INTRODUCTION TO LIVING ANIMALS

1. Lesson 1

2. 1.1. Zoology:
The Study of Animals
•Zoology is the study of animals.
•It is one of the broadest fields in all of
science because of the immense
variety of animals and the complexity
of the processes occurring within
animals.
•There are, for example, over 20,000
described species of bony fishes and
over 300,000 described species of

3. •It is no wonder that zoologists usually
specialize in one or more of the
subdisciplines of zoology.
•They may study particular functional,
structural, or ecological aspects of
one or more animal groups or they
may choose to specialize in a
particular group of animals.
1.1. Zoology:
The Study of Animals

4. •The study of zoology can
be viewed as a series of
efforts to analyze and
classify animals.
•Attempts at classification
as early as 400 BC are
known from documents in
the Hippocratic
Collection.

5. 1.2. History of Zoology
•Aristotle, however,
was the first to
devise a system of
classifying animals
that recognized a
basic unity of plan
among diverse
organisms.

6. • Aristotle arranged groups of animals according
to mode of reproduction and habitat.
• His Historia Animalium contains accurate
descriptions of extant animals of Greece and
Asia Minor.
• He was also interested in form and structure
and concluded that different animals can have
similar embryological origins and that different
structures can have similar functions.
1.2. History of Zoology

7. •In Roman times
Pliny the Elder
compiled four
volumes on zoology
in his 37-volume
treatise called
Historia Naturalis.
1.2. History of Zoology

8. Greek physician Galen,
dissected farm animals,
monkeys, and other
mammals and described
many features
accurately, although
some were wrongly
applied to the human
body.
1.2. History of Zoology

9. •In the 17th
century, the
English Physician
William Harvey
established the
true mechanism
of blood
circulation.
1.2. History of Zoology

10. Until the Middle Ages, zoology
was a conglomeration of
folklore, superstition,
misconception, and description
of animals, but during the 12th
century it began to emerge as a
science.
• St. Albertus Magnus denied
many of the superstitions
associated with biology and
reintroduced the work of
Aristotle.
1.2. History of Zoology

12. The anatomical studies of
Leonardo da Vinci
were far in advance of the
age. His dissections and
comparisons of the
structure of humans and
other animals led him to
important conclusions.
1.2. History of Zoology

13. •Andreas Vesalius is a
Belgian physician
considered the father
of anatomy; he
circulated his writings
and established the
principles of
comparative anatomy.
1.2. History of Zoology

14. Classification dominated
zoology throughout most of
the 17th and 18th centuries.
The Swedish botanist
Carolus Linnaeus
developed a system of
nomenclature that is still
use today.
1.2. History of Zoology

17. •The study of comparative
anatomy was extended by
such men as
Georges Cuvier, who
devised a systematic
organization of animals
based on specimens sent to
him from all over the world.
1.2. History of Zoology

18. Matthias Schleiden (plants) and
Theodor Schwann (animals), proved
that the cell is the common structural
unit of living things.
1.2. History of Zoology

20. The cell concept provided
impetus for progress in
embryology, founded by
the Estonian scientist
Karl Ernst Von Baer, and
for the development by a
Frenchman, Claude Bernard,
of the study of animal
physiology, including the
concept of homeostasis.
1.2. History of Zoology

21. The most famous expedition was
the voyage of the Beagle in the
early 1830s.
During this voyage,
Charles Darwin observed the
plant and animal life of South
America and Australia and
developed his theory of
evolution by natural selection.
1.2. History of Zoology

22. •The Australian monk
Gregor Mendel
first formulated
the concept of
particulate
hereditary factors –
later called genes.
1.2.History of Zoology

23. Anatomy: study of the structure of entire
organisms and their parts.
Cell Biology: study of the structure and
function of cells
Ecology: Study of the interaction of
organisms with their environment.
Embryology: Study of the development of
animal from the fertilized egg to birth or
hatching.
1.3 Specializations in Zoology

