INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
THE INTEGUMENT
PROTECTION
First line of defense against
Bacteria
Viruses
Protects underlying structures from
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation
Dehydration
BODY TEMPERATURE REGULATION
If too hot
Dermal blood vessels dilate
Vessels carry more blood to surface so heat can escape
If too cold
Dermal blood vessels constrict
Prevents heat from escaping
EXCRETION
Small amounts of waste products are lost through perspiration
VITAMIN D PRODUCTION
Needed for calcium absorption
STRUCTURE OF SKIN
SKIN STRUCTURE : EPIDERMIS
Structures of the Epidermis
The five strata of keratinocytes in thick skin
From basal lamina to free surface
Stratum basale
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum corneum
Second major layer of the skin
Provides mechanical strength, flexibility, and protection for underlying tissues
Highly vascular and contains a variety of sensory receptors that provide information about the external environment
Has two layers
The papillary layer
The reticular layer
Flexure lines - creases on palms
The Hypodermis (Subcutaneous Layer)
Lies below the integument
Stabilizes the skin
Allows separate movement
Made of elastic areolar and adipose tissues
Connected to the reticular layer of integument by connective tissue fibers
Deposits of Subcutaneous Fat
Distribution patterns determined by hormones
Reduced by cosmetic liposuction (lipoplasty)
STRUCTURE OF HAIR
The haIR FOLLICLE
Hair follicles are the organs that form the hairs.
Located deep in dermis.
Produces nonliving hairs.
Wrapped in a dense connective tissue sheath.
Base is surrounded by sensory nerves (root hair plexus).
Control bacteria
ACCESSORY STRUCTURES OF HAIR
Arrector pili
Involuntary smooth muscle
Causes hairs to stand up
Produces “goose bumps”
Sebaceous glands
Lubricate the hair
REGIONS OF HAIR
Hair root
Lower part of the hair
Attached to the integument
Hair shaft
Upper part of the hair
Not attached to the integument
HAIR FUNCTION
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF NAIL
Structure and function of nail
Nails
Protect fingers and toes
Made of dead cells packed with keratin
Metabolic disorders can change nail structure
Nail Production
Occurs in a deep epidermal fold near the bone called the nail root
Structure and function of nail
The power point is just to help learners to have basic understanding on the anatomy and physiology of the skin (integumentary system).
The two major classes of the skin has been briefly stated as well as the major layers of the skin.
This presentation will give you a clear idea about the Integumentary system that what is it and what is it for and how it is very much essential for the body. Skin is the most important thing to be understood in this Integumentary system.
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
THE INTEGUMENT
PROTECTION
First line of defense against
Bacteria
Viruses
Protects underlying structures from
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation
Dehydration
BODY TEMPERATURE REGULATION
If too hot
Dermal blood vessels dilate
Vessels carry more blood to surface so heat can escape
If too cold
Dermal blood vessels constrict
Prevents heat from escaping
EXCRETION
Small amounts of waste products are lost through perspiration
VITAMIN D PRODUCTION
Needed for calcium absorption
STRUCTURE OF SKIN
SKIN STRUCTURE : EPIDERMIS
Structures of the Epidermis
The five strata of keratinocytes in thick skin
From basal lamina to free surface
Stratum basale
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum corneum
Second major layer of the skin
Provides mechanical strength, flexibility, and protection for underlying tissues
Highly vascular and contains a variety of sensory receptors that provide information about the external environment
Has two layers
The papillary layer
The reticular layer
Flexure lines - creases on palms
The Hypodermis (Subcutaneous Layer)
Lies below the integument
Stabilizes the skin
Allows separate movement
Made of elastic areolar and adipose tissues
Connected to the reticular layer of integument by connective tissue fibers
Deposits of Subcutaneous Fat
Distribution patterns determined by hormones
Reduced by cosmetic liposuction (lipoplasty)
STRUCTURE OF HAIR
The haIR FOLLICLE
Hair follicles are the organs that form the hairs.
Located deep in dermis.
Produces nonliving hairs.
Wrapped in a dense connective tissue sheath.
Base is surrounded by sensory nerves (root hair plexus).
