Introduction to anatomy
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This document defines anatomy and its divisions. It discusses gross anatomy which looks at visible structures and microscopic anatomy which requires a microscope. It defines anatomical position as standing upright with palms facing forward. It describes directional terms like superior, inferior, anterior, and posterior. It discusses the three principal planes used to section the body - sagittal, coronal, and transverse. It notes the two main body cavities and divides the abdominal cavity into quadrants and regions to locate structures.
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Anatomy introduction
This document provides an introduction to human anatomy. It defines anatomy and discusses the main disciplines including gross, microscopic, developmental, and neuroanatomy. It explains why anatomy is important for doctors, surgeons, and medical procedures. Key topics covered include anatomical terminology, directional terms, anatomical planes and sections, skeletal structure, and the main body regions.
Introduction to anatomy- easy explanation
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Definition of human anatomy, various terms used in anatomy, planes of human body, various positions of human body, subdivisions of human anatomy, body cavities and regions of human body, conclusion .
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The integumentary system includes the skin, hair, nails, and glands. The skin is made up of three layers - the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The epidermis is made of stratified squamous keratinized epithelium and provides protection. Below this lies the dermis, made of dense connective tissue containing collagen, elastin, and blood vessels. The deepest layer is the hypodermis, made of adipose tissue. Skin functions include protection, sensation, synthesis, and temperature regulation. Accessory structures include hair, nails, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.
Erythrocytes / RBCs
RBCs are biconcave disks that transport oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. They are composed of 65% water and 35% solids including hemoglobin. RBCs are produced through erythropoiesis in the bone marrow in response to low blood oxygen levels. The average lifespan of an RBC is 120 days. RBCs help maintain respiration, acid-base balance, and blood viscosity while transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide between tissues and the lungs.
Joints and its classification
This document discusses the structure and classification of joints in the human body. It begins by defining arthrology as the study of joints, which connect two or more bones. Joints are classified as either synarthroses (immovable joints) or diarthroses (freely movable joints). Diarthroses, also called synovial joints, are further classified based on their plane of movement, number of articulating bones, and shape of the articulating surfaces. Key features of synovial joints include the articular capsule, articular cartilage, synovial fluid, ligaments, and associated structures like menisci and bursae. The document provides detailed descriptions of these structures and their functions.
Cell
The document discusses the structure and function of cells. It describes the main components of cells including the cell membrane, cytoplasm, organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and nucleus. The cell membrane forms the outer covering and regulates what passes in and out of the cell. The cytoplasm and organelles work together within the cell, with structures like the endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes involved in protein synthesis, the Golgi apparatus in packaging and secretion, mitochondria generating energy, and the nucleus controlling cell activities and division.
Body movements
Movement is defined as a change in position of the body or body parts. All living beings exhibit some form of movement like blinking, breathing, or eating. As humans grow, their movements become more refined starting from crawling to walking. These movements are enabled by muscles attaching to bones at joints like the elbow and knee. Muscles contract to cause flexion which decreases the joint angle, or extend to increase the joint angle. Common types of movement include flexion, extension, rotation, abduction, adduction, and circumduction which combine multiple movements.
Classification of muscle
Muscles classification according to fibers arrangement of muscle and on the basis of muscle function in body
Division of human skeleton system
The human skeleton is divided into two main divisions - the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the central axis and includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. It contains a total of 80 bones. The appendicular skeleton includes all bones of the upper and lower limbs and the shoulder and pelvic girdles that attach each limb to the axial skeleton. It contains a total of 126 bones. Together these two divisions make up the 206 total bones in the adult human skeleton.
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Introduction to anatomy
- 1. SHAZIA REHMAN INTRO TO ANATOMY
- 2. CONTENTS ▪ Definition ▪ Division of anatomy ▪ Anatomical position ▪ Planes & sections ▪ Body cavities ▪ Abdominal Quadrants ▪ Abdominal Regions
- 3. Anatomy, a field in the biological sciences concerned with the identification and description of the body structures of living things. The term anatomy is derived from Greek word(Anatomia) means cutting up or cut open.
- 4. Divisions of Anatomy Gross Anatomy ▪ Structures that can be seen with the eye ▪ Muscles, bones, various organs
- 5. Gross anatomy can be further subdivided into three different fields: ▪ Surface anatomy (or superficial anatomy) is the study of external anatomical features without dissection. ▪ Regional anatomy focuses on specific external and internal regions of the body (such as the head or chest) and how different systems work together in that region. ▪ Systemic anatomy focuses on the anatomy of different organ systems, such as the respiratory or nervous system.
- 6. Microscopic Anatomy ▪ Structures that cannot be seen with the eye ▪ Need to use a microscope. i. Cytology study of cells ii. Histology study of tissues
- 7. ANATOMICAL POSITION ➢ Standing up right ➢ Looking straight ➢ Upper limbs hanging by the side of body ➢ Palms facing forwards ➢ Lower limbs are parallel with toes pointing forwards
- 8. Directional Terms ▪ Directional terms describe the positions of structures relative to other structures or locations in the body. ▪ Superior or cranial - toward the head end of the body; upper (example, the hand is part of the superior extremity). ▪ Inferior or caudal - away from the head; lower (example, the foot is part of the inferior extremity). ▪ Anterior or ventral - front (example, the kneecap is located on the anterior side of the leg). ▪ Posterior or dorsal - back (example, the shoulder blades are located on the posterior side of the body).
- 9. ▪ Medial - toward the midline of the body (example, the middle toe is located at the medial side of the foot). ▪ Lateral- away from the midline of the body (example, the little toe is located at the lateral side of the foot). ▪ Proximal- toward or nearest the trunk or the point of origin of a part. ▪ Distal- away from or farthest from the trunk or the point or origin of a part (example, the hand is located at the distal end of the forearm).
- 11. PLANES AND SECTIONS An anatomical plane is a hypothetical plane used to transect the body, in order to describe the location of structures or the direction of movements. In human and animal anatomy, three principal planes are used ▪ Sagittal plane A vertical line which divides the body into a left section and a right section. ▪ Coronal plane A vertical line which divides the body into a front (anterior) section and back (posterior) section.
- 12. ▪ Transverse plane A horizontal line which divides the body into an upper (superior) section and a lower (inferior) section.
- 13. BODY CAVITIES ▪ Body cavities are the spaces with in the body that help protect, support and separate internal organs. ▪ Ventral Body Cavity ▪ Dorsal Body cavity
- 16. Abdominal Quadrants ▪ Anatomists divide the abdominopelvic cavity into smaller regions to facilitate the study of body planes. This anatomical abdominal region division is used to recognize the location of the abdomen organs and to diagnose abdominal pain. The commonly abdominopelvic region is divided into four quadrants and nine regions.
- 17. Body Quadrants ▪ Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) ▪ Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) ▪ Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) ▪ Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)
- 19. Abdominal Regions ▪ The nine divisions are part of parasagittal and two transverse planes of body-centered around the navel.These divisions are important anatomically to determine the location of the organ within the abdomen and pelvic area.