the transmission of traits and characters. •ECOLOGY--> a science that deals with the interrelationships between living things and their environment. •BIOGEOGRAPHY--> a science that deals with the distribution of the organisms on the earth's surface. •EVOLUTION--> a science that deals with the origin of life and living forms.
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