Control bacteria
ACCESSORY STRUCTURES OF HAIR
Arrector pili
Involuntary smooth muscle
Causes hairs to stand up
Produces “goose bumps”
Sebaceous glands
Lubricate the hair
REGIONS OF HAIR
Hair root
Lower part of the hair
Attached to the integument
Hair shaft
Upper part of the hair
Not attached to the integument
HAIR FUNCTION
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF NAIL
Structure and function of nail
Nails
Protect fingers and toes
Made of dead cells packed with keratin
Metabolic disorders can change nail structure
Nail Production
Occurs in a deep epidermal fold near the bone called the nail root
Structure and function of nail
The power point is just to help learners to have basic understanding on the anatomy and physiology of the skin (integumentary system).
The two major classes of the skin has been briefly stated as well as the major layers of the skin.
This presentation will give you a clear idea about the Integumentary system that what is it and what is it for and how it is very much essential for the body. Skin is the most important thing to be understood in this Integumentary system.
Human physiology, integumentary systemsNurulNadzira1
REGION OF THE INTEGUMENT
Integere is defined as to cover, which bring the meaning of integumentary. This system covers the body part that include human skin, nail, and hair. These integument works as defenses against foreign microbes, prevent microbial penetration wherever body tissues are exposed to the external environment. It also functions to retain body fluids, protect against disease, eliminate waste products, and regulate body temperature. In order to do these things, the integumentary system works with all the other systems of body, each of has a role to play in maintaining the internal conditions that a human body needs to function properly.
ACCESSORY STRUCTURE IN THE INTEGUMENT
The most obvious external part that cover the human body is skin which has many
functions, most of which are involved in protecting and regulating body internal functions in a variety of ways:
Protects the body internal living tissues and organs
Protects against invasion by infectious organisms
Protects the body from dehydration
Protects the body against abrupt changes in temperature
Helps dispose of waste materials
Acts as a receptor for touch, pressure, pain, heat, and cold
Stores water and fat
The skin is not only a mechanical barrier between the external environment and the
underlying tissues but is dynamically involved in defense mechanisms and other
important functions as well.
Anatomy of Skin
The skin consists of two layers, an outer epidermis and an inner dermis.
skin and fascia description for medical students from clinical anatomy by richard s. snell .you get everything you want follow me back and tell anything which is in your heart :) <3
slides by our kind hearted teacher MAM AMMARAH :)
The branch of science concerned with the bodily structure of humans, animals, and other living organisms, especially as revealed by dissection and the separation of parts.
Human physiology, integumentary systemsNurulNadzira1
REGION OF THE INTEGUMENT
Integere is defined as to cover, which bring the meaning of integumentary. This system covers the body part that include human skin, nail, and hair. These integument works as defenses against foreign microbes, prevent microbial penetration wherever body tissues are exposed to the external environment. It also functions to retain body fluids, protect against disease, eliminate waste products, and regulate body temperature. In order to do these things, the integumentary system works with all the other systems of body, each of has a role to play in maintaining the internal conditions that a human body needs to function properly.
ACCESSORY STRUCTURE IN THE INTEGUMENT
The most obvious external part that cover the human body is skin which has many
functions, most of which are involved in protecting and regulating body internal functions in a variety of ways:
Protects the body internal living tissues and organs
Protects against invasion by infectious organisms
Protects the body from dehydration
Protects the body against abrupt changes in temperature
Helps dispose of waste materials
Acts as a receptor for touch, pressure, pain, heat, and cold
Stores water and fat
The skin is not only a mechanical barrier between the external environment and the
underlying tissues but is dynamically involved in defense mechanisms and other
important functions as well.
Anatomy of Skin
The skin consists of two layers, an outer epidermis and an inner dermis.
skin and fascia description for medical students from clinical anatomy by richard s. snell .you get everything you want follow me back and tell anything which is in your heart :) <3
slides by our kind hearted teacher MAM AMMARAH :)
The branch of science concerned with the bodily structure of humans, animals, and other living organisms, especially as revealed by dissection and the separation of parts.
The integumentary system is the physical system that forms the barrier between the external environment and the internal systems of the body. In humans, this system consists of skin, hair, nails, and related glands.
Altogether, the integumentary system forms the largest organ in the body. The main function of this system is to protect bones, organs, and other internal structures from harm. In addition, the integumentary system performs important immune functions, cell fluid maintenance, synthesis of Vitamin D, body temperature regulation, and detection of stimuli.