24. Genetics: study of the mechanisms of
transmission of genes fro parents to
offspring.
Histology: study of tissues.
Molecular Biology: study of subcellular
details of animal structure and function.
Parasitology: study of animals that live in
or on other organisms at the expense of the
host.
1.3. Specializations in Zoology

25. Physiology: Study of the function of
organisms and their parts.
Systematics: Study of the classification
of and the evolutionary
interrelationships among animal
groups.
Zoogeography: Study of the
distribution of animals over the earth.
1.3. Specializations in Zoology

26. By Taxonomic Group
Entomology: study of insects
Herpetology: study of amphibians and reptiles
Ichthyology: study of fishes
Malacology: study of mollusks
Mammalogy: study of mammals
Ornithology: study of birds
Protozoology: study of protozoa
1.3. Specializations in Zoology

27. • Animals share a common evolutionary
past and evolutionary forces that
influenced their history.
• Evolutionary processes are remarkable
for their relative simplicity, yet they have
had awesome effects on life-forms.
• These processes have resulted in an
estimated 4 to 30 million species of
organisms living today.
1.4. Zoology: An
Evolutionary Perspective

28. •Only 1.4 million species have been
described.
•Many more existed in the past and
have become extinct.
•Zoologist must understand
evolutionary processes if they are
to understand what an animals is
and how it originated.
1.4. Zoology: An
Evolutionary Perspective

29. •Organic evolution is change in
populations of organisms over time.
•It is the source of animal diversity,
and it explains family relationships
within animal groups.
•Charles Darwin published convincing
evidence of evolution in 1859 and
proposed a mechanism that cold explain
evolutionary change.
1.4. Zoology: An
Evolutionary Perspective

30. •Since that time, biologist have become
convinced that evolution occurs.
•The mechanism proposed by Darwin has
been confirmed and now serves as the
nucleus of our broader understanding of
evolutionary change.
•Evolution not only explains why animals
appear and function family relationships
within the animal kingdom.
1.4. Zoology: An
Evolutionary Perspective

31. • Like all organisms, animals are named and
classified into hierarchy of relatedness.
• Although Karl von Linne is primarily
remembered for collecting and classifying
plants, his system of naming – binomial
nomenclature-has also been adopted for
animals.
• A two-part name describes each kind of
organism.
1.4. Zoology: An
Evolutionary Perspective

32. •Ecology is the study of the
relationships between organisms and
their environment.
• Throughout our history, humans have
depended on animals, and that
dependence too often has led to
exploitation.
• We depend on animals for food,
medicines, and clothing.
1.4. Zoology: An
Evolutionary Perspective

34. Two problems, global
overpopulation and the
exploitation of world
resources, are the focus
of our ecological
concerns.
1. Population
2. World Resources
1.5. Zoology: An Ecological
Perspective

36. 1. POPULATION
• Global overpopulation is at the root of
virtually all other environmental
problems.
• It is estimated that the world population
will reach 10.4 billion by the year 2100.
• As the human population grows, the dis-
parity between the wealthiest and
poorest nations is likely to increase.
1.5. Zoology: An Ecological
Perspective

38. 2. WORLD RESOURCES
• Human overpopulation is stressing world
resources.
• Continued use of fossil fuels adds more
carbon dioxide to the atmosphere,
contributing to the greenhouse effect and
global warming.
• Deforestation of large areas of the world
results from continued demand for forest
products and fuel.
1.5. Zoology: An Ecological
Perspective

40. SOLUTIONS:
1. An understanding of
basic ecological
principles can help
prevent ecological
disasters.
1.5. Zoology: An Ecological
Perspective

41. SOLUTIONS:
2. Understanding how matter is
cycled and recycled in nature,
how populations grow, and how
organisms in our lakes and forest
use energy is fundamental to
preserving the environment.
1.5. Zoology: An Ecological
Perspective

42. SOLUTIONS:
3. Unless we deal with the
problem of human
overpopulations, however,
solving the other problems will
be impossible.
1.5. Zoology: An Ecological
Perspective