Integumentary system
-The organs of the integumentary system include the skin and its accessory structures including hair, nails, and glands, as well as blood vessels, muscles and nerves.
-Dermatology is the medical specialty for the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the integumentary system.
Structure Of The Skin
The skin (cutaneous membrane) covers the body and is the largest organ of the body by surface area and weight.
Its area is about 2 square meters (22 square feet) and weighs 4.5-5kg (10-11 lb), about 7% of body weight.
It is 0.5 – 4 mm thick, thinnest on the eyelids, thickest on the heels, the average thickness is 1 – 2 mm.
It consists of two major layers:
Outer, thinner layer called the epidermis, consists of epithelial tissue. Inner, thicker layer called the dermis.
Beneath the dermis is a subcutaneous layer (also called hypodermis) which attaches the skin to the underlying tissues and organs.
1. EPIDERMIS
-Covers, protects and waterproofs.
Contains five main layers:
- Stratum Basale
- Stratum Spinosum
- Stratum Granulosum
- Stratum lucidum
- Stratum corneum
The epidermis has a number of important characteristics:
The epidermis is composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
-It contains four major types of cells:
Keratinocytes (90% of the cells): It produce keratin which is a tough fibrous protein that provides protection.
-Melanocytes: which produce the pigment melanin that protects against damage by ultraviolet radiation.
-Langerhans cells: involved in immune responses, arise from red bone marrow.
-Merkel cells: which function in the sensation of touch along with the adjacent tactile discs.
2. DERMIS
-It is a deeper layer of skin, composed of connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers.
-It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands.
-The epidermis is avascular and cells of this layer get their oxygen and nutrients from capillaries in the dermis.
-The dermis can be divided into papillary layer and reticular layer.
Hypodermis :
- The hypodermis (also called the subcutaneous layer) is a layer directly below the dermis and serves to connect the skin to the underlying fascia (fibrous tissue) of the bones and muscles.
--Two types of glands are present in the skin over most of the body
These are sweat glands and sebaceous glands.
--Function Of Skin
Protection:
Sensation:
Heat regulation:
Storage and synthesis:
Synthesis of vitamin D:
Excretion and homeostasis:
Secretion:
Absorption:
Water resistance:
Colour :
Healing of wounds:
Aids in the diagnosis:
The integumentary system is an organ system consisting of the skin, hair, nails, and exocrine glands. The skin is only a few millimeters thick yet is by far the largest organ in the body. The average person's skin weighs 10 pounds and has a surface area of almost 20 square feet.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
2. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
▪ The INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM includes
all the structures and tissues related to the
skin.
▪ This includes:
1. skin
a. Epidermis
b. Dermis
2. accessory organs
a. Hair
b. Nails
c. Glands
3. Skin is the largest organ of the body. It
has an area of 2 square metres (22
square feet) in adults, and weighs
about 3 to 5 kg. The thickness of skin
varies from 0.5mm thick on the
eyelids to 4.0mm thick on the heels of
your feet.
6. Epidermis
▪ Outer layer of stratified squamous
keratinized epithelium
▪ Is multilayered.
▪ Is AVASCULAR (no blood vessels)
▪ Has no nerve tissue (can’t feel pain)
▪ Thickness: vary according to body part
in eyelid 0.05mm & in the palm of hand
1.5mm
7.
8. Stratum Corneum
▪ This layer consists of 15-30 layers of dead
keratinized cells.
▪ This dry, dead layer helps prevent the
penetration of microbes and provides a
mechanical protection against abrasion for the
more delicate, underlying layers.
▪ Cells in this layer are shed periodically and
are replaced by cells pushed up from the
stratum granulosum
▪ They are shed every four weeks.
9. Stratum Lucidum
▪ This layer has closely packed
keratinocyte cells with seleiden, a
clear protein rich in lipids.
▪ This is the thick skin that you find in
your palms and feet and its
transparency is due to seleiden.
10. Stratum Granulosum
▪ This layer is composed of 3-5 layers of
Keratinocytes. It appears grainy due to the
changes in keratinocytes that are being pushed
to this layer.
▪ The cells become flatter, their cell membranes
thicken, and they generate large amounts of
the proteins keratin.
11. Stratum Spinosum
▪ This layer is composed of daughter
keratinocytes and dendritic cells,
which fight infections in the body.
▪ Stratum spinosum is shiny in
appearance due to protruding
structures called desmosomes.
12. Stratum Basale
▪ This is the lowest layer of epidermis and is
composed of keratinocytes, melanocytes and
tactile cells.
▪ Keratinocytes produced here constantly
undergo cell division and are pushed to the
upper layers of the epidermis.
▪ Melanocytes produce melanin, a brown
pigment that is responsible for skin coloration
and protecting against the harmful effecte of
UV light.
13. Dermis
▪ The 2nd layer below the epidermis(thick
layer of dense connective tissue)
▪ Contains collagen, elastin, blood vessels
,sebaceous gland, sweat glands and hair
follicles. The nerve endings in the dermal
layer are responsible for the sense of
touch in your body.
▪ It has two sub-layers
14. The Papillary Layer
▪ The upper, papillary layer, contains a
thin arrangement of collagen fibers.
The papillary layer supplies nutrients
to select layers of the epidermis and
regulates temperature.
▪ This layer forms blunt conical
projection, called Dermal papillae.
15. The Reticular Layer
▪ The lower, reticular layer, is thicker
and made of thick collagen fibers that
are arranged in parallel to the surface
of the skin.
▪ It supports other components of the
skin, such as hair follicles, sweat
glands, and sebaceous glands.
16. Hypodermis
▪ The consists of well-vascularized, loose
connective tissue and adipose tissue. The
deeper tissues including muscle, tendon,
ligament, joint capsule and bone that lie
beneath the hypodermis.
▪ This layer maintains the temperature and acts
like a cushion or shock absorber. The layer
also helps attach dermis to the bones and
muscles.
17. Hair
▪ Hair is an accessory organ of the skin made
of columns of tightly packed dead
keratinocytes /cornified found in most
regions of the body.
▪ The few hairless parts of the body include
the palmar surface of the hands, plantar
surface of the feet, lips, labia minora,
and penis.
18.
19. Hair Shaft: part of your hair that can be seen
above your scalp.
Hair follicle :A tunnel-shaped structure in the
epidermis of the skin. Hair starts growing at
the bottom of a hair follicle.
Bulb: Forms the base of the hair follicle
Hair Papilla: A knoblike vascular indentation
of the bottom of a hair follicle, on which
the hair bulb fits.
20. Arrector pili muscle
These are small smooth muscles attached to hair
follicles. Contraction of these Muscles causes
the hairs to stand on end.
Life span of hair
Lifespan varies in different region
Scalp hair :3-5 years
Eye brow and eyelash :3-5 months
21. Nails
Nails are accessory organs of
the skin made of sheets of
hardened keratinocytes and
found on the distal ends of the
fingers and toes.
23. Nail plate: the visible hard part of the nail
Nail folds: the skin that frames the nail plate
on three sides
Nail bed: (epithelial layer)the skin beneath the
nail plate
Cuticle: the tissue that overlaps your nail plate
at the base of your nail - it protects the new
keratin cells that slowly emerge from the nail
bed
Lunula: the whitish, half-moon shape at the
base of your nail underneath the plate
24. Nail matrix
Root of the nail. Forms nail plate from base of nail
bed
Eponychium
Skin just proximal to cuticle, Binds nail to
underlying skin at proximal margin
Hyponychium
Area beneath free edge of nail, Junction where nail
bed meets tip of digit skin
Perionychium
the tissue bordering the root and sides of a fingernail
or toenail.
25. Sebaceous glands
▪ Sebaceous glands are exocrine glands found in
the dermis of the skin that produce an oily
secretion known as sebum.
▪ Sebum is produced in the sebaceous glands
and carried through ducts to the surface of the
skin or to hair follicles.
26. Sebaceous glands are found in every part of
The skin except for the thick skin of the
palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
Function:
▪ Lubricates and protects the skin
27. Sweat glands (sudoriferous gland )
The body of the gland is made up of a coiled tube,
surrounded by a good blood supply, and a duct,
which opens onto the skin surface through a
pore(sweat pore).
Sweat glands are found throughout the skin but are
more numerous in areas such as the soles of the feet,
palms of the hand, armpits and groin.
Sweat that helps flush out toxins from the body,
keeping it cool.